One-Dimensional ZnO Nanostructures: Solution Growth and Functional Properties
Download citation
1844
Views
84
Downloads
1168
Crossref
N/A
WoS
1224
Scopus
42
CSCD
One-dimensional (1D) ZnO nanostructures have been studied intensively and extensively over the last decade not only for their remarkable chemical and physical properties, but also for their diverse current and future technological applications. This article gives a comprehensive overview of the progress that has been made within the context of 1D ZnO nanostructures synthesized via wet chemical methods. We will cover the synthetic methodologies and the corresponding growth mechanisms, various nanostructures grown, their doping and alloying, and position-controlled growth on substrates. Finally, we will review their functional properties in catalysis, hydrophobic surface modification, sensing, and electronic, optical, optoelectronic, and energy harvesting devices.
menu
One-Dimensional ZnO Nanostructures: Solution Growth and Functional Properties
Abstract
One-dimensional (1D) ZnO nanostructures have been studied intensively and extensively over the last decade not only for their remarkable chemical and physical properties, but also for their diverse current and future technological applications. This article gives a comprehensive overview of the progress that has been made within the context of 1D ZnO nanostructures synthesized via wet chemical methods. We will cover the synthetic methodologies and the corresponding growth mechanisms, various nanostructures grown, their doping and alloying, and position-controlled growth on substrates. Finally, we will review their functional properties in catalysis, hydrophobic surface modification, sensing, and electronic, optical, optoelectronic, and energy harvesting devices.
References(559)
Ozgur, U.; Alivov, Y. I.; Liu, C.; Teke, A.; Reshchikov, M. A.; Dogan, S.; Avrutin, V.; Cho, S. J.; Morkoc, H. A comprehensive review of ZnO materials and devices. J. Appl. Phys. 2005, 98, 041301.
Look, D. C. Recent advances in ZnO materials and devices. Mat. Sci. Eng. B-. Adv. 2001, 80, 383–387.
Heo, Y. W.; Norton, D. P.; Tien, L. C.; Kwon, Y.; Kang, B. S.; Ren, F.; Pearton, S. J.; LaRoche, J. R. ZnO nanowire growth and devices. Mat. Sci. Eng. R 2004, 47, 1–47.
Yi, G. C.; Wang, C. R.; Park, W. I. ZnO nanorods: Synthesis, characterization and applications. Semicond. Sci. Technol. 2005, 20, S22–S34.
Wang, Z. L. Oxide nanobelts and nanowires—growth, properties and applications. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2008, 8, 27–55.
Wang, Z. L. Splendid one-dimensional nanostructures of zinc oxide: A new nanomaterial family for nanotechnology. ACS Nano 2008, 2, 1987–1992.
Wang, Z. L. ZnO nanowire and nanobelt platform for nanotechnology. Mat. Sci. Eng. R 2009, 64, 33–71.
Wang, Z. L. Ten years' venturing in ZnO nanostructures: From discovery to scientific understanding and to technology applications. Chinese Sci. Bull. 2009, 54, 4021–4034.
Huang, M. H.; Mao, S.; Feick, H.; Yan, H. Q.; Wu, Y. Y.; Kind, H.; Weber, E.; Russo, R.; Yang, P. D. Room-temperature ultraviolet nanowire nanolasers. Science 2001, 292, 1897–1899.
Govender, K.; Boyle, D. S.; O'Brien, P.; Binks, D.; West, D.; Coleman, D. Room-temperature lasing observed from ZnO nanocolumns grown by aqueous solution deposition. Adv. Mater. 2002, 14, 1221–1224.
Park, W. I.; Yi, G. C. Electroluminescence in n-ZnO nanorod arrays vertically grown on p-GaN. Adv. Mater. 2004, 16, 87–90.
Mao, D. S.; Wang, X.; Li, W.; Liu, X. H.; Li, Q.; Xu, J. F. Electron field emission from hydrogen-free amorphous carbon-coated ZnO tip array. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 2002, 20, 278–281.
Zhu, Y. W.; Zhang, H. Z.; Sun, X. C.; Feng, S. Q.; Xu, J.; Zhao, Q.; Xiang, B.; Wang, R. M.; Yu, D. P. Efficient field emission from ZnO nanoneedle arrays. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 83, 144–146.
Wang, W. Z.; Zeng, B. Q.; Yang, J.; Poudel, B.; Huang, J. Y.; Naughton, M. J.; Ren, Z. F. Aligned ultralong ZnO nanobelts and their enhanced field emission. Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 3275–3278.
Wei, T. Y.; Yeh, P. H.; Lu, S. Y.; Wang, Z. L. Gigantic enhancement in sensitivity using Schottky contacted nanowire nanosensor. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 17690–17695.
Yeh, P. H.; Li, Z.; Wang, Z. L. Schottky-gated probe-free ZnO nanowire biosensor. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 4975–4978.
Zhou, J.; Gu, Y. D.; Hu, Y. F.; Mai, W. J.; Yeh, P. H.; Bao, G.; Sood, A. K.; Polla, D. L.; Wang, Z. L. Gigantic enhancement in response and reset time of ZnO UV nanosensor by utilizing Schottky contact and surface functionalization. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 94, 191103.
Law, M.; Greene, L. E.; Johnson, J. C.; Saykally, R.; Yang, P. D. Nanowire dye-sensitized solar cells. Nat. Mater. 2005, 4, 455–459.
Levy-Clement, C.; Tena-Zaera, R.; Ryan, M. A.; Katty, A.; Hodes, G. CdSe-sensitized p-CuSCN/nanowire n-ZnO heterojunctions. Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 1512–1515.
Weintraub, B.; Wei, Y. G.; Wang, Z. L. Optical fiber/nanowire hybrid structures for efficient three-dimensional dye-sensitized solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 8981–8985.
Wei, Y. G.; Xu, C.; Xu, S.; Li, C.; Wu, W. Z.; Wang, Z. L. Planar waveguide-nanowire integrated three-dimensional dye-sensitized solar cells. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 2092–2096.
Wang, Z. L.; Song, J. H. Piezoelectric nanogenerators based on zinc oxide nanowire arrays. Science 2006, 312, 242–246.
Wang, X. D.; Song, J. H.; Liu, J.; Wang, Z. L. Direct-current nanogenerator driven by ultrasonic waves. Science 2007, 316, 102–105.
Yang, R. S.; Qin, Y.; Dai, L. M.; Wang, Z. L. Power generation with laterally packaged piezoelectric fine wires. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2009, 4, 34–39.
Wang, Z. L. Towards self-powered nanosystems: From nanogenerators to nanopiezotronics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2008, 18, 3553–3567.
Laudise, R. A.; Ballman, A. A. Hydrothermal synthesis of zinc oxide and zinc sulfide. J. Phys. Chem. 1960, 64, 688–691.
Verges, M. A.; Mifsud, A.; Serna, C. J. Formation of rod-like zinc-oxide microcrystals in homogeneous solutions. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1990, 86, 959–963.
Vayssieres, L.; Keis, K.; Lindquist, S. E.; Hagfeldt, A. Purpose-built anisotropic metal oxide material: 3D highly oriented microrod array of ZnO. J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 3350–3352.
Pan, Z. W.; Dai, Z. R.; Wang, Z. L. Nanobelts of semiconducting oxides. Science 2001, 291, 1947–1949.
Huang, M. H.; Wu, Y. Y.; Feick, H.; Tran, N.; Weber, E.; Yang, P. D. Catalytic growth of zinc oxide nanowires by vapor transport. Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 113–116.
Yao, B. D.; Chan, Y. F.; Wang, N. Formation of ZnO nanostructures by a simple way of thermal evaporation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 81, 757–759.
Park, W. I.; Yi, G. C.; Kim, M. Y.; Pennycook, S. J. ZnO Nanoneedles grown vertically on Si substrates by non-catalytic vapor-phase epitaxy. Adv. Mater. 2002, 14, 1841–1843.
Park, W. I.; Kim, D. H.; Jung, S. W.; Yi, G. C. Metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxial growth of vertically well-aligned ZnO nanorods. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 80, 4232–4234.
Yuan, H.; Zhang, Y. Preparation of well-aligned ZnO whiskers on glass substrate by atmospheric MOCVD. J. Cryst. Growth 2004, 263, 119–124.
Heo, Y. W.; Varadarajan, V.; Kaufman, M.; Kim, K.; Norton, D. P.; Ren, F.; Fleming, P. H. Site-specific growth of ZnO nanorods using catalysis-driven molecular-beam epitaxy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 81, 3046–3048.
Sun, Y.; Fuge, G. M.; Ashfold, M. N. R. Growth of aligned ZnO nanorod arrays by catalyst-free pulsed laser deposition methods. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2004, 396, 21–26.
Hong, J. I.; Bae, J.; Wang, Z. L.; Snyder, R. L. Room-temperature, texture-controlled growth of ZnO thin films and their application for growing aligned ZnO nanowire arrays. Nanotechnology 2009, 20, 085609.
Chiou, W. T.; Wu, W. Y.; Ting, J. M. Growth of single crystal ZnO nanowires using sputter deposition. Diam. Relat. Mater. 2003, 12, 1841–1844.
Xu, C. K.; Xu, G. D.; Liu, Y. K.; Wang, G. H. A simple and novel route for the preparation of ZnO nanorods. Solid State Commun. 2002, 122, 175–179.
Lin, D. D.; Pan, W.; Wu, H. Morphological control of centimeter long aluminum-doped zinc oxide nanofibers prepared by electrospinning. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2007, 90, 71–76.
Lin, D.; Wu, H.; Pan, W. Photoswitches and memories assembled by electrospinning aluminum-doped zinc oxide single nanowires. Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 3968–3972.
Sui, X. M.; Shao, C. L.; Liu, Y. C. White-light emission of polyvinyl alcohol/ZnO hybrid nanofibers prepared by electrospinning. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 87, 113115.
Wu, J. J.; Wen, H. I.; Tseng, C. H.; Liu, S. C. Well-aligned ZnO nanorods via hydrogen treatment of ZnO films. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2004, 14, 806–810.
Zhang, H.; Yang, D. R.; Ma, X. Y.; Du, N.; Wu, J. B.; Que, D. L. Straight and thin ZnO nanorods: Hectogram-scale synthesis at low temperature and cathodoluminescence. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 827–830.
Chang, P. C.; Lu, J. G. ZnO nanowire field-effect transistors. IEEE T. Electron Dev. 2008, 55, 2977–2987.
Xu, S.; Wei, Y.; Kirkham, M.; Liu, J.; Mai, W.; Davidovic, D.; Snyder, R. L.; Wang, Z. L. Patterned growth of vertically aligned ZnO nanowire arrays on inorganic substrates at low temperature without catalyst. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 14958–14959.
Govender, K.; Boyle, D. S.; Kenway, P. B.; O'Brien, P. Understanding the factors that govern the deposition and morphology of thin films of ZnO from aqueous solution. J. Mater. Chem. 2004, 14, 2575–2591.
Xu, S.; Adiga, N.; Ba, S.; Dasgupta, T.; Wu, C. F. J.; Wang, Z. L. Optimizing and improving the growth quality of ZnO nanowire arrays guided by statistical design of experiments. ACS Nano 2009, 3, 1803–1812.
Pearton, S. J.; Norton, D. P.; Ip, K.; Heo, Y. W.; Steiner, T. Recent progress in processing and properties of ZnO. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2005, 50, 293–340.
Klingshirn, C. ZnO: From basics towards applications. Phys. Status Solidi B 2007, 244, 3027–3073.
Schmidt-Mende, L.; MacManus-Driscoll, J. L. ZnO—nanostructures, defects, and devices. Mater. Today 2007, 10, 40–48.
Zang, J. F.; Li, C. M.; Cui, X. Q.; Wang, J. X.; Sun, X. W.; Dong, H.; Sun, C. Q. Tailoring zinc oxide nanowires for high performance amperometric glucose sensor. Electroanal. 2007, 19, 1008–1014.
Baruah, S.; Dutta, J. pH-dependent growth of zinc oxide nanorods. J. Cryst. Growth 2009, 311, 2549–2554.
Xu, S.; Shen, Y.; Ding, Y.; Wang, Z. L. Growth and transfer of monolithic horizontal ZnO nanowire superstructures onto flexible substrates. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2010, 20, 1493–1495.
Li, W. J.; Shi, E. W.; Zhong, W. Z.; Yin, Z. W. Growth mechanism and growth habit of oxide crystals. J. Cryst. Growth 1999, 203, 186–196.
Demianets, L. N.; Kostomarov, D. V.; Kuz'mina, I. P.; Pushko, S. V. Mechanism of growth of ZnO single crystals from hydrothermal alkali solutions. Crystallogr. Rep. 2002, 47, S86–S98.
Yamabi, S.; Imai, H. Growth conditions for wurtzite zinc oxide films in aqueous solutions. J. Mater. Chem. 2002, 12, 3773–3778.
Kawska, A.; Duchstein, P.; Hochrein, O.; Zahn, D. Atomistic mechanisms of ZnO aggregation from ethanolic solution: Ion association, proton transfer, and self-organization. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 2336–2340.
Liu, B.; Zeng, H. C. Room temperature solution synthesis of monodispersed single-crystalline ZnO nanorods and derived hierarchical nanostructures. Langmuir 2004, 20, 4196–4204.
Viswanatha, R.; Amenitsch, H.; Sarma, D. D. Growth kinetics of ZnO nanocrystals: A few surprises. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 4470–4475.
Demianets, L. N.; Kostomarov, D. V. Mechanism of zinc oxide single crystal growth under hydrothermal conditions. Ann. Chim. Sci. Mat. 2001, 26, 193–198.
Dem'yanets, L. N.; Kostomarov, D. V.; Kuz-mina, I. P. Chemistry and kinetics of ZnO growth from alkaline hydrothermal solutions. Inorg. Mater. 2002, 38, 124–131.
Cheng, B.; Samulski, E. T. Hydrothermal synthesis of one-dimensional ZnO nanostructures with different aspect ratios. Chem. Commun. 2004, 986–987.
Cao, H. L.; Qian, X. F.; Gong, Q.; Du, W. M.; Ma, X. D.; Zhu, Z. K. Shape- and size-controlled synthesis of nanometre ZnO from a simple solution route at room temperature. Nanotechnology 2006, 17, 3632–3636.
Liu, B.; Zeng, H. C. Hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanorods in the diameter regime of 50 nm. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 4430–4431.
Zhang, J.; Sun, L. D.; Yin, J. L.; Su, H. L.; Liao, C. S.; Yan, C. H. Control of ZnO morphology via a simple solution route. Chem. Mater. 2002, 14, 4172–4177.
Hou, X. M.; Zhou, F.; Sun, Y. B.; Liu, W. M. Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of dentritic ZnO nanostructure in ionic liquid. Mater. Lett. 2007, 61, 1789–1792.
Alammar, T.; Mudring, A. V. Facile ultrasound-assisted synthesis of ZnO nanorods in an ionic liquid. Mater. Lett. 2009, 63, 732–735.
Yin, M.; Gu, Y.; Kuskovsky, I. L.; Andelman, T.; Zhu, Y.; Neumark, G. F.; O'Brien, S. Zinc oxide quantum rods. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 6206–6207.
Pacholski, C.; Kornowski, A.; Weller, H. Self-assembly of ZnO: From nanodots to nanorods. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 1188–1191.
Zhang, D. F.; Sun, L. D.; Yin, J. L.; Yan, C. H.; Wang, R. M. Attachment-driven morphology evolvement of rectangular ZnO nanowires. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 8786–8790.
Guo, L.; Ji, Y. L.; Xu, H. B.; Simon, P.; Wu, Z. Y. Regularly shaped, single-crystalline ZnO nanorods with wurtzite structure. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 14864–14865.
Liu, J. P.; Huang, X. T.; Li, Y. Y.; Ji, X. X.; Li, Z. K.; He, X.; Sun, F. L. Vertically aligned 1D ZnO nanostructures on bulk alloy substrates: Direct solution synthesis, photoluminescence, and field emission. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 4990–4997.
Gao, Y. F.; Nagai, M.; Chang, T. C.; Shyue, J. J. Solution-derived ZnO nanowire array film as photoelectrode in dye-sensitized solar cells. Cryst. Growth Des. 2007, 7, 2467–2471.
Tak, Y.; Yong, K. J. Controlled growth of well-aligned ZnO nanorod array using a novel solution method. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 19263–19269.
Xu, C. K.; Shin, P.; Cao, L. L.; Gao, D. Preferential growth of long ZnO nanowire array and its application in dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 125–129.
Postels, B.; Wehmann, H. H.; Bakin, A.; Kreye, M.; Fuhrmann, D.; Blaesing, J.; Hangleiter, A.; Krost, A.; Waag, A. Controlled low-temperature fabrication of ZnO nanopillars with a wet-chemical approach. Nanotechnology 2007, 18, 195602.
Hua, G. M.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, J. X.; Cao, X. L.; Xu, W.; Zhang, L. D. Fabrication of ZnO nanowire arrays by cycle growth in surfactantless aqueous solution and their applications on dye-sensitized solar cells. Mater. Lett. 2008, 62, 4109–4111.
Tang, Q.; Zhou, W. J.; Shen, J. M.; Zhang, W.; Kong, L. F.; Qian, Y. T. A template-free aqueous route to ZnO nanorod arrays with high optical property. Chem. Commun. 2004, 712–713.
Xu, S.; Wang, Z. L. Effect of dissolved oxygen in water on the growth kinetics of ZnO nanowire arrays. Unpublished results.
Boyle, D. S.; Govender, K.; O'Brien, P. Novel low temperature solution deposition of perpendicularly orientated rods of ZnO: Substrate effects and evidence of the importance of counter-ions in the control of crystallite growth. Chem. Commun. 2002, 80–81.
Vayssieres, L. Growth of arrayed nanorods and nanowires of ZnO from aqueous solutions. Adv. Mater. 2003, 15, 464–466.
Ahuja, I. S.; Yadava, C. L.; Singh, R. Structural information on manganese(Ⅱ), cobalt(Ⅱ), nickel(Ⅱ), zinc(Ⅱ) and cadmium (Ⅱ) sulphate complexes with hexamethylenetetramine (a potentially tetradentate ligand) from their magnetic moments, electronic and infrared spectra. J. Mol. Struct. 1982, 81, 229–234.
Baruah, S.; Dutta, J. Hydrothermal growth of ZnO nanostructures. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 2009, 10, 013001.
Ashfold, M. N. R.; Doherty, R. P.; Ndifor-Angwafor, N. G.; Riley, D. J.; Sun, Y. The kinetics of the hydrothermal growth of ZnO nanostructures. Thin Solid Films 2007, 515, 8679–8683.
Unalan, H. E.; Hiralal, P.; Rupesinghe, N.; Dalal, S.; Milne, W. I.; Amaratunga, G. A. J. Rapid synthesis of aligned zinc oxide nanowires. Nanotechnology 2008, 19, 255608.
Jung, S. H.; Oh, E.; Lee, K. H.; Park, W.; Jeong, S. H. A sonochemical method for fabricating aligned ZnO nanorods. Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 749–753.
Shi, L.; Bao, K. Y.; Cao, J.; Qian, Y. T. Sunlight-assisted fabrication of a hierarchical ZnO nanorod array structure. CrystEngComm 2009, 11, 2009–2014.
Xu, S.; Lao, C.; Weintraub, B.; Wang, Z. L. Density-controlled growth of aligned ZnO nanowire arrays by seedless chemical approach on smooth surfaces. J. Mater. Res. 2008, 23, 2072–2077.
Cheng, C. W.; Yan, B.; Wong, S. M.; Li, X. L.; Zhou, W. W.; Yu, T.; Shen, Z. X.; Yu, H. Y.; Fan, H. J. Fabrication and SERS performance of silver-nanoparticle-decorated Si/ZnO nanotrees in ordered arrays. ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 2010, 2, 1824–1828.
Greene, L. E.; Law, M.; Goldberger, J.; Kim, F.; Johnson, J. C.; Zhang, Y. F.; Saykally, R. J.; Yang, P. D. Low-temperature wafer-scale production of ZnO nanowire arrays. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 3031–3034.
Liu, T. Y.; Liao, H. C.; Lin, C. C.; Hu, S. H.; Chen, S. Y. Biofunctional ZnO nanorod arrays grown on flexible substrates. Langmuir 2006, 22, 5804–5809.
Manekkathodi, A.; Lu, M. Y.; Wang, C. W.; Chen, L. J. Direct growth of aligned zinc oxide nanorods on paper substrates for low-cost flexible electronics. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 4059–4063.
Qin, Y.; Wang, X. D.; Wang, Z. L. Microfibre–nanowire hybrid structure for energy scavenging. Nature 2008, 451, 809–813.
Bae, J.; Song, M. K.; Park, Y. J.; Kim, J. M.; Liu, M. L.; Wang, Z. L. Fiber supercapacitors made of nanowire-fiber hybrid structures for wearable/flexible energy storage. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 1683–1687.
Na, J. S.; Gong, B.; Scarel, G.; Parsons, G. N. Surface polarity shielding and hierarchical ZnO nano-architectures produced using sequential hydrothermal crystal synthesis and thin film atomic layer deposition. ACS Nano 2009, 3, 3191–3199.
Kang, B. S.; Pearton, S. J.; Ren, F. Low temperature (< 100 ℃) patterned growth of ZnO nanorod arrays on Si. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 90, 083104.
Yang, Y.; Chu, Y.; Zhang, Y. P.; Yang, F. Y.; Liu, J. L. Polystyrene–ZnO core–shell microspheres and hollow ZnO structures synthesized with the sulfonated polystyrene templates. J. Solid State Chem. 2006, 179, 470–475.
Fang, Y. P.; Pang, Q.; Wen, X. G.; Wang, J. N.; Yang, S. H. Synthesis of ultrathin ZnO nanofibers aligned on a zinc substrate. Small 2006, 2, 612–615.
Xu, S.; Wei, Y. G.; Liu, J.; Yang, R.; Wang, Z. L. Integrated multilayer nanogenerator fabricated using paired nanotip-to-nanowire brushes. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 4027–4032.
Sun, H. K.; Luo, M.; Weng, W. J.; Cheng, K.; Du, P.; Shen, G.; Han, G. R. Position and density control in hydrothermal growth of ZnO nanorod arrays through preformed micro/nanodots. Nanotechnology 2008, 19, 395602.
Ma, T.; Guo, M.; Zhang, M.; Zhang, Y. J.; Wang, X. D. Density-controlled hydrothermal growth of well-aligned ZnO nanorod arrays. Nanotechnology 2007, 18, 035605.
Hsiao, C. S.; Peng, C. H.; Chen, S. Y.; Liou, S. C. Tunable growth of ZnO nanorods synthesized in aqueous solutions at low temperatures. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 2006, 24, 288–291.
Qiu, J. J.; Li, X. M.; He, W. Z.; Park, S. J.; Kim, H. K.; Hwang, Y. H.; Lee, J. H.; Kim, Y. D. The growth mechanism and optical properties of ultralong ZnO nanorod arrays with a high aspect ratio by a preheating hydrothermal method. Nanotechnology 2009, 20, 155603.
Cao, X. L.; Zeng, H. B.; Wang, M.; Xu, X. J.; Fang, M.; Ji, S. L.; Zhang, L. D. Large scale fabrication of quasi-aligned ZnO stacking nanoplates. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 5267–5270.
Greene, L. E.; Law, M.; Tan, D. H.; Montano, M.; Goldberger, J.; Somorjai, G.; Yang, P. D. General route to vertical ZnO nanowire arrays using textured ZnO seeds. Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 1231–1236.
Kar, S.; Dev, A.; Chaudhuri, S. Simple solvothermal route to synthesize ZnO nanosheets, nanonails, and well-aligned nanorod arrays. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 17848–17853.
Peterson, R. B.; Fields, C. L.; Gregg, B. A. Epitaxial chemical deposition of ZnO nanocolumns from NaOH solutions. Langmuir 2004, 20, 5114–5118.
Zhou, Z. Z.; Deng, Y. L. Kinetics study of ZnO nanorod growth in solution. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 19853–19858.
Liu, J.; She, J. C.; Deng, S. Z.; Chen, J.; Xu, N. S. Ultrathin seed-layer for tuning density of ZnO nanowire arrays and their field emission characteristics. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 11685–11690.
Weintraub, B.; Chang, S.; Singamaneni, S.; Han, W. H.; Choi, Y. J.; Bae, J. H.; Kirkham, M.; Tsukruk, V. V.; Deng, Y. L. Density-controlled, solution-based growth of ZnO nanorod arrays via layer-by-layer polymer thin films for enhanced field emission. Nanotechnology 2008, 19, 435302.
Gao, P. X.; Song, J. H.; Liu, J.; Wang, Z. L. Nanowire piezoelectric nanogenerators on plastic substrates as flexible power sources for nanodevices. Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 67–72.
Zeng, H. B.; Cui, J. B.; Cao, B. Q.; Gibson, U.; Bando, Y.; Golberg, D. Electrochemical deposition of ZnO nanowire arrays: Organization, doping, and properties. Sci. Adv. Mater. 2010, 2, 336–358.
Izaki, M.; Watanabe, M.; Aritomo, H.; Yamaguchi, I.; Asahina, S.; Shinagawa, T.; Chigane, M.; Inaba, M.; Tasaka, A. Zinc oxide nano-cauliflower array with room temperature ultraviolet light emission. Cryst. Growth Des. 2008, 8, 1418–1421.
Yu, L. G.; Zhang, G. M.; Li, S. Q.; Xi, Z. H.; Guo, D. Z. Fabrication of arrays of zinc oxide nanorods and nanotubes in aqueous solution under an external voltage. J. Cryst. Growth 2007, 299, 184–188.
Konenkamp, R.; Boedecker, K.; Lux-Steiner, M. C.; Poschenrieder, M.; Zenia, F.; Levy-Clement, C.; Wagner, S. Thin film semiconductor deposition on free-standing ZnO columns. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2000, 77, 2575–2577.
Cui, J. B.; Soo, Y. C.; Chen, T. P.; Gibson, U. J. Low-temperature growth and characterization of Cl-doped ZnO nanowire arrays. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 4475–4479.
Cui, J. B.; Gibson, U. J. Electrodeposition and room temperature ferromagnetic anisotropy of Co and Ni-doped ZnO nanowire arrays. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 87, 133108.
Elias, J.; Tena-Zaera, R.; Levy-Clement, C. Electrochemical deposition of ZnO nanowire arrays with tailored dimensions. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2008, 621, 171–177.
Zhao, J.; Jin, Z. G.; Li, T.; Liu, X. X.; Liu, Z. F. Growth of ZnO nanorods by the chemical solution method with assisted electrical field. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2006, 89, 2654–2659.
Elias, J.; Tena-Zaera, R.; Levy-Clement, C. Effect of the chemical nature of the anions on the electrodeposition of ZnO nanowire arrays. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 5736–5741.
Xu, L. F.; Guo, Y.; Liao, Q.; Zhang, J. P.; Xu, D. S. Morphological control of ZnO nanostructures by electro-deposition. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 13519–13522.
Tena-Zaera, R.; Elias, J.; Wang, G.; Levy-Clement, C. Role of chloride ions on electrochemical deposition of ZnO nanowire arrays from O2 reduction. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 16706–16711.
Tena-Zaera, R.; Elias, J.; Levy-Clement, C.; Bekeny, C.; Voss, T.; Mora-Sero, I.; Bisquert, J. Influence of the potassium chloride concentration on the physical properties of electrodeposited ZnO nanowire arrays. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 16318–16323.
Zhou, H. J.; Wong, S. S. A facile and mild synthesis of 1-D ZnO, CuO, and α-Fe2O3 nanostructures and nanostructured arrays. ACS Nano 2008, 2, 944–958.
Anthony, S. P.; Lee, J. I.; Kim, J. K. Tuning optical band gap of vertically aligned ZnO nanowire arrays grown by homoepitaxial electrodeposition. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 90, 103107.
Zheng, M. J.; Zhang, L. D.; Li, G. H.; Shen, W. Z. Fabrication and optical properties of large-scale uniform zinc oxide nanowire arrays by one-step electrochemical deposition technique. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2002, 363, 123–128.
Liu, B.; Zeng, H. C. Fabrication of ZnO "dandelions" via a modified Kirkendall process. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 16744–16746.
Cong, H. P.; Yu, S. H. Hybrid ZnO-dye hollow spheres with new optical properties from a self-assembly process based on Evans blue dye and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2007, 17, 1814–1820.
Zhang, J.; Sun, L. D.; Pan, H. Y.; Liao, C. S.; Yan, C. H. ZnO nanowires fabricated by a convenient route. New J. Chem. 2002, 26, 33–34.
Sun, X. M.; Chen, X.; Deng, Z. X.; Li, Y. D. A CTAB-assisted hydrothermal orientation growth of ZnO nanorods. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2003, 78, 99–104.
Zhang, H.; Yang, D.; Ji, Y. J.; Ma, X. Y; Xu, J.; Que, D. L. Low temperature synthesis of flowerlike ZnO nanostructures by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-assisted hydrothermal process. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 3955–3958.
Atanasova, P.; Weitz, R. T.; Gerstel, P.; Srot, V.; Kopold, P.; van Aken, P. A.; Burghard, M.; Bill, J. DNA-templated synthesis of ZnO thin layers and nanowires. Nanotechnology 2009, 20, 365302.
Kim, J. H.; Kim, E. M.; Andeen, D.; Thomson, D.; DenBaars, S. P.; Lange, F. F. Growth of heteroepitaxial ZnO thin films on GaN-buffered Al2O3(0001) substrates by low-temperature hydrothermal synthesis at 90 ℃. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2007, 17, 463–471.
Cao, B. Q.; Cai, W. P.; Duan, G. T.; Li, Y.; Zhao, Q.; Yu, D. P. A template-free electrochemical deposition route to ZnO nanoneedle arrays and their optical and field emission properties. Nanotechnology 2005, 16, 2567–2574.
Liu, R.; Vertegel, A. A.; Bohannan, E. W.; Sorenson, T. A.; Switzer, J. A. Epitaxial electrodeposition of zinc oxide nanopillars on single-crystal gold. Chem. Mater. 2001, 13, 508–512.
Shen, L. M.; Bao, N. Z.; Yanagisawa, K.; Zheng, Y. Q.; Domen, K.; Gupta, A.; Grimes, C. A. Direct growth of comet-like superstructures of Au-ZnO submicron rod arrays by solvothermal soft chemistry process. J. Solid State Chem. 2007, 180, 213–220.
Gao, P. X.; Lee, J. L.; Wang, Z. L. Multicolored ZnO nanowire architectures on trenched silicon substrates. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 13763–13769.
Lee, J. Y.; Yin, D. H.; Horiuchi, S. Site and morphology controlled ZnO deposition on Pd catalyst prepared from Pd/PMMA thin film using UV lithography. Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 5498–5503.
Xu, C. X.; Wei, A.; Sun, X. W.; Dong, Z. L. Aligned ZnO nanorods synthesized by a simple hydrothermal reaction. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2006, 39, 1690–1693.
Niarchos, G.; Makarona, E.; Tsamis, C. Growth of ZnO nanorods on patterned templates for efficient, large-area energy scavengers. Microsyst. Technol. 2010, 16, 669–675.
Ahsanulhaq, Q.; Umar, A.; Hahn, Y. B. Growth of aligned ZnO nanorods and nanopencils on ZnO/Si in aqueous solution: growth mechanism and structural and optical properties. Nanotechnology 2007, 18, 115603.
Nayak, J.; Sahu, S. N.; Kasuya, J.; Nozaki, S. Effect of substrate on the structure and optical properties of ZnO nanorods. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2008, 41, 115303.
Zhou, H. L.; Chen, A.; Jian, L. K.; Ooi, K. F.; Goh, G. K. L.; Zang, K. Y.; Chua, S. J. Template-directed selective growth of ordered ZnO nanostructures on GaN by the hydrothermal method. J. Cryst. Growth 2008, 310, 3626–3629.
Cole, J. J.; Wang, X.; Knuesel, R. J.; Jacobs, H. O. Integration of ZnO microcrystals with tailored dimensions forming light emitting diodes and UV photovoltaic cells. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 1477–1481.
Lee, S. D.; Kim, Y. S.; Yi, M. S.; Choi, J. Y.; Kim, S. W. Morphology control and electroluminescence of ZnO nanorod/GaN heterojunctions prepared using aqueous solution. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 8954–8958.
Cole, J. J.; Wang, X. Y.; Knuesel, R. J.; Jacobs, H. O. Patterned growth and transfer of ZnO micro- and nanocrystals with size and location control. Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 1474–1478.
Kim, J. H.; Andeen, D.; Lange, F. F. Hydrothermal growth of periodic, single-crystal ZnO microrods and microtunnels. Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 2453–2457.
Le, H. Q.; Chua, S. J.; Koh, Y. W.; Loh, K. P.; Chen, Z.; Thompson, C. V.; Fitzgerald, E. A. Growth of single crystal ZnO nanorods on GaN using an aqueous solution method. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 87, 101908.
Pauporte, T.; Lincot, D.; Viana, B.; Pelle, F. Toward laser emission of epitaxial nanorod arrays of ZnO grown by electrodeposition. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 89, 233112.
Le, H. Q.; Chua, S. J.; Loh, K. P.; Fitzgerald, E. A.; Koh, Y. W. Synthesis and optical properties of well aligned ZnO nanorods on GaN by hydrothermal synthesis. Nanotechnology 2006, 17, 483–488.
Zhang, H.; Yang, D. R.; Li, D. S.; Ma, X. Y.; Li, S. Z.; Que, D. L. Controllable growth of ZnO microcrystals by a capping-molecule-assisted hydrothermal process. Cryst. Growth Des. 2005, 5, 547–550.
Wu, W. B.; Hu, G. D.; Cui, S. G.; Zhou, Y.; Wu, H. T. Epitaxy of vertical ZnO nanorod arrays on highly (001)-oriented ZnO seed monolayer by a hydrothermal route. Cryst. Growth Des. 2008, 8, 4014–4020.
Zhou, Y.; Wu, W. B.; Hu, G. D.; Wu, H. T.; Cui, S. G. Hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanorod arrays with the addition of polyethyleneimine. Mater. Res. Bull. 2008, 43, 2113–2118.
Tian, Z. R. R.; Voigt, J. A.; Liu, J.; McKenzie, B.; McDermott, M. J. Biomimetic arrays of oriented helical ZnO nanorods and columns. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 12954–12955.
Yang, Z.; Liu, Q. H.; Yu, H. C.; Zou, B. S.; Wang, Y. G.; Wang, T. H. Substrate-free growth, characterization and growth mechanism of ZnO nanorod close-packed arrays. Nanotechnology 2008, 19, 035704.
Hidber, P. C.; Graule, T. J.; Gauckler, L. J. Citric acid - A dispersant for aqueous alumina suspensions. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1996, 79, 1857–1867.
Mclaren, A.; Valdes-Solis, T.; Li, G. Q.; Tsang, S. C. Shape and size effects of ZnO nanocrystals on photocatalytic activity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 12540–12541.
Tian, Z. R. R.; Voigt, J. A.; Liu, J.; McKenzie, B.; McDermott, M. J.; Rodriguez, M. A.; Konishi, H.; Xu, H. F. Complex and oriented ZnO nanostructures. Nat. Mater. 2003, 2, 821–826.
Liang, L.; Liu, J.; Windisch, C. F.; Exarhos, G. J.; Lin, Y. H. Direct assembly of large arrays of oriented conducting polymer nanowires. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 3665–3668.
Tian, Z. R. R.; Voigt, J. A.; Liu, J.; McKenzie, B.; Xu, H. F. Large oriented arrays and continuous films of TiO2-based nanotubes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 12384–12385.
Yan, J.; Fang, X. S.; Zhang, L. D.; Bando, Y.; Gautam, U. K.; Dierre, B.; Sekiguchi, T.; Golberg, D. Structure and cathodoluminescence of individual ZnS/ZnO biaxial nanobelt heterostructures. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 2794–2799.
Choopun, S.; Hongsith, N.; Tanunchai, S.; Chairuangsri, T.; Krua-in, C.; Singkarat, S.; Vilaithonga, T.; Mangkorntong, P.; Mangkorntong, N. Single-crystalline ZnO nanobelts by RF sputtering. J. Cryst. Growth 2005, 282, 365–369.
Wei, Y. G.; Ding, Y.; Li, C.; Xu, S.; Ryo, J. H.; Dupuis, R.; Sood, A. K.; Polla, D. L.; Wang, Z. L. Growth of vertically aligned ZnO nanobelt arrays on GaN substrate. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 18935–18937.
Xi, Y.; Hu, C. G.; Han, X. Y.; Xiong, Y. F.; Gao, P. X.; Liu, G. B. Hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanobelts and gas sensitivity property. Solid State Commun. 2007, 141, 506–509.
Yang, J. H.; Liu, G. M.; Lu, J.; Qiu, Y. F.; Yang, S. H. Electrochemical route to the synthesis of ultrathin ZnO nanorod/nanobelt arrays on zinc substrate. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 90, 103109.
Song, R. Q.; Xu, A. W.; Deng, B.; Li, Q.; Chen, G. Y. From layered basic zinc acetate nanobelts to hierarchical zinc oxide nanostructures and porous zinc oxide nanobelts. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2007, 17, 296–306.
Vayssieres, L.; Keis, K.; Hagfeldt, A.; Lindquist, S. E. Three-dimensional array of highly oriented crystalline ZnO microtubes. Chem. Mater. 2001, 13, 4395–4398.
Zhang, J.; Sun, L. D.; Liao, C. S.; Yan, C. H. A simple route towards tubular ZnO. Chem. Commun. 2002, 262–263.
She, G. W.; Zhang, X. H.; Shi, W. S.; Fan, X.; Chang, J. C. Electrochemical/chemical synthesis of highly-oriented single-crystal ZnO nanotube arrays on transparent conductive substrates. Electrochem. Commun. 2007, 9, 2784–2788.
Sun, Y.; Fuge, G. M.; Fox, N. A.; Riley, D. J.; Ashfold, M. N. R. Synthesis of aligned arrays of ultrathin ZnO nanotubes on a Si wafer coated with a thin ZnO film. Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 2477–2481.
Jiang, H.; Hu, J.; Gu, F.; Li, C. Self-assembly of solid or tubular ZnO rods into twinning microprisms via a hydrothermal route. J. Alloys Compd. 2009, 478, 550–553.
Wang, Z.; Qian, X. F.; Yin, J.; Zhu, Z. K. Large-scale fabrication of tower-like, flower-like, and tube-like ZnO arrays by a simple chemical solution route. Langmuir 2004, 20, 3441–3448.
Yu, K.; Jin, Z. G.; Liu, X. X.; Zhao, J.; Feng, J. Y. Shape alterations of ZnO nanocrystal arrays fabricated from NH3·H2O solutions. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2007, 253, 4072–4078.
Xi, Y.; Song, J. H.; Xu, S.; Yang, R. S.; Gao, Z. Y.; Hu, C. G.; Wang, Z. L. Growth of ZnO nanotube arrays and nanotube based piezoelectric nanogenerators. J. Mater. Chem. 2009, 19, 9260–9264.
Yang, A. L.; Cui, Z. L. ZnO layer and tubular structures synthesized by a simple chemical solution route. Mater. Lett. 2006, 60, 2403–2405.
Elias, J.; Tena-Zaera, R.; Wang, G. Y.; Levy-Clement, C. Conversion of ZnO nanowires into nanotubes with tailored dimensions. Chem. Mater. 2008, 20, 6633–6637.
Yu, H. D.; Zhang, Z. P.; Han, M. Y.; Hao, X. T.; Zhu, F. R. A general low-temperature route for large-scale fabrication of highly oriented ZnO nanorod/nanotube arrays. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 2378–2379.
Israr, M. Q.; Sadaf, J. R.; Yang, L. L.; Nur, O.; Willander, M.; Palisaitis, J.; Persson, P. O. A. Trimming of aqueous chemically grown ZnO nanorods into ZnO nanotubes and their comparative optical properties. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 95, 073114.
She, G. W.; Zhang, X. H.; Shi, W. S.; Fan, X.; Chang, J. C.; Lee, C. S.; Lee, S. T.; Liu, C. H. Controlled synthesis of oriented single-crystal ZnO nanotube arrays on transparent conductive substrates. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92, 053111.
Sun, Y.; Riley, D. J.; Ashfold, M. N. R. Mechanism of ZnO nanotube growth by hydrothermal methods on ZnO film-coated Si substrates. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 15186–15192.
Li, Q. C.; Kumar, V.; Li, Y.; Zhang, H. T.; Marks, T. J.; Chang, R. P. H. Fabrication of ZnO nanorods and nanotubes in aqueous solutions. Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 1001–1006.
Tong, Y. H.; Liu, Y. C.; Shao, C. L.; Liu, Y. X.; Xu, C. S.; Zhang, J. Y.; Lu, Y. M.; Shen, D. Z.; Fan, X. W. Growth and optical properties of faceted hexagonal ZnO nanotubes. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 14714–14718.
Li, F.; Ding, Y.; Gao, P. X. X.; Xin, X. Q.; Wang, Z. L. Single-cystal hexagonal disks and rings of ZnO: Low-temperature, large-scale synthesis and growth mechanism. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 5238–5242.
Jung, S.; Cho, W.; Lee, H. J.; Oh, M. Self-template-directed formation of coordination-polymer hexagonal tubes and rings, and their calcination to ZnO rings. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 1459–1462.
Liu, X. G. Zinc oxide nano- and microfabrication from coordination-polymer templates. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 3018–3021.
Tong, Y. H.; Liu, Y. C.; Dong, L.; Zhao, D. X.; Zhang, J. Y.; Lu, Y. M.; Shen, D. Z.; Fan, X. W. Growth of ZnO nanostructures with different morphologies by using hydrothermal technique. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 20263–20267.
Magalhaes, M.; Pusiol, D.; Ramia, M. E.; Neto, A. M. F. Phase diagram of a lyotropic mixture sodium bis (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate/dodecanol/water: Reverse micellar, cylindrical, lamellar, and sponge phases. J. Chem. Phys. 1998, 108, 3835–3843.
Oner, M.; Norwig, J.; Meyer, W. H.; Wegner, G. Control of ZnO crystallization by a PEO-b-PMAA diblock copolymer. Chem. Mater. 1998, 10, 460–463.
Taubert, A.; Kubel, C.; Martin, D. C. Polymer-induced microstructure variation in zinc oxide crystals precipitated from aqueous solution. J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107, 2660–2666.
Zhang, S.; Shen, Y.; Fang, H.; Xu, S.; Song, J. H.; Wang, Z. L. Growth and replication of ordered ZnO nanowire arrays on general flexible substrates. J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20, 10606–10610.
Wang, B. G.; Shi, E. W.; Zhong, W. Z. Twinning morphologies and mechanisms of ZnO crystallites under hydrothermal conditions. Cryst. Res. Techol. 1998, 33, 937–941.
Zhang, T. R.; Dong, W. J.; Keeter-Brewer, M.; Konar, S.; Njabon, R. N.; Tian, Z. R. Site-specific nucleation and growth kinetics in hierarchical nanosyntheses of branched ZnO crystallites. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 10960–10968.
Zhang, T. R.; Dong, W. J.; Njabon, R. N.; Varadan, V. K.; Tian, Z. R. Kinetically probing site-specific heterogeneous nucleation and hierarchical growth of nanobranches. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 13691–13695.
Sounart, T. L.; Liu, J.; Voigt, J. A.; Hsu, J. W. P.; Spoerke, E. D.; Tian, Z.; Jiang, Y. B. Sequential nucleation and growth of complex nanostructured films. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2006, 16, 335–344.
Sounart, T. L.; Liu, J.; Voigt, J. A.; Huo, M.; Spoerke, E. D.; McKenzie, B. Secondary nucleation and growth of ZnO. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 15786–15793.
Ko, S. H.; Lee, D.; Kang, H. W.; Nam, K. H.; Yeo, J. Y.; Hong, S. J.; Grigoropoulos, C. P.; Sung, H. J. Nanoforest of hydrothermally grown hierarchical ZnO nanowires for a high efficiency dye-sensitized solar cell. Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 666–671.
Mo, M.; Yu, J. C.; Zhang, L. Z.; Li, S. K. A. Self-assembly of ZnO nanorods and nanosheets into hollow microhemispheres and microspheres. Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 756–760.
Liu, B.; Zeng, H. C. Hollow ZnO microspheres with complex nanobuilding units. Chem. Mater. 2007, 19, 5824–5826.
Chow, L.; Lupan, O.; Heinrich, H.; Chai, G. Self-assembly of densely packed and aligned bilayer ZnO nanorod arrays. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 94, 163105.
Zhang, H.; Yang, D. R.; Ma, X. Y.; Que, D. L. Synthesis and field emission characteristics of bilayered ZnO nanorod array prepared by chemical reaction. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 17055–17059.
Li, H. X.; Xia, M. X.; Dai, G. Z.; Yu, H. C.; Zhang, Q. L.; Pan, A. L.; Wang, T. H.; Wang, Y. G.; Zou, B. S. Growth of oriented zinc oxide nanowire array into novel hierarchical structures in aqueous solutions. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 17546–17553.
Xu, C.; Wu, J. M.; Desai, U. V.; Gao, D. Multilayer assembly of nanowire arrays for dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 8122–8125.
Penn, R. L.; Banfield, J. F. Imperfect oriented attachment: Dislocation generation in defect-free nanocrystals. Science 1998, 281, 969–971.
Koh, Y. W.; Loh, K. P. Hexagonally packed zinc oxide nanorod bundles on hydrotalcite sheets. J. Mater. Chem. 2005, 15, 2508–2514.
Thevenot, F.; Szymanski, R.; Chaumette, P. Preparation and characterization of Al-rich Zn-Al hydrotalcite-like compounds. Clays Clay Miner. 1989, 37, 396–402.
Liu, J. P.; Huang, X. T.; Li, Y. Y.; Sulieman, K. M.; He, X.; Sun, F. L. Facile and large-scale production of ZnO/Zn-Al layered double hydroxide hierarchical heterostructures. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 21865–21872.
Liu, L.; Fu, L.; Liu, Y.; Liu, Y. L.; Jiang, P.; Liu, S. Q.; Gao, M. Y.; Tang, Z. Y. Bioinspired synthesis of vertically aligned ZnO nanorod arrays: Toward greener chemistry. Cryst. Growth Des. 2009, 9, 4793–4796.
Tang, Y. W.; Hu, X. Y.; Chen, M. J.; Luo, L. J.; Li, B. H.; Zhang, L. Z. CdSe nanocrystal sensitized ZnO core–shell nanorod array films: Preparation and photovoltaic properties. Electrochim. Acta 2009, 54, 2742–2747.
Hao, Y. Z.; Pei, J.; Wei, Y.; Cao, Y. H.; Jiao, S. H.; Zhu, F.; Li, J. J.; Xu, D. H. Efficient semiconductor-sensitized solar cells based on poly(3-hexylthiophene)@CdSe@ZnO core–shell nanorod arrays. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 8622–8625.
Wang, X. N.; Zhu, H. J.; Xu, Y. M.; Wang, H.; Tao, Y.; Hark, S.; Xiao, X. D.; Li, Q. A. Aligned ZnO/CdTe core–shell nanocable arrays on indium tin oxide: Synthesis and photoelectrochemical properties. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 3302–3308.
Sounart, T. L.; Liu, J.; Voigt, J. A.; Hsu, J. W. P.; Spoerke, E. D.; Tian, Z.; Jiang, Y. B. Sequential nucleation and growth of complex nanostructured films. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2006, 16, 335–344.
Shi, L.; Xu, Y. M.; Hark, S. K.; Liu, Y.; Wang, S.; Peng, L. M.; Wong, K. W.; Li, Q. Optical and electrical performance of SnO2 capped ZnO nanowire arrays. Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 3559–3563.
Plank, N. O. V.; Snaith, H. J.; Ducati, C.; Bendall, J. S.; Schmidt-Mende, L.; Welland, M. E. A simple low temperature synthesis route for ZnO–MgO core–shell nanowires. Nanotechnology 2008, 19, 465603.
Plank, N. O. V.; Howard, I.; Rao, A.; Wilson, M. W. B.; Ducati, C.; Mane, R. S.; Bendall, J. S.; Louca, R. R. M.; Greenham, N. C.; Miura, H.; Friend, R. H.; Snaith, H. J.; Welland, M. E. Efficient ZnO nanowire solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells using organic dyes and core–shell nanostructures. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 18515–18522.
Tak, Y.; Yong, K. A novel heterostructure of Co3O4/ZnO nanowire array fabricated by photochemical coating method. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 74–79.
Wang, Z.; Qian, X. F.; Li, Y.; Yin, J.; Zhu, Z. K. Large-scale synthesis of tube-like ZnS and cable-like ZnS-ZnO arrays: Preparation through the sulfuration conversion from ZnO arrays via a simple chemical solution route. J. Solid State Chem. 2005, 178, 1589–1594.
Panda, S. K.; Dev, A.; Chaudhuri, S. Fabrication and luminescent properties of c-axis oriented ZnO–ZnS core–shell and ZnS nanorod arrays by sulfidation of aligned ZnO nanorod arrays. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 5039–5043.
Chen, C. Y.; Lin, C. A.; Chen, M. J.; Lin, G. R.; He, J. H. ZnO/Al2O3 core–shell nanorod arrays: Growth, structural characterization, and luminescent properties. Nanotechnology 2009, 20, 185605.
Law, M.; Greene, L. E.; Radenovic, A.; Kuykendall, T.; Liphardt, J.; Yang, P. D. ZnO–Al2O3 and ZnO–TiO2 core–shell nanowire dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 22652–22663.
Dergacheva, M. B.; Statsyuk, V. N.; Fogel, L. A. Electrodeposition of CdTe from ammonia-chloride buffer electrolytes. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2005, 579, 43–49.
Kum, M. C.; Yoo, B. Y.; Rheem, Y.; Bozhilov, K. N.; Chen, W.; Mulchandani, A.; Myung, N. V. Synthesis and characterization of cadmium telluride nanowire. Nanotechnology 2008, 19, 325711.
Xu, D. S.; Guo, Y. G.; Yu, D. P.; Guo, G. L.; Tang, Y. Q.; Yu, D. P. Highly ordered and well-oriented single-crystal CdTe nanowire arrays by direct-current electrodeposition. J. Mater. Res. 2002, 17, 1711–1714.
Zhao, A. W.; Meng, G. W.; Zhang, L. D.; Gao, T.; Sun, S. H.; Pang, Y. T. Electrochemical synthesis of ordered CdTe nanowire arrays. Appl. Phys. A 2003, 76, 537–539.
Cheng, C. W.; Liu, B.; Yang, H. Y.; Zhou, W. W.; Sun, L.; Chen, R.; Yu, S. F.; Zhang, J. X.; Gong, H.; Sun, H. D.; Fan, H. J. Hierarchical assembly of ZnO nanostructures on SnO2 backbone nanowires: Low-temperature hydrothermal preparation and optical properties. ACS Nano 2009, 3, 3069–3076.
Dloczik, L.; Engelhardt, R.; Ernst, K.; Lux-Steiner, M. C.; Konenkamp, R. Zinc sulfide columns by chemical conversion of zinc oxide. Sens. Actuat. B-Chem. 2002, 84, 33–36.
Dloczik, L.; Engelhardt, R.; Ernst, K.; Fiechter, S.; Sieber, I.; Konenkamp, R. Hexagonal nanotubes of ZnS by chemical conversion of monocrystalline ZnO columns. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001, 78, 3687–3689.
Qiu, J. J.; Yu, W. D.; Gao, X. D.; Li, X. M. Sol-gel assisted ZnO nanorod array template to synthesize TiO2 nanotube arrays. Nanotechnology 2006, 17, 4695–4698.
Qui, J. J.; Jin, Z. G.; Liu, Z. F.; Liu, X. X.; Liu, G. Q.; Wu, W. B.; Zhang, X.; Gao, X. D. Fabrication of TiO2 nanotube film by well-aligned ZnO nanorod array film and sol–gel process. Thin Solid Films 2007, 515, 2897–2902.
Dawood, F.; Schaak, R. E. ZnO-templated synthesis of wurtzite-type ZnS and ZnSe nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 424–425.
Alivisatos, A. P. Semiconductor clusters, nanocrystals, and quantum dots. Science 1996, 271, 933–937.
Banholzer, M. J.; Millstone, J. E.; Qin, L. D.; Mirkin, C. A. Rationally designed nanostructures for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2008, 37, 885–897.
Sakano, T.; Tanaka, Y.; Nishimura, R.; Nedyalkov, N. N.; Atanasov, P. A.; Saiki, T.; Obara, M. Surface enhanced Raman scattering properties using Au-coated ZnO nanorods grown by two-step, off-axis pulsed laser deposition. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2008, 41, 235304.
Wood, A.; Giersig, M.; Mulvaney, P. Fermi level equilibration in quantum dot–metal nanojunctions. J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 8810–8815.
Fan, L. Y.; Yu, S. H. ZnO@Co hybrid nanotube arrays growth from electrochemical deposition: Structural, optical, photocatalytic and magnetic properties. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2009, 11, 3710–3717.
Pacholski, C.; Kornowski, A.; Weller, H. Site-specific photodeposition of silver on ZnO nanorods. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 4774–4777.
Fan, F. R.; Ding, Y.; Liu, D. Y.; Tian, Z. Q.; Wang, Z. L. Facet-selective epitaxial growth of heterogeneous nanostructures of semiconductor and metal: ZnO nanorods on Ag nanocrystals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 12036–12037.
He, H.; Cai, W. P.; Lin, Y. X.; Chen, B. S. Surface decoration of ZnO nanorod arrays by electrophoresis in the Au colloidal solution prepared by laser ablation in water. Langmuir 2010, 26, 8925–8932.
Trejo, M.; Santiago, P.; Sobral, H.; Rendon, L.; Pal, U. Synthesis and growth mechanism of one-dimensional Zn/ZnO core–shell nanostructures in low-temperature hydrothermal process. Cryst. Growth Des. 2009, 9, 3024–3030.
Ko, H.; Singamaneni, S.; Tsukruk, V. V. Nanostructured surfaces and assemblies as SERS media. Small 2008, 4, 1576–1599.
Yang, S. K.; Cai, W. P.; Liu, G. Q.; Zeng, H. B. From nanoparticles to nanoplates: Preferential oriented connection of Ag colloids during electrophoretic deposition. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 7692–7696.
Li, P.; Wei, Z.; Wu, T.; Peng, Q.; Li, Y. D. Au-ZnO hybrid nanopyramids and their photocatalytic properties. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 5660–5663.
Zhang, W. D. Growth of ZnO nanowires on modified well-aligned carbon nanotube arrays. Nanotechnology 2006, 17, 1036–1040.
Li, X. L.; Li, C.; Zhang, Y.; Chu, D. P.; Milne, W. I.; Fan, H. J. Atomic layer deposition of ZnO on multi-walled carbon nanotubes and its use for synthesis of CNT–ZnO heterostructures. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2010, 5, 1836–1840.
Zhang, W. D.; Jiang, L. C.; Ye, J. S. Photoelectrochemical study on charge transfer properties of ZnO nanowires promoted by carbon nanotubes. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 16247–16253.
Sernelius, B. E.; Berggren, K. F.; Jin, Z. C.; Hamberg, I.; Granqvist, C. G. Band-gap tailoring of ZnO by means of heavy Al doping. Phys. Rev. B 1988, 37, 10244–10248.
Nadarajah, A.; Word, R. C.; Meiss, J.; Konenkamp, R. Flexible inorganic nanowire light-emitting diode. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 534–537.
Fang, T. H.; Kang, S. H. Electromechanical characteristics of ZnO: Al nanorods. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2010, 10, 405–412.
Look, D. C.; Claflin, B.; Alivov, Y. I.; Park, S. J. The future of ZnO light emitters. Phys. Status Solidi A 2004, 201, 2203–2212.
Xiang, B.; Wang, P. W.; Zhang, X. Z.; Dayeh, S. A.; Aplin, D. P. R.; Soci, C.; Yu, D. P.; Wang, D. L. Rational synthesis of p-type zinc oxide nanowire arrays using simple chemical vapor deposition. Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 323–328.
Yuan, G. D.; Zhang, W. J.; Jie, J. S.; Fan, X.; Zapien, J. A.; Leung, Y. H.; Luo, L. B.; Wang, P. F.; Lee, C. S.; Lee, S. T. p-type ZnO nanowire arrays. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 2591–2597.
Hsu, Y. F.; Xi, Y. Y.; Tam, K. H.; Djurisic, A. B.; Luo, J. M.; Ling, C. C.; Cheung, C. K.; Ng, A. M. C.; Chan, W. K.; Deng, X.; Beling, C. D.; Fung, S.; Cheah, K. W.; Fong, P. W. K.; Surya, C. C. Undoped p-type ZnO nanorods synthesized by a hydrothermal method. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2008, 18, 1020–1030.
Lin, C. C.; Chen, H. P.; Chen, S. Y. Synthesis and optoelectronic properties of arrayed p-type ZnO nanorods grown on ZnO film/Si wafer in aqueous solutions. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2005, 404, 30–34.
Sun, M. H.; Zhang, Q. F.; Wu, J. L. Electrical and electroluminescence properties of As-doped p-type ZnO nanorod arrays. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2007, 40, 3798–3802.
Thomas, M. A.; Cui, J. B. Electrochemical growth and characterization of Ag-doped ZnO nanostructures. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 2009, 27, 1673–1677.
Yuhas, B. D.; Zitoun, D. O.; Pauzauskie, P. J.; Yang, P. Transition-metal doped zinc oxide nanowires. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 420–423.
Cui, J.; Gibson, U. J. Enhanced nucleation, growth rate, and dopant incorporation in ZnO nanowires. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 22074–22077.
Cui, J. B.; Zeng, Q.; Gibson, U. J. Synthesis and magnetic properties of Co-doped ZnO nanowires. J. Appl. Phys. 2006, 99, 08M113.
Yuhas, B. D.; Fakra, S.; Marcus, M. A.; Yang, P. D. Probing the local coordination environment for transition metal dopants in zinc oxide nanowires. Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 905–909.
Liang, W. J.; Yuhas, B. D.; Yang, P. D. Magnetotransport in Co-doped ZnO nanowires. Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 892–896.
Gayen, R. N.; Das, S. N.; Dalui, S.; Bhar, R.; Pal, A. K. Zinc magnesium oxide nanofibers on glass substrate by solution growth technique. J. Cryst. Growth 2008, 310, 4073–4080.
Fang, T. H.; Kang, S. H. Preparation and characterization of Mg-doped ZnO nanorods. J. Alloys Compd. 2010, 492, 536–542.
Shimpi, P.; Gao, P. X.; Goberman, D. G.; Ding, Y. Low temperature synthesis and characterization of MgO/ZnO composite nanowire arrays. