Home Building Simulation Article
Article Link
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Submit Manuscript
Show Outline
Outline
Abstract
Keywords
Electronic Supplementary Material
References
Show full outline
Hide outline
Research Article

An interactive approach to investigate brightness perception of daylighting in Immersive Virtual Environments: Comparing subjective responses and quantitative metrics

Muhammad Hegazy1(), Kensuke Yasufuku2, Hirokazu Abe2
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1 Suita Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
Cybermedia Center, Osaka University, Japan
Show Author Information

Abstract

Daylighting plays an eminent role in the performance of indoor environments and their occupants, thus necessitating the need to investigate daylight perception of potential occupants at early design stages. The present study introduces an interactive approach to collect and visualize brightness perception of daylighting in a large-scale immersive virtual environment, using a game engine as a daylight simulation tool. The developed system allows users to explore building models freely at different day times set in virtual reality and report their perceptions in real time. Following a validation study (N=36) to investigate the consistency of brightness perceptions in a real environment and its virtual replica, a set of 24 participants were recruited to use the system to report their brightness perception in a virtual model of a daylit art museum, through snapshotting the scenes where they perceive as one of the following in terms of daylighting: (very dark, dark, bright, or very bright). Using an output of 419 snapshots, a "Perceptual Light Map" (PLM) was developed to visualize the collective brightness perception of participants as a heat map. Subjective responses were found to be positively correlated with four daylight metrics, with the highest correlation to mean luminance and the lowest to luminance ratio. The findings of this exploratory study represent a step towards a user-oriented supplement tool to the existing quantitative daylight metrics, validating game engines' adequacy as a daylight simulation tool, and illustrating the potentials of immersion and interaction principles for the perception of daylit spaces in virtual reality.

Keywords

immersive virtual environmentdaylightinggame enginehuman perceptionmean luminance

Electronic Supplementary Material

Video
bs-15-1-41_ESM.mp4

References

 

Abd-Alhamid F, Kent M, Bennett C, et al. (2019). Developing an innovative method for visual perception evaluation in a physical- based virtual environment. Building and Environment, 162: 106278.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Alsawaier RS (2018). The effect of gamification on motivation and engagement. The International Journal of Information and Learning Technology, 35: 56–79.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Alshaer A, Regenbrecht H, O'Hare D (2017). Immersion factors affecting perception and behaviour in a virtual reality power wheelchair simulator. Applied Ergonomics, 58: 1–12.

Crossref Google Scholar
 
Autodesk (2017). Lighting Analysis Assistant | 3ds Max 2018 | Autodesk Knowledge Network. Available at https://knowledge.autodesk.com/support/3ds-max/learn-explore/caas/CloudHelp/cloudhelp/2018/ENU/3DSMax-Lighting-Shading/files/GUID-B264BAE0-57B4-446D-992E-D12132E6545D-htm.html. Accessed 12 Nov 2019.
 

Barlow RB, Jr, Verrillo RT (1976). Brightness sensation in a Ganzfeld. Vision Research, 16: 1291–1297.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Bian Y, Luo T (2017). Investigation of visual comfort metrics from subjective responses in China: A study in offices with daylight. Building and Environment, 123: 661–671.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Bian Y, Leng T, Ma Y (2018). A proposed discomfort glare evaluation method based on the concept of 'adaptive zone'. Building and Environment, 143: 306–317.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Bishop I, Rohrmann B (2003). Subjective responses to simulated and real environments: A comparison. Landscape and Urban Planning, 65: 261–277.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Boubekri M, Cheung IN, Reid KJ, et al. (2014). Impact of windows and daylight exposure on overall health and sleep quality of office workers: a case-control pilot study. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 10: 603–611.

Crossref Google Scholar
 
Bowman DA, Hodges LF (1997). An evaluation of techniques for grabbing and manipulating remote objects in immersive virtual environments. In: Proceedings of the 1997 Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics (SI3D'97), Providence, Rhode Island, USA.https://doi.org/10.1145/253284.253301
Crossref
 
Boyce P, Hunter C, Howlett O (2003). The Benefits of Daylight through Windows. New York: Lighting Research Center.
 

