AI Chat Paper
Note: Please note that the following content is generated by AMiner AI. SciOpen does not take any responsibility related to this content.
{{lang === 'zh_CN' ? '文章概述' : 'Summary'}}
{{lang === 'en_US' ? '中' : 'Eng'}}
Chat more with AI
Powered by AMiner. Clicking this button will take you away from SciOpen.
Home Building Simulation Article
Article Link
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Submit Manuscript
Show Outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Research Article

A new mathematical model for multi-scale thermal management of data centers using entransy theory

Hao Tian1, Hang Liang2( ), Zhen Li3
Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun130021, China
Key Laboratory of Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Show Author Information

Abstract

Based on entransy theory, this paper proposes a new mathematical model for multi-scale data center thermal management. A comparison of heat transfer optimizing is made first, using exergy/entropy method and entransy dissipation, to verify the fitness of entransy theory. Based on which, a complete model of entransy dissipation for data center heat transfer is built, from CPU level to data center room level, with detailed computational derivation. Specifically, the calculating method of entransy dissipated by undesired air mixing has been derived, which can give quantitative evaluation on air mixing to the entire thermal performance of data center. A case study of a CFD simulation and a CRAC retrofitting engineering have been performed to verify the entransy model. In the case study, the temperature penalty caused by undesired air mixing is calculated using the entransy analysis model and testified by the retrofitting test, which directly reduces the free cooling potential and decrease data center energy performance. This entransy theory based model offers a new method to better optimize the thermal management and gives specific measures to improve the thermal performance of data centers.

Keywords

data centerthermal managemententransy theoryentransy dissipation modelair mixing

References

 
A Almoli, A Thompson, N Kapur, J Summers, H Thompson, G Hannah (2012). Computational fluid dynamic investigation of liquid rack cooling in data centres. Applied Energy, 89: 150–155.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
JS Amip (2005). Exergy-based analysis and optimization of computer thermal management systems. PhD Thesis, University of California Berkeley, USA.
 
A Carbó, E Oró, J Salom, M Canuto, M Macías, J Guitart (2016). Experimental and numerical analysis for potential heat reuse in liquid cooled data centres. Energy Conversion and Management, 112: 135–145.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
Q Chen, XG Liang, ZY Guo (2013). Entransy theory for the optimization of heat transfer—A review and update. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 63: 65–81.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
Q Chen, RH Fu, YC Xu (2015). Electrical circuit analogy for heat transfer analysis and optimization in heat exchanger networks. Applied Energy, 139: 81–92.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
X Cheng, X Liang (2018). Analyses of coupled steady heat transfer processes with entropy generation minimization and entransy theory. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 127: 1092–1098.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
J Choi, Y Kim,A Sivasubramaniam, J Srebric, Q Wang, J Lee (2008). A CFD-based tool for studying temperature in rack mounted servers. IEEE Transactions on Computers, 57: 1129–1142.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
K Ebrahimi, GF Jones, AS Fleischer (2014). A review of data center cooling technology, operating conditions and the corresponding low-grade waste heat recovery opportunities. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 31: 622–638.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
Y Fulpagare, A Bhargav (2015). Advances in data center thermal management. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 43: 981–996.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
T Gao, M David, J Geer, R Schmidt, B Sammakia (2015). Experimental and numerical dynamic investigation of an energy efficient liquid cooled chiller-less data center test facility. Energy and Buildings, 91: 83–96.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
SV Garimella, T Persoons, J Weibel, LT Yeh (2013). Technological drivers in data centers and telecom systems: Multiscale thermal, electrical, and energy management. Applied Energy, 107: 66–80.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
N Goudarzi, S Talebi (2018). Heat removal ability for different orientations of single-phase natural circulation loops using the entransy method. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 111: 509–522.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
Z Guo, X Cheng, Z Xia (2003). Least dissipation principle of heat transport potential capacity and its application in heat conduction optimization. Chinese Science Bulletin, 48: 406–410.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
ZY Guo, HY Zhu, XG Liang (2007). Entransy—A physical quantity describing heat transfer ability. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 50: 2545–2556.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
ZY Guo (2008). New physical quantities in heat. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 29: 112–114. (in Chinese)
Google Scholar
 
SW Ham, MH Kim, BN Choi, JW Jeong (2015). Simplified server model to simulate data center cooling energy consumption. Energy and Buildings, 86: 328–339.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
Y Han, D Wang, C Zhang, Y Zhu (2017). The entransy degeneration and entransy loss equations for the generalized irreversible Carnot engine system. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 106: 895–907.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
Z He, Z He, X Zhang, Z Li (2016). Study of hot air recirculation and thermal management in data centers by using temperature rise distribution. Building Simulation, 9: 541–550.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
MK Herlin (2005). Rack cooling effectiveness in data centers and telecom central offices: The rack cooling index (RCI). ASHRAE Transactions, 111(2): 725–732.
Google Scholar
 
YC Hua, T Zhao, ZY Guo (2018). Optimization of the one-dimensional transient heat conduction problems using extended entransy analyses. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 116: 166–172.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
K Kritikos, C Albanakis, D Missirlis, Z Vlahostergios, A Goulas, P Storm (2010). Investigation of the thermal efficiency of a staggered elliptic-tube heat exchanger for aeroengine applications. Applied Thermal Engineering, 30: 134–142.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
W Liu, ZC Liu, H Jia, AW Fan, A Nakayama (2011). Entransy expression of the second law of thermodynamics and its application to optimization in heat transfer process. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 54: 3049–3059.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
D Missirlis, K Yakinthos, A Palikaras, K Katheder, A Goulas (2005). Experimental and numerical investigation of the flow field through a heat exchanger for aero-engine applications. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 26: 440–458.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
D Missirlis, K Yakinthos, P Storm, A Goulas (2007). Modeling pressure drop of inclined flow through a heat exchanger for aero-engine applications. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 28: 512–515.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
SA Nada, KE Elfeky, MA Attia Ali, WG Alshaer (2015a). Thermal management of electronic servers under different power conditions. International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics, 11: 145–150.
Google Scholar
 
