AI Chat Paper
Note: Please note that the following content is generated by AMiner AI. SciOpen does not take any responsibility related to this content.
{{lang === 'zh_CN' ? '文章概述' : 'Summary'}}
{{lang === 'en_US' ? '中' : 'Eng'}}
Chat more with AI
Powered by AMiner. Clicking this button will take you away from SciOpen.
Home Precision Radiation Oncology Article
Article Link
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Show Outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Review | Open Access

Progress in radiotherapy for small-cell lung cancer

Fujun Yang1 ( ), Huan Zhao1,2
Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Oncology of Weihai, Department of Oncology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Weihai, Shandong, China
The Second Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
Show Author Information

Abstract

Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive neuroendocrine tumor that is prone to spread extensively. Compared to non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), SCLC treatment progresses slowly. Although SCLC is highly sensitive to chemotherapy during the initial treatment, most patients still experience resistance and recurrence after receiving chemotherapy. A meta-analysis demonstrated that thoracic radiotherapy (TRT) improves overall survival in SCLC. The results of the CALGB and CONVERT trials provide evidence for the efficacy of once-daily high-dose TRT. TRT at 60 Gy administered twice daily significantly improved survival without increasing toxicity. The long-standing debate over the optimal timing of radiotherapy has not been fully resolved. SBRT has excellent local control rates and is a safe and effective treatment option for patients with stage Ⅰ or Ⅱ SCLC. Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) is used to reduce treatment-related neurotoxicity to the extent that there has been a recent discussion on whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) monitoring can replace PCI. Radiotherapy combined with immunotherapy significantly improves the survival rate of patients with NSCLC; however, its clinical effectiveness has not been systematically explored in patients with SCLC. Therefore, we summarize the evolving therapeutic strategies, (TRT for limited stage-SCLC and consolidative TRT for extensive stage-SCLC) and improved radiotherapy techniques (role of SBRT in stage Ⅰor Ⅱ node-negative SCLC, progress of PCI, and stereotactic radiosurgery), and discuss the possibilities and prospects of radiotherapy combined with immunotherapy for SCLC.

Keywords

radiotherapyfractionationprophylactic cranial irradiationradiotherapy combined with immunotherapysmall-cell lung cancertiming

References

1

Ganti AKP, Loo BW, Bassetti M, et al. Small Cell Lung Cancer, Version 2.2022, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2021;19(12):1441–1464.
Crossref Google Scholar
2

Thai AA, Solomon BJ, Sequistl V, et al. Lung cancer. Lancet. 2021;398(10299):535–554.
Crossref Google Scholar
3

Meijer JJ, Leonetti A, Airo G, et al. Small cell lung cancer: Novel treatments beyond immunotherapy . Semin Cancer Biol. 2022;86(Pt 2):376–385.
Crossref Google Scholar
4

Bogart JA, Waqar SN, Mix MD. Radiation and Systemic Therapy for Limited-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(6):661-670.
Crossref Google Scholar
5

Tian Y, Ma J, Jing X, et al. Radiation therapy for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer in the era of immunotherapy. Cancer Lett. 2022;541:215719.
Crossref Google Scholar
6

Turrisi AT 3rd, Kim K, Blum R, et al. Twice-daily compared with once-daily thoracic radiotherapy in limited small-cell lung cancer treated concurrently with cisplatin and etoposide. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(4):265-271.
Crossref Google Scholar
7

Faivre-Finn C, Snee M, Ashcroft L, et al. Concurrent once-daily versus twice-daily chemoradiotherapy in patients with limited-stage small-cell lung cancer (CONVERT): an open-label, phase 3, randomised, superiority trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(8):1116-1125.
Crossref Google Scholar
8

Bogart J, Wang X, Masters G, et al. High-Dose Once-Daily Thoracic Radiotherapy in Limited-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer: CALGB 30610 (Alliance)/RTOG 0538. J Clin Oncol. 2023;41(13):2394-2402.
Crossref Google Scholar
9