Boyce PR, Veitch JA, Newsham GR, et al. (2006). Occupant use of switching and dimming controls in offices. Lighting Research & Technology, 38: 358–376.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Bruneton E, Neyret F (2008). Precomputed atmospheric scattering. Computer Graphics Forum, 27: 1079–1086.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Bruneton E (2017). A qualitative and quantitative evaluation of 8 clear sky models. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 23: 2641–2655.

Crossref Google Scholar
 
Buhler H, Misztal S, Schild J (2018). Reducing VR sickness through peripheral visual effects. In: Proceedings of 2018 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR), Reutlingen, Germany.https://doi.org/10.1109/VR.2018.8446346
Crossref
 
Burke N, Scott A, Tatarchuk N, et al. (2019). "Reality vs Illusion" Real-Time Ray Tracing. In: Proceedings of SIGGRAPH'19, Los Angeles, CA, USA.https://doi.org/10.1145/3306305.3332369
Crossref
 

Carlucci S, Causone F, de Rosa F, et al. (2015). A review of indices for assessing visual comfort with a view to their use in optimization processes to support building integrated design. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 47: 1016–1033.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Carneiro JP, Aryal A, Becerik-Gerber B (2019). Influencing occupant's choices by using spatiotemporal information visualization in Immersive Virtual Environments. Building and Environment, 150: 330–338.

Crossref Google Scholar
 
Cauwerts C, Bodart M (2011). Investigation of 3D Projection for Qualitative Evaluation of Daylit Spaces. In: Proceedings of Passive and Low Energy Architecture Conference, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
 

Cha SH, Koo C, Kim TW, et al. (2019). Spatial perception of ceiling height and type variation in immersive virtual environments. Building and Environment, 163: 106285.

Crossref Google Scholar
 
Chamilothori K, Wienold J, Andersen M (2016). Daylight Patterns as a Means to Influence the Spatial Ambience: A Preliminary Study. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Ambiances, Volos, Greece.
 

Chamilothori K, Chinazzo G, Rodrigues J, et al. (2019a). Subjective and physiological responses to façade and sunlight pattern geometry in virtual reality. Building and Environment, 150: 144–155.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Chamilothori K, Wienold J, Andersen M (2019b). Adequacy of immersive virtual reality for the perception of daylit spaces: comparison of real and virtual environments. Leukos, 15: 203–226.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Charness G, Gneezy U, Kuhn MA (2012). Experimental methods: Between-subject and within-subject design. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 81: 1–8.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Chen Y, Cui Z, Hao L (2019). Virtual reality in lighting research: Comparing physical and virtual lighting environments. Lighting Research & Technology, 51: 820–837.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Chi DA, Moreno D, Navarro J (2018). Correlating daylight availability metric with lighting, heating and cooling energy consumptions. Building and Environment, 132: 170–180.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Cohen J (1992). Statistical power analysis. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1: 98–101.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Collins KR (2007). An introduction to the participatory and non- linear aspects of video games audio. Essays on Sound and Vision: 263–298.

Google Scholar
 
Cuttle C (2004). Brightness, lightness, and providing "a preconceived appearance to the interior" Lighting Research & Technology 36: 201–214.https://doi.org/10.1191/1365782804li115oa
Crossref
 
Devlin K (2003). A review of tone reproduction techniques. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques in Australasia and South East Asia, Melbourne, Australia.
 
Dille S, Fuhrmann A, Fischer G (2016). Real-time tone mapping—An evaluation of color-accurate methods for luminance compression. In: Proceedings of Workshop Farbbildverarbeitung, Illmenau, Germany.
 

Dong Y, Zhang X (2020). Investigation of the effects of awakening daylight on the morning alertness, mood, and sleep quality of male college students. Building and Environment, 180: 106989.

Crossref Google Scholar
 
Epic Games (2018a). Color grading and filmic tonemapper. Available at https://docs.unrealengine.com/en-US/Engine/Rendering/PostProcessEffects/ColorGrading/index.html. Accessed 12 Nov 2019.
 
Epic Games (2018b). Eye adaptation (auto-exposure). Available at https://docs.unrealengine.com/en-US/Engine/Rendering/PostProcessEffects/AutomaticExposure/index.html. Accessed 11 Nov 2019.
 
Epic Games (2018c). Physical lighting units. Available at https://docs.unrealengine.com/en-US/Engine/Rendering/LightingAndShadows/PhysicalLightUnits/index.html. Accessed 11 Nov 2019.
 