SA Nada, MA Rady, M Elsharnoby, MA Said (2015b). Numerical investigation of cooling of electronic servers racks at different locations and spacing from the data center cooling unit. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, 5: 3448–3456.
Google Scholar
 
SA Nada, KE Elfeky (2016). Experimental investigations of thermal managements solutions in data centers buildings for different arrangements of cold aisles containments. Journal of Building Engineering, 5: 41–49.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
SA Nada, MA Attia Ali, KE Elfeky (2016a). Experimental study of solving thermal heterogeneity problem of data center servers. Applied Thermal Engineering, 109: 466–474.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
SA Nada, KE Elfeky, MA Attia Ali (2016b). Experimental investigations of air conditioning solutions in high power density data centers using a scaled physical model. International Journal of Refrigeration, 63: 87–99.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
SA Nada, MA Said, MA Rady (2016c). Numerical investigation and parametric study for thermal and energy management enhancements in data centers’ buildings. Applied Thermal Engineering, 98: 110–128.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
J Priyadumkol, C Kittichaikarn (2014). Application of the combined air-conditioning systems for energy conservation in data center. Energy and Buildings, 68: 580–586.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
J Rambo, Y Joshi (2007). Modeling of data center airflow and heat transfer: State of the art and future trends. Distributed and Parallel Databases, 21: 193–225.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
RK Sharma, CE Bash, CD Patel (2002). Dimensionless parameters for evaluation of thermal design and performance of large scale data centers. In: Proceedings of 8th AIAA/ASME Joint Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference, St. Louis, MO, USA, pp. 3091– 3101.
Crossref
 
SK Shrivastava, JW VanGilder, BG Sammakia (2009). Prediction of cold aisle end airflow boundary conditions using regression modeling. IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies, 30: 866–874.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
Z Song (2016). Numerical cooling performance evaluation of fan-assisted perforations in a raised-floor data center. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 95: 833–842.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
H Tian, Z He, Z Li (2015). A combined cooling solution for high heat density data centers using multi-stage heat pipe loops. Energy and Buildings, 94: 177–188.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
JW Van Gilder, Z Pardey, CM Healey, X Zhang (2013). A compact server model for transient data center simulations. ASHRAE Transactions, 119(2): 358–370.
Google Scholar
 
C Wang, Y Zhu (2017). Optimization of double-stage latent heat storage unit in whole cycle with entransy analysis. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 114: 1013–1024.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
S Wang, G Jian, J Wang, L Sun, J Wen (2018a). Application of entransy-dissipation-based thermal resistance for performance optimization of spiral-wound heat exchanger. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 116: 743–750.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
XJ Wang, YL He, ZD Wang, WQ Tao (2018b). Microscopic expression of entransy in ideal gas system for diatomic molecules. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 127: 1347–1350.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
XY Wang, XL Zhao, L Fu (2018c). Entransy analysis of secondary network flow distribution in absorption heat exchanger. Energy, 147: 428–439.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
H Wei, X Du, L Yang, Y Yang (2017). Entransy dissipation based optimization of a large-scale dry cooling system. Applied Thermal Engineering, 125: 254–265.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
S Wei, L Chen, Z Xie (2018). Constructal heat conduction optimization: Progresses with entransy dissipation rate minimization. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 7: 155–163.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
J Wen, X Gu, M Wang, Y Liu, S Wang (2018). Multi-parameter optimization of shell-and-tube heat exchanger with helical baffles based on entransy theory. Applied Thermal Engineering, 130: 804–813.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
M Xu (2011). The thermodynamic basis of entransy and entransy dissipation. Energy, 36: 4272–4277.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
K Yakinthos, D Missirlis, A Palikaras, P Storm, B Simon, A Goulas (2007). Optimization of the design of recuperative heat exchangers in the exhaust nozzle of an aero engine. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 31: 2524–2541.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
H Zhang, S Shao, H Xu, H Zou, C Tian (2014). Free cooling of data centers: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 35: 171–182.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
JH Zhou, CX Yang (2008). Design and simulation of the CPU fan and heat sinks. IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies, 31: 890–903.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
JH Zhou, CX Yang (2010). Parametric design and numerical simulation of the axial-flow fan for electronic devices. IEEE Transactions on Component Packaging Technology, 33: 287–298.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
R Zhou, Z Wang, CE Bash, A McReynolds (2012). Data center cooling management and analysis—A model based approach. In: Proceedings of the 28th Annual IEEE Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium (SEMI-THERM), San Jose, CA, USA, pp. 98–103.
 
B Zhou, X Cheng, W Wang, X Liang (2015). Entransy analyses of thermal processes with variable thermophysical properties. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 90: 1244–1254.
Crossref Google Scholar
Building Simulation
Volume 12 Issue 2,
April 2019
Pages 323-336
DOI: 10.1007/s12273-018-0479-z
Cite this article:
Tian H, Liang H, Li Z. A new mathematical model for multi-scale thermal management of data centers using entransy theory. Building Simulation, 2019, 12(2): 323-336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-018-0479-z

679

Views

8

Crossref

N/A

Web of Science

8

Scopus

3

CSCD

Altmetrics
Received: 07 April 2018
Revised: 08 September 2018
Accepted: 12 September 2018
Published: 06 November 2018
© Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018
Return