Monodisperse Upconversion NaYF₄ Nanocrystals: Syntheses and Bioapplications

Chen, Z.; Tabakman, S. M.; Goodwin, A. P.; Kattah, M. G.; Daranciang, D.; Wang, X. R.; Zhang, G. Y.; Li, X. L.; Liu, Z.; Utz, P. J.; Jiang, K. L.; Fan, S. S.; Dai, H. J. Protein microarrays with carbon nanotubes as multicolor Raman labels. Nat. Biotechnol. 2008, 26, 1285–1292.

Huang, Y. F.; Liu, H.; Xiong, X.; Chen, Y.; Tan, W. H. Nanoparticle-mediated IgE-receptor aggregation and signaling in RBL mast cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 17328–17334.

Diamente, P. R.; Burke, R. D.; van Veggel, F. C. J. M. Bioconjugation of Ln³⁺-doped LaF₃ nanoparticles to avidin. Langmuir 2006, 22, 1782–1788.

Kim, D.; Daniel, W. L.; Mirkin, C. A. Microarray-based multiplexed scanometric immunoassay for protein cancer markers using gold nanoparticle probes. Anal. Chem. 2009, 81, 9183–9187.

Mai, H. X.; Zhang, Y. W.; Si, R.; Yan, Z. G.; Sun, L. D.; You, L. P.; Yan, C. H. High-quality sodium rare-earth fluoride nanocrystals: Controlled synthesis and optical properties. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 6426–6436.

Boyer, J. C.; Manseau, M. P.; Murray, J. I.; van Veggel, F. C. J. M. Surface modification of upconverting NaYF₄ nanoparticles with PEG phosphate ligands for NIR (800 nm) biolabeling within the biological window. Langmuir 2010, 26, 1157–1164.

Chatteriee, D. K.; Rufalhah, A. J.; Zhang, Y. Upconversion fluorescence imaging of cells and small animals using lanthanide doped nanocrystals. Biomaterials 2008, 29, 937–943.

Chen, Z. G.; Chen, H. L.; Hu, H.; Yu, M. X.; Li, F. Y.; Zhang, Q.; Zhou, Z. G.; Yi, T.; Huang, C. H. Versatile synthesis strategy for carboxylic acid-functionalized upconverting nanophosphors as biological labels. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 3023–3029.

Gu, H. W.; Ho, P. L.; Tsang, K. W. T.; Wang, L.; Xu, B. Using biofunctional magnetic nanoparticles to capture vancomycin-resistant enterococci and other gram-positive bacteria at ultralow concentration. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 15702–15703.

Jayagopal, A.; Halfpenny, K. C.; Perez, J. W.; Wright, D. W. Hairpin DNA-functionalized gold colloids for the imaging of mRNA in live cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 9789–9796.

Chan, W. C. W.; Nie, S. M. Quantum dot bioconjugates for ultrasensitive nonisotopic detection. Science 1998, 281, 2016–2018.

Schafer, H.; Ptacek, P.; Zerzouf, O.; Haase, M. Synthesis and optical properties of KYF₄/Yb, Er nanocrystals, and their surface modification with undoped KYF₄. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2008, 18, 2913–2918.

Wang, F.; Yu, H.; Lim, C. S.; Lu, Y.; Wang, J.; Xu, J.; Chen, H.; Zhang, C.; Hong, M.; Liu, X. Simultaneous phase and size control of upconversion nanocrystals through lanthanide doping. Nature 2010, 463, 1061–1065.

Riwotzki, K.; Meyssamy, H.; Schnablegger, H.; Kornowski, A.; Haase, M. Liquid-phase synthesis of colloids and redispersible powders of strongly luminescing LaPO₄: Ce, Tb nanocrystals. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 573–576.

Heer, S.; Kompe, K.; Gudel, H. U.; Haase, M. Highly efficient multicolour upconversion emission in transparent colloids of lanthanide-doped NaYF₄ nanocrystals. Adv. Mater. 2004, 16, 2102–2015.

Fu, A. H.; Gu, W. W.; Boussert, B.; Koski, K.; Gerion, D.; Manna, L.; Le Gros, M.; Larabell, C. A.; Alivisatos, A. P. Semiconductor quantum rods as single molecule fluorescent biological labels. Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 179–182.

Ge, J. P.; Hu, Y. X.; Biasini, M.; Beyermann, W. P.; Yin, Y. D. Superparamagnetic magnetite colloidal nanocrystal clusters. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 4342–4345.

Ge, J. P.; Hu, Y. X.; Yin, Y. D. Highly tunable super-paramagnetic colloidal photonic crystals. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 7428–7431.

Quarta, A.; Di Corato, R.; Manna, L.; Argentiere, S.; Cingolani, R.; Barbarella, G.; Pellegrino, T. Multifunctional nanostructures based on inorganic nanoparticles and oligothiophenes and their exploitation for cellular studies. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 10545–10555.

