AI Chat Paper
Note: Please note that the following content is generated by AMiner AI. SciOpen does not take any responsibility related to this content.
{{lang === 'zh_CN' ? '文章概述' : 'Summary'}}
{{lang === 'en_US' ? '中' : 'Eng'}}
Chat more with AI
Powered by AMiner. Clicking this button will take you away from SciOpen.
Home Building Simulation Article
Article Link
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Submit Manuscript
Show Outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Research Article

The effect of ventilation on soiling by particles of outdoor and indoor origin in historical churches

Agata Mleczkowska1, Marcin Strojecki1( ), Łukasz Bratasz2, Roman Kozłowski1
Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
Institute for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage, Yale University, New Haven, USA
Show Author Information

Abstract

The particle concentrations outside and inside two historical churches were monitored for at least ten months. The highest levels of outdoor concentrations were recorded in winter. This was caused by high levels of particle emissions from the burning of predominantly solid fuel for domestic heating in premises around the two churches monitored. These high levels of particle concentrations declined over the warmer periods of the year with the lowest concentrations occurring in the summer months. Owing to the marked winter–summer pattern for outdoor concentrations, the particles of outdoor origin accounted for 80%–90% of the overall indoor particle concentrations in the period of predominantly cold weather conditions (December to March) and for 50%–60% in the warm period (June to September). Reducing air exchange between the external space and the church interiors by keeping windows and doors closed had a limited effect on the reduction of average particle concentrations indoors (by less than 10%). A controlled air exchange system, which would increase the ventilation of a church when the particle concentration outdoors is lower than indoors and reduce ventilation when the outdoor air is polluted, would produce a further reduction of 10% in the indoor average particle concentration. The general conclusion is that the protection of the interiors of historical churches against soiling is primarily achieved by the improved particle filtering capacity of building envelopes and the gradual reduction of the overall outdoor particle concentration. Use of air cleaning systems with particle filtration may be a viable long-term option.

Keywords

modelingventilationindoor environmenthistorical churchesparticlessoiling

References

 
W Anaf, L Bencs, R Van Grieken, K Janssens, K DeWael (2015). Indoor particulate matter in four Belgian heritage sites: Case studies on the deposition of dark-colored and hygroscopic particles. Science of the Total Environment, 506: 361–368.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
ASTM (2008). ASTM D 6245-07. Standard Guide for Using Indoor Carbon Dioxide Concentrations to Evaluate Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation. West Conshohocken, PA, USA: American Society for Testing and Materials.
 
LM Bellan, LG Salmon, GR Cass (2000). A study on the human ability to detect soot deposition onto works of art. Environmental Science and Technology, 34: 1946–1952.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
C Bläuer-Böhm, K Zehnder, H Domeisen, A Arnold (2001). Climate Control for the Passive Conservation of the Romanesque Painted Wooden Ceiling in the Church of Zillis (Switzerland). Studies in Conservation, 46: 251–268.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
C Bonacina, P Baggio, F Cappelletti, P Romagnoni, AG Stevan (2015). The Scrovegni Chapel: The results of over 20 years of indoor climate monitoring. Energy and Buildings, 95: 144–152.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
A Bonazza, C Sabbioni, N Ghedini (2005). Quantitative data on carbon fractions in interpretation of black crusts and soiling in European built heritage. Atmospheric Environment, 39: 2607–2618.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
M Braniš, J Safránek, A Hytychová (2011). Indoor and outdoor sources of size-resolved mass concentration of particulate matter in a school gym—Implications for exposure of exercising children. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 18: 598–609.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
D Camuffo (2013). Microclimate for Cultural Heritage, Chapter 8: Dry deposition of airborne particulate matter: Mechanisms and effects. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 295–366.
 
D Camuffo, P Brimblecombe, R van Grieken, HJ Busse, G Sturaro, A Valentino, A Bernardi, N Blades, D Shooter, L De Bock, K Gysels, M Wieser, O Kim (1999). Indoor air quality at the Correr Museum, Venice, Italy. Science of the Total Environment, 236: 135–152.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
C Chen, B Zhao (2011). Review of relationship between indoor and outdoor particles: I/O ratio, infiltration factor and penetration factor. Atmospheric Environment, 45: 275–288.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
DEFRA (2012). Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in the United Kingdom. Air Quality Expert Group, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.
 