Epic Games (2018d). Physically based materials. Available at https://docs.unrealengine.com/en-US/Engine/Rendering/Materials/PhysicallyBased/index.html. Accessed 11 Nov 2019.
 
Epic Games (2019a). Blueprints visual scripting. Available at https://docs.unrealengine.com/en-US/Engine/Blueprints/index.html. Accessed 2 Sept 2019.
 
Epic Games (2019b). Geographically accurate sun positioning. Available at https://docs.unrealengine.com/en-US/Engine/Rendering/LightingAndShadows/SunPositioner/index.html. Accessed 2 Sept 2019.
 

Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, et al. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39: 175–191.

Crossref Google Scholar
 
Fisher A (1992). Tolerances in lighting design. In: Proceedings of the CIE Seminar on Computer Programs for Light and Lighting, Vienna, Austria.
 

Franz G, von der Heyde M, Bülthoff HH (2005). An empirical approach to the experience of architectural space in virtual reality—exploring relations between features and affective appraisals of rectangular indoor spaces. Automation in Construction, 14: 165–172.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Franzetti C, Fraisse G, Achard G (2004). Influence of the coupling between daylight and artificial lighting on thermal loads in office buildings. Energy and Buildings, 36: 117–126.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Gaetani I, Hoes PJ, Hensen JLM (2016). Occupant behavior in building energy simulation: Towards a fit-for-purpose modeling strategy. Energy and Buildings, 121: 188–204.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Gago EJ, Muneer T, Knez M, et al. (2015). Natural light controls and guides in buildings. Energy saving for electrical lighting, reduction of cooling load. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 41: 1–13.

Crossref Google Scholar
 
Google (2019). Degrees of Freedom | Google VR. Google Developers. Available at https://developers.google.com/vr/discover/degrees-of-freedom. Accessed 2 Sept 2019.
 
Hable J (2010). Uncharted 2: HDR Lighting. In: Proceedings of the Game Developers Conference (GDC), San Francisco, CA, USA.
 
Heydarian A, Carneiro J, Gerber D, et al. (2014). Towards measuring the impact of personal control on energy use through the use of immersive virtual environments. In: Proceedings of the 31st International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction, Sydney, Australia.https://doi.org/10.22260/ISARC2014/0073
Crossref
 

Heydarian A, Carneiro JP, Gerber D, et al. (2015). Immersive virtual environments versus physical built environments: a benchmarking study for building design and user-built environment explorations. Automation in Construction, 54: 116–126.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Heydarian A, Pantazis E, Wang A, et al. (2017). Towards user centered building design: Identifying end-user lighting preferences via immersive virtual environments. Automation in Construction, 81: 56–66.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Hopkinson RG (1972). Glare from daylighting in buildings. Applied Ergonomics, 3: 206–215.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Hudson S, Matson-Barkat S, Pallamin N, et al. (2019). With or without You? Interaction and immersion in a virtual reality experience. Journal of Business Research, 100: 459–468.

Crossref Google Scholar
 
Hvass J, Larsen O, Vendelbo K, et al. (2017). Visual realism and presence in a virtual reality game. In: Proceedings of 3DTV Conference: The True Vision—Capture, Transmission and Display of 3D Video (3DTV-CON), Copenhagen, Denmark.https://doi.org/10.1109/3DTV.2017.8280421
Crossref
 
IES (2013). Approved Method: IES Spatial Daylight Autonomy (SDA) and Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE). New York: IES—Illuminating Engineering Society.
 
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014). Summary for Policymakers. Climate Change 2013—The Physical Science Basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
 
Iversen A, Roy N, Hvass M, et al. (2013). Daylight calculations in practice: An investigation of the ability of nine daylight simulation programs to calculate the daylight factor in five typical rooms. SBI 2013: 26. Copenhagen, Denmark: SBI forlag.
 

Jakica N (2018). State-of-the-art review of solar design tools and methods for assessing daylighting and solar potential for building- integrated photovoltaics. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81: 1296–1328.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Jakubiec JA, Reinhart CF (2016). A concept for predicting occupants' long-term visual comfort within daylit spaces. Leukos, 12: 185–202.