Hallqvist A, Rylander H, Björk-Eriksson T, Nyman J. Accelerated hyperfractionated radiotherapy and concomitant chemotherapy in small cell lung cancer limited-disease. Dose response, feasibility and outcome for patients treated in western Sweden, 1998–2004. Acta Oncol. 2007;46(7):969-974.
Crossref Google Scholar
10

Grønberg BH, Killingberg KT, Fløtten Ø, et al. High-dose versus standard-dose twice-daily thoracic radiotherapy for patients with limited stage small-cell lung cancer: an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22(3):321-331.
Crossref Google Scholar
11

Shahi J, Wright JR, Gabos Z, Swaminath A. Management of small-cell lung cancer with radiotherapy-a pan-Canadian survey of radiation oncologists. Curr Oncol. 2016;23(3):184-195.
Crossref Google Scholar
12

Grønberg BH, Halvorsen TO, Fløtten Ø, et al. Randomized phase Ⅱ trial comparing twice daily hyperfractionated with once daily hypofractionated thoracic radiotherapy in limited disease small cell lung cancer. Acta Oncol. 2016;55(5):591-597.
Crossref Google Scholar
13

Qiu B, Li Q, Liu J, et al. Moderately Hypofractionated Once-Daily Compared With Twice-Daily Thoracic Radiation Therapy Concurrently With Etoposide and Cisplatin in Limited-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Multicenter, Phase II, Randomized Trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2021;111(2):424-435.
Crossref Google Scholar
14

Saeed NA, Jin L, Sasse AW, et al. Hypofractionated vs. standard radiotherapy for locally advanced limited-stage small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Dis. 2022;14(2):306-320.
Crossref Google Scholar
15

Yan M, Sigurdson S, Greifer N, et al. A Comparison of Hypofractionated and Twice-Daily Thoracic Irradiation in Limited-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer: An Overlap-Weighted Analysis. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(12):2895.
Crossref Google Scholar
16

Zayed S, Chen H, Ali E, et al. Is There a Role for Hypofractionated Thoracic Radiation Therapy in Limited-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer? A Propensity Score Matched Analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2020;108(3):575-586.
Crossref Google Scholar
17

Viani GA, Gouveia AG, Matsuura FK, Jacinto AA, Moraes FY. Once daily (OD) versus twice-daily (BID) chemoradiation for limited stage small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC): A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Radiother Oncol. 2022;173:41-48.
Crossref Google Scholar
18

Janssen EM, Dy SM, Meara AS, Kneuertz PJ, Presley CJ, Bridges JFP. Analysis of Patient Preferences in Lung Cancer - Estimating Acceptable Tradeoffs Between Treatment Benefit and Side Effects. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2020;14:927-937.
Crossref Google Scholar
19

Takada M, Fukuoka M, Kawahara M, et al. Phase Ⅲ study of concurrent versus sequential thoracic radiotherapy in combination with cisplatin and etoposide for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer: results of the Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study 9104. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(14):3054-3060.
Crossref Google Scholar
20

Amini A, Byers LA, Welsh JW, Komaki RU. Progress in the management of limited-stage small cell lung cancer. Cancer. 2014;120(6):790-798.
Crossref Google Scholar
21

Ha IB, Jeong BK, Jeong H, et al. Effect of early chemoradiotherapy in patients with limited stage small cell lung cancer. Radiat Oncol J. 2013;31(4):185-190.
Crossref Google Scholar
22

Perry MC, Herndon JE 3rd, Eaton WL, Green MR. Thoracic radiation therapy added to chemotherapy for small-cell lung cancer: an update of Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study 8083. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16(7):2466-2467.
Crossref Google Scholar
23

Bayman E, Etiz D, Akcay M, Ak G. Timing of thoracic radiotherapy in limited stage small cell lung cancer: results of early versus late irradiation from a single institution in Turkey. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(15):6263-6267.
Crossref Google Scholar
24