Hu, S. H.; Gao, X. Nanocomposites with spatially separated functionalities for combined imaging and magnetolytic therapy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010 132, 7234–7237.

Jin, Y. D.; Gao, X. H. Spectrally tunable leakage-free gold nanocontainers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 17774–17776.

Yezhelyev, M. V.; Qi, L. F.; O'Regan, R. M.; Nie, S.; Gao, X. Proton-sponge coated quantum dots for siRNA delivery and intracellular imaging. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008 130, 9006–9012.

Yi, G. S.; Chow, G. M. Synthesis of hexagonal-phase NaYF₄: Yb, Er and NaYF₄: Yb, Tm nanocrystals with efficient up-conversion fluorescence. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2006, 16, 2324–2329.

Li, Z. Q.; Zhang, Y.; Jiang, S. Multicolor core/shell-structured upconversion fluorescent nanoparticles. Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 4765–4769.

Liu, Z. Y.; Yi, G. S.; Zhang, H. T.; Ding, J.; Zhang, Y. W.; Xue, J. M. Monodisperse silica nanoparticles encapsulating upconversion fluorescent and superparamagnetic nanocrystals. Chem. Commun. 2008, 694–696.

Wang, L. Y.; Li, Y. D. Green upconversion nanocrystals for DNA detection. Chem. Commun. 2006, 2557–2559.

Shan, J. N.; Chen, J. B.; Meng, J.; Collins, J.; Soboyejo, W.; Friedberg, J. S.; Ju, Y. G. Biofunctionalization, cytotoxicity, and cell uptake of lanthanide doped hydrophobically ligated NaYF₄ upconversion nanophosphors. J. Appl. Phys. 2008, 104, 094308.

Mai, H. X.; Zhang, Y. W.; Sun, L. D.; Yan, C. H. Highly efficient multicolor up-conversion emissions and their mechanisms of monodisperse NaYF₄: Yb, Er core and core/shell-structured nanocrystals. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 13721–13729.

Wang, L.; Li, Y. D. Na(Y_1.5Na_0.5)F₆ single-crystal nanorods as multicolor luminescent materials. Nano Lett. 2006, 6, 1645–1649.

Wang, L.; Yan, R. X.; Hao, Z. Y.; Wang, L.; Zeng, J. H.; Bao, J.; Wang, X.; Peng, Q.; Li, Y. D. Fluorescence resonant energy transfer biosensor based on upconversion-luminescent nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 6054–6057.

Wang, X.; Li, Y. D. Synthesis and characterization of lanthanide hydroxide single-crystal nanowires. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 4790–4793.

Zhang, H.; Li, Y. J.; Ivanov, I. A.; Qu, Y. Q.; Huang, Y.; Duan, X. F. Plasmonic modulation of the upconversion fluorescence in NaYF₄: Yb/Tm hexaplate nanocrystals using gold nanoparticles or nanoshells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 2865–2868.

Wang, X.; Zhuang, J.; Peng, Q.; Li, Y. D. A general strategy for nanocrystal synthesis. Nature 2005, 437, 121–124.

Bai, F.; Wang, D. S.; Huo, Z. Y.; Chen, W.; Liu, L. P.; Liang, X.; Chen, C.; Wang, X.; Peng, Q.; Li, Y. D. A versatile bottom-up assembly approach to colloidal spheres from nanocrystals. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 6650–6653.

Wang, L.; Yang, C. Y.; Tan, W. H. Dual-luminophore-doped silica nanoparticles for multiplexed signaling. Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 37–43.

Duan, H. W.; Nie, S. M. Cell-penetrating quantum dots based on multivalent and endosome-disrupting surface coatings. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 3333–3338.

Chen, Y. F.; Johnson, E.; Peng, X. G. Formation of monodisperse and shape-controlled MnO nanocrystals in non-injection synthesis: Self-focusing via ripening. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 10937–10947.

Zhao, F.; Rutherford, M.; Grisham, S. Y.; Peng, X. G. Formation of monodisperse FePt alloy nanocrystals using air-stable precursors: Fatty acids as alloying mediator and rReductant for Fe³⁺ precursors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 5350–5358.

Zeng, J. H.; Su, J.; Li, Z. H.; Yan, R. X.; Li, Y. D. Synthesis and upconversion luminescence of hexagonal-phase NaYF₄: Yb³⁺, Er³⁺, phosphors of controlled size and morphology. Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 2119–2123.

Wang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Zhu, Y. Y. One-pot synthesis and strong near-infrared upconversion luminescence of poly(acrylic acid)-functionalized YF₃: Yb³⁺/Er³⁺ nanocrystals. Nano Res. 2010, 3, 317–325.

Bruchez, M.; Moronne, M.; Gin, P.; Weiss, S.; Alivisatos, A. P. Semiconductor nanocrystals as fluorescent biological labels. Science 1998, 281, 2013–2016.

Derfus, A. M.; Chan, W. C. W.; Bhatia, S. N. Probing the cytotoxicity of semiconductor quantum dots. Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 11–18.