High Ion-Selectivity of Garnet Solid Electrolyte Enabling Separation of Metallic Lithium
, Abstract
Ionic selectivity is of significant importance in both fundamental science and practical applications. For instance, an ion-selective material allows the passage of a particular kind of ions while blocking the others, which could be used for purification of materials. Herein, the Li-ion-selectivity of a garnet-type solid electrolyte is discussed by comparing the difference of activation energy between different ions migrating in solids. The high ion-selectivity is confirmed by harvesting high-purity metallic lithium (99.98 wt%) from low-lithium-purity sources (80 wt%) at a moderate temperature (190 ℃). This gives it huge potential in separating lithium with impurities especially alkali and alkali-earth elements. The cost of metallic lithium production is only 25% of the international lithium price. The proposed electrochemical metallic lithium separating method is advantageous compared with the traditional process in terms of efficiency, safety, and cost.
Electronic Supplementary Material
References
R. S. Chen, Q. H. Li, X. Q. Yu, L. Q. Chen, H. Li, Chem. Rev. 2020, 120, 6820.
N. Zhao, W. Khokhar, Z. J. Bi, C. Shi, X. X. Guo, L. Z. Fan, C. W. Nan, Solid Garnet Batt. Joule 2019, 3, 1190.
W. P. Chen, H. Duan, J. L. Shi, Y. M. Qian, J. Wan, X. D. Zhang, H. Sheng, B. Guan, R. Wen, Y. X. Yin, S. Xin, Y. G. Guo, L. J. Wan, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 5717.
J. Lang, Y. Jin, K. Liu, Y. Long, H. Zhang, L. Qi, H. Wu, Y. Cui, Nat. Sustain. 2020, 3, 386.
J. W. Choi, D. Aurbach, Nat. Rev. Mater. 2016, 1, 16013.
A. Manthiram, X. W. Yu, S. F. Wang, Nat. Rev. Mater. 2017, 2, 4.
X. B. Cheng, R. Zhang, C. Z. Zhao, Q. Zhang, Chem. Rev. 2017, 117, 10403.
D. Larcher, J. M. Tarascon, Nat. Chem. 2015, 7, 19.
W. Q. Xu, N. Birbilis, G. Sha, Y. Wang, J. E. Daniels, Y. Xiao, M. Ferry, Nat. Mater. 2015, 14, 1229.
L. Y. Yang, C. L. Wang, H. Qin, D. L. Zhang, W. X. Tian, G. H. Su, S. Z. Qiu, Ann. Nucl. Energy 2021, 158, 108301.
F. Moro, A. Colangeli, A. Del Nevo, D. Flammini, G. Mariano, E. Martelli, R. Mozzillo, S. Noce, R. Villari, Fusion Eng. Des. 2020, 160, 112514.
H. Chen, Y. F. Yang, D. T. Boyle, Y. K. Jeong, R. Xu, L. S. de Vasconcelos, Z. J. Huang, H. S. Wang, H. X. Wang, W. X. Huang, H. Q. Li, J. Y. Wang, H. K. Gu, R. Matsumoto, K. Motohashi, Y. Nakayama, K. J. Zhao, Y. Cui, Nat. Energy 2021, 6, 790.
M. Winter, B. Barnett, K. Xu, Chem. Rev. 2018, 118, 11433.
C. Liu, Y. B. Li, D. C. Lin, P. C. Hsu, B. F. Liu, G. B. Yan, T. Wu, Y. Cui, S. Chu, Joule 2020, 4, 1459.
X. Zhang, A. G. Han, Y. G. Yang, J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8, 22455.
G. Harper, R. Sommerville, E. Kendrick, L. Driscoll, P. Slater, R. Stolkin, A. Walton, P. Christensen, O. Heidrich, S. Lambert, A. Abbott, K. S. Ryder, L. Gaines, P. Anderson, Nature 2019, 575, 75.
S. X. Yang, F. Zhang, H. P. Ding, P. He, H. S. Zhou, Joule 2018, 2, 1648.
X. Xu, Y. M. Chen, P. Y. Wan, K. Gasem, K. Y. Wang, T. He, H. Adidharma, M. H. Fan, Prog. Mater. Sci. 2016, 84, 276.
J. F. Song, L. D. Nghiem, X. M. Li, T. He, Environ. Sci.-Wat. Res. Technol. 2017, 3, 593.
P. Xu, J. Hong, X. M. Qian, Z. W. Xu, H. Xia, X. C. Tao, Z. Z. Xu, Q. Q. Ni, J. Mater. Sci. 2021, 56, 16.
Y. Sun, Q. Wang, Y. H. Wang, R. P. Yun, X. Xiang, Purif. Technol. 2021, 256, 117807.
Z. W. Lan Haicang, H. Chuqian, J. Rare Met. 1998, 22, 286.
Z. L. Z. H. B. Y. Y. Dai, Yunnan Metal. 2001, 30, 31.
G. A. Kolobov, A. V. Karpenko, Sci. Technol. 2016, 1, 3.
W. L. Chen, B. Yang, L. Y. Chai, X. B. Min, Y. N. Dai, X. Yu, C. F. Zhang, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 2001, 11, 937.
W. W. Ping, C. W. Wang, Z. W. Lin, E. Hitz, C. P. Yang, H. Wang, L. B. Hu, Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 2000702.
B. Kinzer, A. L. Davis, T. Krauskopf, H. Hartmann, W. S. LePage, E. Kazyak, J. Janek, N. P. Dasgupta, J. Sakamoto, Matter 2021, 4, 1947.
J. Awaka, A. Takashima, K. Kataoka, N. Kijima, Y. Idemoto, J. Akimoto, Chem. Lett. 2011, 40, 60.
S. Hull, Rep. Prog. Phys. 2004, 67, 1233.
X. F. He, Y. Z. Zhu, Y. F. Mo, Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 15893.
Y. Ren, Z. Y. Zou, Q. Zhao, D. Wang, J. Yu, S. Q. Shi, Acta Phys. Sin. 2020, 69, 226601.
S. Q. Shi, J. Gao, Y. Liu, Y. Zhao, Q. Wu, W. W. Ju, C. Y. Ouyang, R. J. Xiao, Chin. Phys. B 2016, 25, 018212.
P. Hohenberg, W. Kohn, Phys. Rev. B 1964, 136, B864.
W. Kohn, L. J. Sham, Phys. Rev. 1965, 140, 1133.
S. J. Clark, M. D. Segall, C. J. Pickard, P. J. Hasnip, M. J. Probert, K. Refson, M. C. Payne, Zeitschrift Fur Kristallographie 2005, 220, 567.
J. P. Perdew, K. Burke, M. Ernzerhof, Phys. Rev. Lett. 1996, 77, 3865.
B. He, S. T. Chi, A. J. Ye, P. H. Mi, L. W. Zhang, B. W. Pu, Z. Y. Zou, Y. B. Ran, Q. Zhao, D. Wang, W. Q. Zhang, J. T. Zhao, S. Adams, M. Avdeev, S. Q. Shi, Sci. Data 2020, 7, 151.
京公网安备11010802044758号