Murray N, Coy P, Pater JL, et al. Importance of timing for thoracic irradiation in the combined modality treatment of limited-stage small-cell lung cancer. The National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11(2):336-344.
Crossref Google Scholar
25
Sun JM, Ahn YC, Choi EK, et al. Phase Ⅲ trial of concurrent thoracic radiotherapy with either first- or third-cycle chemotherapy for limited-disease small-cell lung cancer [published correction appears in Ann Oncol. 2014 Aug;25(8):1672] [published correction appears in Ann Oncol. 2014 Aug;25(8):1672]. Ann Oncol. 2013;24(8):2088-2092.
Crossref
26

Sager O, Dincoglan F, Demiral S, et al. Optimal timing of thoracic irradiation for limited stage small cell lung cancer: Current evidence and future prospects. World J Clin Oncol. 2022;13(2):116-124.
Crossref Google Scholar
27

Pijls-Johannesma MC, De Ruysscher D, Lambin P, Rutten I, Vansteenkiste JF. Early versus late chest radiotherapy for limited stage small cell lung cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;2004(1):CD004700.
Crossref Google Scholar
28

De Ruysscher D, Lueza B, Le Péchoux C, et al. Impact of thoracic radiotherapy timing in limited-stage small-cell lung cancer: usefulness of the individual patient data meta-analysis. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(10):1818-1828.
Crossref Google Scholar
29

Ettinger DS, Wood DE, Aisner DL, et al. NCCN Guidelines Insights: Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Version 2.2021. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2021;19(3):254-266.
Crossref Google Scholar
30

Chun SG, Simone CB 2nd, Amini A, et al. American Radium Society Appropriate Use Criteria: Radiation Therapy for Limited-Stage SCLC 2020. J Thorac Oncol. 2021;16(1):66-75.
Crossref Google Scholar
31

Timmerman R, Paulus R, Galvin J, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for inoperable early stage lung cancer. JAMA. 2010;303(11):1070-1076.
Crossref Google Scholar
32

Potters L, Timmerman R, Larson D. Stereotactic body radiation therapy. J Am Coll Radiol. 2005;2(8):676-680.
Crossref Google Scholar
33

Badzio A, Kurowski K, Karnicka-Mlodkowska H, Jassem J. A retrospective comparative study of surgery followed by chemotherapy vs. non-surgical management in limited-disease small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2004;26(1):183-188.
Crossref Google Scholar
34

Brock MV, Hooker CM, Syphard JE, et al. Surgical resection of limited disease small cell lung cancer in the new era of platinum chemotherapy: Its time has come. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;129(1):64-72.
Crossref Google Scholar
35

Weksler B, Nason KS, Shende M, Landreneau RJ, Pennathur A. Surgical resection should be considered for stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ small cell carcinoma of the lung. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;94(3):889-893.
Crossref Google Scholar
36

Wakeam E, Varghese TK Jr, Leighl NB, Giuliani M, Finlayson SRG, Darling GE. Trends, practice patterns and underuse of surgery in the treatment of early stage small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2017;109:117-123.
Crossref Google Scholar
37

Shioyama Y, Nakamura K, Sasaki T, et al. Clinical results of stereotactic body radiotherapy for Stage Ⅰ small-cell lung cancer: a single institutional experience. J Radiat Res. 2013;54(1):108-112.
Crossref Google Scholar
38

Shioyama Y, Onishi H, Takayama K, et al. Clinical Outcomes of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Patients With Stage Ⅰ Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Analysis of a Subset of the Japanese Radiological Society Multi-Institutional SBRT Study Group Database. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2018;17:1533033818783904.
Crossref Google Scholar
39

Ly NB, Allen PK, Lin SH. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for stage Ⅰsmall cell lung cancer: a single institutional case series and review of the literature. J Radiat Oncol. 2014;3(3):285–291.
Crossref Google Scholar
40

Shioyama Y, Nagata Y, Komiyama T, et al. Multi-institutional Retrospective Study of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Stage Ⅰ Small Cell Lung Cancer: Japan Radiation Oncology Study Group (JROSG) . Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2015;93(3): S101.
Crossref Google Scholar
41