S El Hamdani, K Limam, MO Abadie, A Bendou (2008). Deposition of fine particles on building internal surfaces. Atmospheric Environment, 42: 8893–8901.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
EPA (2012). Report to Congress on Black Carbon. EPA-450/R-12/001. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
 
WJ Fisk, WR Chan (2016). Health benefits and costs of filtration interventions that reduce indoor exposure to PM2.5 during wildfires. Indoor Air, doi:.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
H Fromme, D Twardella, S Dietrich, D Heitmann, R Schierl, B Liebl, H Rüden (2007). Particulate matter in the indoor air of classrooms—Exploratory results from Munich and surrounding area. Atmospheric Environment, 41: 854–866.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
M Grabon, J Anderson, P Bushnell, A Calvo, W Chadwick (2015). The Sistine chapel: New HVAC system for cultural preservation. ASHRAE Journal, 57(6): 20–34.
Google Scholar
 
J Grau-Bové, M Strlič (2013). Fine particulate matter in indoor cultural heritage: A literature review. Heritage Science, 1: 1–17.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
G Loupa, E Karageorgos, S Rapsomanikis (2010). Potential effects of particulate matter from combustion during services on human health and on works of art in medieval churches in Cyprus. Environmental Pollution, 158: 2946–2953.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
L Maškova, J Smolik, T Travnickova, J Havlica, L Ondráčková, J Ondráček (2016). Contribution of visitors to the National Library in Prague, Czech Republic. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 16: 1713–1721.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
A Mleczkowska, M Strojecki, Ł Bratasz, R Kozłowski (2016). Particle penetration and deposition inside historical churches. Building and Environment, 95: 291–298.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
WW Nazaroff, GR Cass (1991). Protecting museum collections from soiling due to the deposition of airborne particles. Atmospheric Environment, 25A: 841–852.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
WW Nazaroff, MP Ligocki, LG Salmon, GR Cass, T Fall, MC Jones, HIH Liu, T Ma (1993). Airborne Particles in Museums, Research in Conservation. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute.
 
B Polednik (2013). Particle exposure in a Baroque church during Sunday masses. Environmental Research, 126: 215–220.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
B Pretzel (2008). Now you see it, now you don’t: Lighting decisions for the Ardabil carpet based on the probability of visual perception and rates of fading. In: Preprints of the ICOM Committee for Conservation, 15th Triennial Conference, New Delhi, pp. 759–765.
 
L Samek, A De Maeyer-Worobiec, Z Spolnik, L Bencs, V Kontozova, Ł Bratasz, R Kozłowski, R Van Grieken (2007). The impact of electric overhead radiant heating on the indoor environment of historic churches. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 8: 361–369.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
HL Schellen (2002). Heating Monumental Churches: Indoor Climate and Preservation of Cultural Heritage. PhD Thesis, Eindhoven Technical University, Netherlands.
 
JA Siegel (2016). Primary and secondary consequences of indoor air cleaners. Indoor Air, 26: 88–96.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
TL Thatcher, ACK Lai, R Moreno-Jackson, RG Sextro, WW Nazaroff (2002). Effects of room furnishings and air speed on particle deposition rates indoors. Atmospheric Environment, 36: 1811–1819.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
TL Thatcher, ML Melissa, LR Kenneth, GS Richard, JB Nancy (2003). A concentration rebound method for measuring particle penetration and deposition in the indoor environment. Aerosol Science and Technology, 37: 847–864.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
DT Tran, LY Alleman, P Coddeville, J-C Galloo (2014). Indoor– outdoor behavior and sources of size-resolved air-borne particles in French classrooms. Building and Environment, 81:183–191.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
S Weber (2006). Exposure of churchgoers to airborne particles. Environmental Science & Technology, 40: 5251–5256.
Crossref Google Scholar
Building Simulation
Volume 10 Issue 3,
June 2017
Pages 383-393
DOI: 10.1007/s12273-016-0335-y
Cite this article:
Mleczkowska A, Strojecki M, Bratasz Ł, et al. The effect of ventilation on soiling by particles of outdoor and indoor origin in historical churches. Building Simulation, 2017, 10(3): 383-393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-016-0335-y

591

Views

18

Crossref

N/A

Web of Science

18

Scopus

0

CSCD

Altmetrics
Received: 13 June 2016
Revised: 19 October 2016
Accepted: 21 October 2016
Published: 23 November 2016
© Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016
Return