Crossref Google Scholar
 
Jones NL, Reinhart CF (2017). Speedup potential of climate-based daylight modelling on GPUs. In: Proceedings of the15th International IBPSA Building Simulation Conference, San Francisco, USA.
 
Kacel S, Lau B (2013). Investigation of the Luminous Environment in Louis I. Kahn's Kimbell Art Museum. In: Proceedings of the Passive and Low Energy Architecture Conference, Munich, Germany.
 
Kalloniatis M, Luu C (2007). Light and dark adaptation. In: Webvision: The Organization of the Retina and Visual System [Internet]. Utah, USA: University of Utah Health Sciences Center.
 
Karis B (2013). Real shading in unreal engine 4. In: Proceedings of SIGGRAPH, Anaheim, CA, USA.
 

Karlsen L, Heiselberg P, Bryn I, et al. (2015). Verification of simple illuminance based measures for indication of discomfort glare from windows. Building and Environment, 92: 615–626.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Kaya SM, Afacan Y (2018). Effects of daylight design features on visitors' satisfaction of museums. Indoor and Built Environment, 27: 1341–1356.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Kim C-S, Chung S-J (2011). Daylighting simulation as an architectural design process in museums installed with toplights. Building and Environment, 46: 210–222.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Klepeis NE, Nelson WC, Ott WR, et al. (2001). The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 11: 231–252.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Kruisselbrink T, Dangol R, Rosemann A (2018). Photometric measurements of lighting quality: An overview. Building and Environment, 138: 42–52.

Crossref Google Scholar
 
Kumaragurubaran V, Inanici M (2013). Hdrscope: High dynamic range image processing toolkit for lighting simulations and analysis. In: Proceedings of the 13th International IBPSA Building Simulation Conference, Chambéry, France.
 
Labayrade R, Jensen HW, Jensen C (2009). Validation of Velux Daylight Visualizer 2 against CIE 171: 2006 Test Cases. In: Proceedings of the 11th International IBPSA Building Simulation Conference, Glasgow, UK.
 
Langbehn E, Lubos P, Steinicke F (2018). Evaluation of locomotion techniques for room-scale VR: Joystick, teleportation, and redirected walking. In: Proceedings of the Association for Computer Machinery Virtual Reality International Conference, Tokyo, Japan.https://doi.org/10.1145/3234253.3234291
Crossref
 
Ledda P, Santos LP, Chalmers A (2004). A local model of eye adaptation for high dynamic range images: In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Computer Graphics, Virtual Reality, Visualisation and Interaction in Africa, Stellenbosch, South Africa.https://doi.org/10.1145/1029949.1029978
Crossref
 

Leech JA, Nelson WC, Burnett RT, et al. (2002). It's about time: A comparison of Canadian and American time–activity patterns. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 12: 427–432.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Li Y, Huang J, Tian F, et al. (2019). Gesture interaction in virtual reality. Virtual Reality & Intelligent Hardware, 1: 84–112.

Crossref Google Scholar
 
Liu E, Llamas I, Cañada J, et al. (2019). Cinematic rendering in UE4 with real-time ray tracing and denoising. In: Haines E, Akenine- Möller T (eds), Ray Tracing Gems. Berkeley, CA, USA: Apress.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-4427-2_19
Crossref
 
Lo TT, Schnabel MA, Moleta TJ (2017). Gamification for user- oriented housing design. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference of the Association for Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA), Hong Kong, China.
 

Loonen RCGM, de Klijn-Chevalerias ML, Hensen JLM (2019). Opportunities and pitfalls of using building performance simulation in explorative R&D contexts. Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 12: 272–288.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Lou S, Li DHW, Lam JC, et al. (2016). Estimation of obstructed vertical solar irradiation under the 15 CIE Standard Skies. Building and Environment, 103: 123–133.

Crossref Google Scholar
 
Lowry GD (2018). A Comparison of Metrics Proposed for Circadian Lighting and the Criterion Adopted in the WELL Building Standard. London: CIBSE.
 
Maggiorini D, Ripamonti LA, Cappellini G (2015). About game engines and their future. In: Proceedings of International Internet of Things Summit, Seoul R. O. Korea.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47063-4_28
Crossref
 

Maltz A (2016). The academy color encoding system: standards for digital image interchange, color management and long-term archiving. SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal, 125: 34–39.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Manav B (2007). An experimental study on the appraisal of the visual environment at offices in relation to colour temperature and illuminance. Building and Environment, 42: 979–983.

Crossref Google Scholar
 
Marty C, Fontoynont M, Christoffersen J, et al. (2003). User assessment of visual comfort: Review of existing methods. ECCO-Build Project.
 
Melo M, Bouatouch K, Bessa M, et al. (2018). Tone mapping HDR panoramas for viewing in head mounted displays. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications, Madeira, Portugal.https://doi.org/10.5220/0006615402320239
Crossref
 
Min W, Mott B, Rowe J, et al. (2017). Multimodal goal recognition in open-world digital games. In: Proceedings of the 13th Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment Conference.
 
Mirrahimi S, Ibrahim N, Surat M (2013). Effect of Daylighting on Student Health and Performance. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Mathematical and Computational Methods in Science and Engineering, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
 
Mittring M (2012). The technology behind the unreal engine 4 elemental demo. In: Proceedings of the 39th International Conference and Exhibition on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, Los Angeles, CA, USA
 
Mochizuki E, Maehara Y (2019). Glare from window considering time fluctuation and types of task. In: Proceedings of the 29th CIE SESSION, Washington DC, USA.https://doi.org/10.25039/x46.2019.PO141
Crossref
 

Mundo-Hernández J, Valerdi-Nochebuena MC, Sosa-Oliver J (2015). Post-occupancy evaluation of a restored industrial building: a contemporary art and design gallery in Mexico. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 4: 330–340.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Murdoch MJ, Stokkermans MGM, Lambooij M (2015). Towards perceptual accuracy in 3D visualizations of illuminated indoor environments. Journal of Solid State Lighting, 2: 12.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Nabil A, Mardaljevic J (2005). Useful daylight illuminance: a new paradigm for assessing daylight in buildings. Lighting Research & Technology, 37: 41–57.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Natephra W, Motamedi A, Fukuda T, et al. (2017). Integrating building information modeling and virtual reality development engines for building indoor lighting design. Visualization in Engineering, 5: 19.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Newsham GR, Aries MBC, Mancini S, et al. (2008). Individual control of electric lighting in a daylit space. Lighting Research & Technology, 40: 25–41.

Crossref Google Scholar
 
Newsham G, Birt B, Arsenault C, et al. (2012). Do green buildings outperform conventional buildings? Indoor environment and energy performance in North American offices. National Research Council Canada.
 

Nezamdoost A, van den Wymelenberg KG (2017). Revisiting the daylit area: examining daylighting performance using subjective human evaluations and simulated compliance with the LEED version 4 daylight credit. Leukos, 13: 107–123.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Osterhaus WKE (2005). Discomfort glare assessment and prevention for daylight applications in office environments. Solar Energy, 79: 140–158.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Parpairi K, Baker NV, Steemers KA, et al. (2002). The Luminance Differences index: A new indicator of user preferences in daylit spaces. Lighting Research & Technology, 34: 53–66.

Crossref Google Scholar
 
Parpairi K (2004). Daylight perception. In: Steane MA, Steemers K (eds), Environmental Diversity in Architecture. London: Spon Press.
 
Pierce G (1998). Natural lighting at the Kimbell Museum. In: Proceedings of the 86th ACSA Annual Meeting and Technology Conference, Washington DC, USA.
 
Rea MS (2000). The IESNA Lighting Handbook: Reference & Application, 9th edn. New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.
 

Reinhart CF, Walkenhorst O (2001). Validation of dynamic RADIANCE-based daylight simulations for a test office with external blinds. Energy and Buildings, 33: 683–697.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Reinhart CF, Andersen M (2006). Development and validation of a Radiance model for a translucent panel. Energy and Buildings, 38: 890–904.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Roberts CJ, Edwards DJ, Hosseini MR, et al. (2019). Post-occupancy evaluation: A review of literature. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 26: 2084–2106.

Crossref Google Scholar
 
Rockcastle S, Andersen M (2015). Human perceptions of daylight composition in architecture: A preliminary study to compare quantitative contrast measures with subjective user assessments in HDR renderings. In: Proceedings of 14th International IBPSA Building Simulation Conference, Hyderabad, India.
 
Rockcastle S, Chamilothori K, Andersen M (2017). An experiment in virtual reality to measure daylight-driven interest in rendered architectural scenes. In: Proceedings of 15th International IBPSA Building Simulation Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA.
 
Roginska-Niesluchowska M (2016). The creative and symbolic functions of daylight in the art museum buildings of the 21st century. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts, Vienna, Austria.
 
Ruddle RA (2004). The effect of environment characteristics and user interaction on levels of virtual environment sickness. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality Conference, Chicago, IL, USA.
 
Ryer A (1997). Light Measurement Handbook. Newburyport, MA, USA: International Light Technologies.
 
Salih Y, bt Md-Esa W, Malik AS, et al. (2012). Tone mapping of HDR images: A review. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Intelligent and Advanced Systems (ICIAS2012), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIAS.2012.6306220
Crossref
 
Salters B, Murdoch M, Sekulovksi D, et al. (2012). An evaluation of different setups for simulating lighting characteristics. In: Proceedings of the Human Vision and Electronic Imaging XVII.https://doi.org/10.1117/12.912107
Crossref
 

Sangraula B, Uprety S (2020). Window to wall ratio for day lighting in context of apartment building in kathmandu valley. Journal of Building and Environmental Engineering, 1(1): 08–14.

Google Scholar
 
Sarey Khanie M, Andersen M (2013). Understanding view direction in relation to glare in daylit offices. In: Proceedings of VELUX Daylight Symposium: New Eyes on Existing Buildings, Copenhagen, Denmark.
 
Schnabel MA, Lo S, Aydin S (2014). Gamification and rule based design strategies in architecture education. In: Proceedings of DesignED Asia Conference, Hong Kong, China.
 

Schweizer C, Edwards RD, Bayer-Oglesby L, et al. (2007). Indoor time–microenvironment–activity patterns in seven regions of Europe. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 17: 170–181.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Shafavi NS, Tahsildoost M, Zomorodian ZS (2020). Investigation of illuminance-based metrics in predicting occupants' visual comfort (case study: Architecture design studios). Solar Energy, 197: 111–125.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Sheng W, Ishikawa K, Tanaka HT, et al. (2015). Photorealistic VR Space Reproductions of Historical Kyoto Sites Based on a Next- Generation 3D Game Engine. English Journal of Japan Society for Simulation Technology, 1(1): 188–204.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Sherwin JC, Reacher MH, Keogh RH, et al. (2012). The association between time spent outdoors and myopia in children and adolescents. Ophthalmology, 119: 2141–2151.

Crossref Google Scholar
 
Shishegar N, Boubekri M (2016). Natural light and productivity: Analyzing the impacts of daylighting on students' and workers' health and alertness. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Health, Biological and Life Science (HBLS-16), Istanbul, Turkey.
 
Slater M, Linakis V, Usoh M, et al. (1996). Immersion, presence and performance in virtual environments: An experiment with tri-dimensional chess. In: Proceedings of the Association for Computing Machinary Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, Hong Kong, China.https://doi.org/10.1145/3304181.3304216
Crossref
 

Slater M (2018). Immersion and the illusion of presence in virtual reality. British Journal of Psychology, 109: 431–433.

Crossref Google Scholar
 
Smith M (2020). Pimax 8K X Hands-On Review: The Anticipated 8K VR Headset Is Finally Here. Digital Trends. Available at https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/pimax-8k-x-vr-headset-ces-2020-hands-on-price-photos-video-release-date/. Accessed 19 Feb 2020.
 
Steffy DL, Dilaura KW, Houser RG, et al. (2011). The Lighting Handbook: Reference and Application, 10 edn. New York: Illuminating Engineering.
 
Streppel B, Pantförder D, Vogel-Heuser B (2018). Interaction in virtual environments—How to control the environment by using VR-glasses in the most immersive way. In: Chen JYC, Fragomeni G (eds), Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality: Interaction, Navigation, Visualization, Embodiment, and Simulation. Cham: Springer International Publishing.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91581-4_14
Crossref
 

Su Y (2018). The application of 3D technology in video games. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1087: 062024.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Suk JY (2019). Luminance and vertical eye illuminance thresholds for occupants' visual comfort in daylit office environments. Building and Environment, 148: 107–115.

Crossref Google Scholar
 
Tahrani S, Jallouli J, Moreau G, et al. (2005). Towards a virtual reality tool for lighting. In: Martens B, Brown A (eds), Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2005. Dordrecht, the Netherland: Springer.
 
Tsountani A, Jabi W (2014). Evaluating lighting simulations in Autodesk 3ds Max design. In: Proceedings of the Building Simulation and Optimization, London, UK.
 
Unity Technologies (2019). Unity - Manual: Physically Based Rendering Material Validator. Available at https://docs.unity3d.com/Manual/MaterialValidator.html, Accessed 11 Nov 2019.
 

Van den Wymelenberg K, Inanici M, Johnson P (2010). The effect of luminance distribution patterns on occupant preference in a daylit office environment. Leukos, 7: 103–122.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Van den Wymelenberg K (2012). Patterns of occupant interaction with window blinds: a literature review. Energy and Buildings, 51: 165–176.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Van den Wymelenberg KG (2014). Visual comfort, discomfort glare, and occupant fenestration control: developing a research agenda. Leukos, 10: 207–221.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Van den Wymelenberg K, Inanici M (2014). A critical investigation of common lighting design metrics for predicting human visual comfort in offices with daylight. Leukos, 10: 145–164.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Van den Wymelenberg K, Inanici M (2016). Evaluating a new suite of luminance-based design metrics for predicting human visual comfort in offices with daylight. Leukos, 12: 113–318.

Crossref Google Scholar
 
VELUX (2019). Daylight Simulation Tools. Available at https://www.velux.com/deic/daylight/daylight-simulation-tools. Accessed 15 May 2019.
 

Voudoukis N, Oikonomidis S (2017). Inverse square law for light and radiation: A unifying educational approach. European Journal of Engineering Research and Science, 2: 23.

Crossref Google Scholar
 
Walker J (2014). Physically Based Shading in UE4. Available at https://www.unrealengine.com/en-US/blog/physically-based-shading-in-ue4?sessionInvalidated=true. Accessed 7 Nov 2019.
 
Ward G, Shakespeare R (1998). Rendering with Radiance: The Art and Science of Lighting Visualization. Charleston, SC, USA: Booksurge llc.
 
Wasilewski S, Grobe LO, Wienold J, et al. (2019). A critical literature review of spatio-temporal simulation methods for daylight glare assessment. Journal of Sustainable Design and Applied Research, 7(1): 4.
 

Wienold J, Iwata T, Sarey Khanie M, et al. (2019). Cross-validation and robustness of daylight glare metrics. Lighting Research & Technology, 51: 983–1013.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Wilson CJ, Soranzo A (2015). The use of virtual reality in psychology: A case study in visual perception. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine, 2015: 151702.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Yan D, O'Brien W, Hong T, et al. (2015). Occupant behavior modeling for building performance simulation: Current state and future challenges. Energy and Buildings, 107: 264–278.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Yoshida A, Blanz V, Myszkowski K, et al. (2007). Testing tone mapping operators with human-perceived reality. Journal of Electronic Imaging, 16: 130–140.

Crossref Google Scholar
 

Yu I, Mortensen J, Khanna P, et al. (2009). Visual realism enhances realistic response in an immersive virtual environment. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 29(3): 76–84.

Crossref Google Scholar
 
Zafar S, Adapa R (2014). Hardware architecture design and mapping of 'Fast Inverse Square Root' algorithm. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Advances in Electrical Engineering (ICAEE), Vellore, India.https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAEE.2014.6838433
Crossref
 

Zele AJ, Feigl B, Adhikari P, et al. (2018). Melanopsin photoreception contributes to human visual detection, temporal and colour processing. Scientific Reports, 8: 3842.

Crossref Google Scholar
Building Simulation
Volume 15 Issue 1,
January 2022
Pages 41-68
DOI: 10.1007/s12273-021-0798-3
Cite this article:
Hegazy M, Yasufuku K, Abe H. An interactive approach to investigate brightness perception of daylighting in Immersive Virtual Environments: Comparing subjective responses and quantitative metrics. Building Simulation, 2022, 15(1): 41-68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-021-0798-3
Metrics & Citations  
Article History
Copyright
Return