Videtic GM, Stephans KL, Woody NM, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy-based treatment model for stage Ⅰmedically inoperable small cell lung cancer. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2013;3(4):301-306.
Crossref Google Scholar
42

Yu JB, Decker RH, Detterbeck FC, Wilson LD. Surveillance epidemiology and end results evaluation of the role of surgery for stage Ⅰsmall cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2010;5(2):215-219.
Crossref Google Scholar
43

Yang CJ, Chan DY, Shah SA, et al. Long-term Survival After Surgery Compared With Concurrent Chemoradiation for Node-negative Small Cell Lung Cancer. Ann Surg. 2018;268(6):1105-1112.
Crossref Google Scholar
44

Liu T, Chen Z, Dang J, Li G. The role of surgery in stage Ⅰ to Ⅲ small cell lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2018;13(12):e0210001.
Crossref Google Scholar
45

Barnes H, See K, Barnett S, Manser R. Surgery for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;4(4):CD011917.
Crossref Google Scholar
46

Schneider BJ, Saxena A, Downey RJ. Surgery for early-stage small cell lung cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2011;9(10):1132-1139.
Crossref Google Scholar
47

Alongi F, Arcangeli S, De Bari B, et al. Stage-I small cell lung cancer: A new potential option for stereotactic ablative radiation therapy? A review of literature. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2017;112:67-71.
Crossref Google Scholar
48

Slotman B, Faivre-finn C, Kramer G, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation in extensive small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(7):664–672.
Crossref Google Scholar
49

Taylor JM, Rusthoven CG, Moghanaki D. Prophylactic cranial irradiation or MRI surveillance for extensive stage small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Dis. 2020;12(10):6225-6233.
Crossref Google Scholar
50

Takahashi T, Yamanaka T, Seto T, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation versus observation in patients with extensive-disease small-cell lung cancer: a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(5):663-671.
Crossref Google Scholar
51

Keller A, Ghanta S, Rodríguez-López JL, Patel A, Beriwal S. Utility of Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation for Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer in the MRI Screening Era. Clin Lung Cancer. 2021;22(6): e808-e816.
Crossref Google Scholar
52

Chu X, Zhu Z. Prophylactic cranial irradiation in small cell lung cancer: an update. Curr Opin Oncol. 2023;35(1):61-67.
Crossref Google Scholar
53

Horn L, Mansfield AS, Szczęsna A, et al. First-Line Atezolizumab plus Chemotherapy in Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(23):2220-2229.
Crossref Google Scholar
54

Paz-Ares L, Dvorkin M, Chen Y, et al. Durvalumab plus platinum-etoposide versus platinum-etoposide in first-line treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (CASPIAN): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2019;394(10212):1929-1939.
Crossref Google Scholar
55

Chen Y, Paz-Ares L, Reinmuth N, et al. Impact of Brain Metastases on Treatment Patterns and Outcomes With First-Line Durvalumab Plus Platinum-Etoposide in Extensive-Stage SCLC (CASPIAN): A Brief Report. JTO Clin Res Rep. 2022;3(6):100330.
Crossref Google Scholar
56

Higgins KA, Curran WJ Jr, Liu SV, et al. Patterns of Disease Progression after Carboplatin/Etoposide + Atezolizumab in Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer (ES-SCLC). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2020;108(5):1398.
Crossref Google Scholar
57

Kamath SD, Kumthekar PU. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for the Treatment of Central Nervous System (CNS) Metastatic Disease. Front Oncol. 2018;8:414.
Crossref Google Scholar
58

Tomassen ML, Pomp J, van der Stap J, et al. The overall survival impact of prophylactic cranial irradiation in limited-stage small-cell lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol. 2022;33:145-152.
Crossref Google Scholar
59

Aupérin A, Arriagada R, Pignon JP, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission. Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation Overview Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(7):476-484.
Crossref Google Scholar
60

Meert AP, Paesmans M, Berghmans T, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation in small cell lung cancer: a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis. BMC Cancer. 2001;1:5.
Crossref Google Scholar
61

Ghanta S, Keller A, Rodríguez-López JL, Patel A, Beriwal S. Utility of Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation for Limited Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer in the Modern Era with Magnetic Resonance Imaging Surveillance. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2021;33(8): e323-e330.
Crossref Google Scholar
62

Qi C, Li W, Li H, et al. Benefits of Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation in the MRI Era for Patients With Limited Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Oncol. 2022;12:833478.
Crossref Google Scholar
63

Mamesaya N, Wakuda K, Omae K, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic cranial irradiation in patients with limited-disease small-cell lung cancer who were confirmed to have no brain metastasis via magnetic resonance imaging after initial chemoradiotherapy. Oncotarget. 2018;9(25):17664-17674.
Crossref Google Scholar
64

Pezzi TA, Fang P, Gjyshi O, et al. Rates of Overall Survival and Intracranial Control in the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Era for Patients With Limited-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer With and Without Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(4):e201929.
Crossref Google Scholar
65

Sun A, Hu C, Wong SJ, et al. Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation vs Observation in Patients With Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Long-term Update of the NRG Oncology/RTOG 0214 Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2019;5(6):847-855.
Crossref Google Scholar
66

De Ruysscher D, Dingemans AC, Praag J, et al. Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation Versus Observation in Radically Treated Stage Ⅲ Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Randomized Phase Ⅲ NVALT-11/DLCRG-02 Study. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(23):2366-2377.
Crossref Google Scholar
67

Gondi V, Paulus R, Bruner DW, et al. Decline in tested and self-reported cognitive functioning after prophylactic cranial irradiation for lung cancer: pooled secondary analysis of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group randomized trials 0212 and 0214. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013;86(4):656-664.
Crossref Google Scholar
68

Wolfson AH, Bae K, Komaki R, et al. Primary analysis of a phase Ⅱ randomized trial Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 0212: impact of different total doses and schedules of prophylactic cranial irradiation on chronic neurotoxicity and quality of life for patients with limited-disease small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;81(1):77-84.
Crossref Google Scholar
69

Lok BH, Ma J, Foster A, et al. Factors influencing the utilization of prophylactic cranial irradiation in patients with limited-stage small cell lung cancer. Adv Radiat Oncol. 2017;2(4):548-554.
Crossref Google Scholar
70

Gondi V, Hermann BP, Mehta MP, Tomé WA. Hippocampal dosimetry predicts neurocognitive function impairment after fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for benign or low-grade adult brain tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;83(4): e487-e493.
Crossref Google Scholar
71

Ma TM, Grimm J, McIntyre R, et al. A prospective evaluation of hippocampal radiation dose volume effects and memory deficits following cranial irradiation. Radiother Oncol. 2017;125(2):234-240.
Crossref Google Scholar
72

Chammah SE, Allenbach G, Jumeau R, et al. Impact of prophylactic cranial irradiation and hippocampal sparing on 18F-FDG brain metabolism in small cell lung cancer patients. Radiother Oncol. 2021;158:200-206.
Crossref Google Scholar
73

Chu X, Li S, Xia B, et al. Patterns of brain metastasis immediately before prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI): implications for PCI optimization in limited-stage small cell lung cancer. Radiat Oncol. 2019;14(1):171.
Crossref Google Scholar
74

Zhao L, Shen Y, Guo JD, et al. Analyses of distribution and dosimetry of brain metastases in small cell lung cancer with relation to the neural stem cell regions: feasibility of sparing the hippocampus in prophylactic cranial irradiation. Radiat Oncol. 2017;12(1):118.
Crossref Google Scholar
75

Harth S, Abo-Madyan Y, Zheng L, et al. Estimation of intracranial failure risk following hippocampal-sparing whole brain radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol. 2013;109(1):152-158.
Crossref Google Scholar
76

Gondi V, Pugh SL, Tome WA, et al. Preservation of memory with conformal avoidance of the hippocampal neural stem-cell compartment during whole-brain radiotherapy for brain metastases (RTOG 0933): a phase Ⅱ multi-institutional trial. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(34):3810-3816.
Crossref Google Scholar
77

Brown PD, Gondi V, Pugh S, et al. Hippocampal Avoidance During Whole-Brain Radiotherapy Plus Memantine for Patients With Brain Metastases: Phase Ⅲ Trial NRG Oncology CC001. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(10):1019-1029.
Crossref Google Scholar
78

Vees H, Caparrotti F, Eboulet EI, et al. Impact of Early Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation With Hippocampal Avoidance on Neurocognitive Function in Patients With Limited Disease Small Cell Lung Cancer. A Multicenter Phase 2 Trial (SAKK 15/12). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2020;107(2):279-287.
Crossref Google Scholar
79

Rodríguez de Dios N, Couñago F, Murcia-Mejía M, et al. Randomized Phase Ⅲ Trial of Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation With or Without Hippocampal Avoidance for Small-Cell Lung Cancer (PREMER): A GICOR-GOECP-SEOR Study. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(28):3118-3127.
Crossref Google Scholar
80

Belderbos JSA, De Ruysscher DKM, De Jaeger K, et al. Phase 3 Randomized Trial of Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation With or Without Hippocampus Avoidance in SCLC (NCT01780675). J Thorac Oncol. 2021;16(5):840-849.
Crossref Google Scholar
81

Wang K, Pearlstein KA, Moon DH, et al. Assessment of Risk of Xerostomia After Whole-Brain Radiation Therapy and Association With Parotid Dose. JAMA Oncol. 2019;5(2):221-228.
Crossref Google Scholar
82

Wang K, Tobillo R, Mavroidis P, et al. Prospective Assessment of Patient-Reported Dry Eye Syndrome After Whole Brain Radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2019;105(4):765-772.
Crossref Google Scholar
83

Tsui DCC, Camidge DR, Rusthoven CG. Managing Central Nervous System Spread of Lung Cancer: The State of the Art. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(6):642-660.
Crossref Google Scholar
84

Salans M, Yip A, Burkeen J, et al. Prospective Longitudinal Assessment of Health-related Quality of Life in Patients With Brain Metastases Undergoing Radiation Therapy. Am J Clin Oncol. 2021;44(10):536-543.
Crossref Google Scholar
85
Rusthoven CG, Yamamoto M, Bernhardt D, et al. Evaluation of First-line Radiosurgery vs Whole-Brain Radiotherapy for Small Cell Lung Cancer Brain Metastases: The FIRE-SCLC Cohort Study [published correction appears in JAMA Oncol. 2020 Sep 1;6(9):1473]. JAMA Oncol. 2020;6(7):1028-1037.
Crossref
86

Viani GA, Gouveia AG, Louie AV, Moraes FY. Stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases from small cell lung cancer without prior whole-brain radiotherapy: A meta-analysis. Radiother Oncol. 2021;162:45-51.
Crossref Google Scholar
87
Slotman BJ, van Tinteren H, Praag JO, et al. Use of thoracic radiotherapy for extensive stage small-cell lung cancer: a phase 3 randomised controlled trial [published correction appears in Lancet. 2015 Jan 3;385(9962):28]. Lancet. 2015;385(9962):36-42.
Crossref
88

Jeremic B, Shibamoto Y, Nikolic N, et al. Role of radiation therapy in the combined-modality treatment of patients with extensive disease small-cell lung cancer: A randomized study. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(7):2092-2099.
Crossref Google Scholar
89

Gore EM, Hu C, Sun AY, et al. Randomized Phase Ⅱ Study Comparing Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation Alone to Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation and Consolidative Extracranial Irradiation for Extensive-Disease Small Cell Lung Cancer (ED SCLC): NRG Oncology RTOG 0937. J Thorac Oncol. 2017;12(10):1561-1570.
Crossref Google Scholar
90

Rathod S, Jeremic B, Dubey A, et al. Role of thoracic consolidation radiation in extensive stage small cell lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eur J Cancer. 2019;110:110-119.
Crossref Google Scholar
91

Hiddinga BI, Raskin J, Janssens A, Pauwels P, Van Meerbeeck JP. Recent developments in the treatment of small cell lung cancer. Eur Respir Rev. 2021;30(161):210079.
Crossref Google Scholar
92

Tjong MC, Mak DY, Shahi J, Li GJ, Chen H, Louie AV. Current Management and Progress in Radiotherapy for Small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Oncol. 2020;10:1146.
Crossref Google Scholar
93

Perez BA, Kim S, Wang M, et al. Prospective Single-Arm Phase 1 and 2 Study: Ipilimumab and Nivolumab With Thoracic Radiation Therapy After Platinum Chemotherapy in Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2021;109(2):425-435.
Crossref Google Scholar
94

Dingemans AC, Früh M, Ardizzoni A, et al. Small-cell lung cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up☆. Ann Oncol. 2021;32(7):839-853.
Crossref Google Scholar
95

Berta J, Rózsás A, Megyesfalvi Z, Ostoros G, Döme B. Thoracic irradiation as consolidation therapy in patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer. Curr Opin Oncol. 2023;35(1):54-60.
Crossref Google Scholar
96

Herrera FG, Bourhis J, Coukos G. Radiotherapy combination opportunities leveraging immunity for the next oncology practice. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017;67(1):65-85.
Crossref Google Scholar
97

Ngwa W, Irabor OC, Schoenfeld JD, Hesser J, Demaria S, Formenti SC. Using immunotherapy to boost the abscopal effect. Nat Rev Cancer. 2018;18(5):313-322.
Crossref Google Scholar
98

Liu Y, Dong Y, Kong L, Shi F, Zhu H, Yu J. Abscopal effect of radiotherapy combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors. J Hematol Oncol. 2018;11(1):104.
Crossref Google Scholar
99

Antonia SJ, Villegas A, Daniel D, et al. Durvalumab after Chemoradiotherapy in Stage Ⅲ Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(20):1919-1929.
Crossref Google Scholar
100

Antonia SJ, Villegas A, Daniel D, et al. Overall Survival with Durvalumab after Chemoradiotherapy in Stage Ⅲ NSCLC. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(24):2342-2350.
Crossref Google Scholar
101

Gray JE, Villegas A, Daniel D, et al. Three-Year Overall Survival with Durvalumab after Chemoradiotherapy in Stage Ⅲ NSCLC-Update from PACIFIC. J Thorac Oncol. 2020;15(2):288-293.
Crossref Google Scholar
102
Theelen WSME, Chen D, Verma V, et al. Pembrolizumab with or without radiotherapy for metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: a pooled analysis of two randomised trials [published correction appears in Lancet Respir Med. 2021 Mar;9(3):e29]. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9(5):467-475.
Crossref
103

Schwendenwein A, Megyesfalvi Z, Barany N, et al. Molecular profiles of small cell lung cancer subtypes: therapeutic implications. Mol Ther Oncolytics. 2021;20:470-483.
Crossref Google Scholar
104

Mathieu L, Shah S, Pai-Scherf L, et al. FDA Approval Summary: Atezolizumab and Durvalumab in Combination with Platinum-Based Chemotherapy in Extensive Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer. Oncologist. 2021;26(5):433-438.
Crossref Google Scholar
105

Welsh JW, Heymach JV, Chen D, et al. Phase ⅠTrial of Pembrolizumab and Radiation Therapy after Induction Chemotherapy for Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2020;15(2):266-273.
Crossref Google Scholar
106

Owonikoko TK, Park K, Govindan R, et al. Nivolumab and Ipilimumab as Maintenance Therapy in Extensive-Disease Small-Cell Lung Cancer: CheckMate 451. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(12):1349-1359.
Crossref Google Scholar
107

Diamond BH, Verma N, Shukla UC, Park HS, Koffer PP. Consolidative Thoracic Radiation Therapy After First-Line Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy in Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Multi-Institutional Case Series. Adv Radiat Oncol. 2021;7(2):100883.
Crossref Google Scholar
108

Welsh JW, Heymach JV, Guo C, et al. Phase 1/2 Trial of Pembrolizumab and Concurrent Chemoradiation Therapy for Limited-Stage SCLC. J Thorac Oncol. 2020;15(12):1919-1927.
Crossref Google Scholar
109

Peters S, Pujol JL, Dafni U, et al. Consolidation nivolumab and ipilimumab versus observation in limited-disease small-cell lung cancer after chemo-radiotherapy - results from the randomised phase Ⅱ ETOP/IFCT 4–12 STIMULI trial. Ann Oncol. 2022;33(1):67-79.
Crossref Google Scholar
110

Grassberger C, Ellsworth SG, Wilks MQ, Keane FK, Loeffler JS. Assessing the interactions between radiotherapy and antitumour immunity. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2019;16(12):729-745.
Crossref Google Scholar
111

Gelsomino F, Lamberti G, Parisi C, et al. The evolving landscape of immunotherapy in small-cell lung cancer: A focus on predictive biomarkers. Cancer Treat Rev. 2019;79:101887.
Crossref Google Scholar
112
AAlexandrov LB, Nik-Zainal S, Wedge DC, et al. Signatures of mutational processes in human cancer [published correction appears in Nature. 2013 Oct 10;502(7470):258. Imielinsk, Marcin [corrected to Imielinski, Marcin]]. Nature. 2013;500(7463):415-421.
113

Tian Y, Zhai X, Han A, Zhu H, Yu J. Potential immune escape mechanisms underlying the distinct clinical outcome of immune checkpoint blockades in small cell lung cancer. J Hematol Oncol. 2019;12(1):67.
Crossref Google Scholar
114

Berghoff AS, Ricken G, Wilhelm D, et al. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and PD-L1 expression in brain metastases of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). J Neurooncol. 2016;130(1):19-29.
Crossref Google Scholar
115

Iams WT, Shiuan E, Meador CB, et al. Improved Prognosis and Increased Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Patients Who Have SCLC With Neurologic Paraneoplastic Syndromes. J Thorac Oncol. 2019;14(11):1970-1981.
Crossref Google Scholar
116

Wang H, Li Z, Dong B, et al. Prognostic significance of PD-L1 expression and CD8+ T cell infiltration in pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. Diagn Pathol. 2018;13(1):30.
Crossref Google Scholar
117

Bonanno L, Pavan A, Dieci MV, et al. The role of immune microenvironment in small-cell lung cancer: Distribution of PD-L1 expression and prognostic role of FOXP3-positive tumour infiltrating lymphocytes. Eur J Cancer. 2018;101:191-200.
Crossref Google Scholar
118

Guibert N, Delaunay M, Lusque A, et al. PD-L1 expression in circulating tumor cells of advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with nivolumab. Lung Cancer. 2018;120:108-112.
Crossref Google Scholar
119

Castello A, Carbone FG, Rossi S, et al. Circulating Tumor Cells and Metabolic Parameters in NSCLC Patients Treated with Checkpoint Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12(2):487.
Crossref Google Scholar
120

Mohan R. A Review of Proton Therapy - Current Status and Future Directions. Precis Radiat Oncol. 2022;6(2):164-176.
Crossref Google Scholar
Precision Radiation Oncology
Volume 7 Issue 3,
September 2023
Pages 207-217
DOI: 10.1002/pro6.1205
Cite this article:
Yang F, Zhao H. Progress in radiotherapy for small-cell lung cancer. Precision Radiation Oncology, 2023, 7(3): 207-217. https://doi.org/10.1002/pro6.1205

218

Views

2

Crossref

2

Scopus

Altmetrics
Received: 03 April 2023
Revised: 28 May 2023
Accepted: 25 June 2023
Published: 31 July 2023
© 2023 The Authors.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
Return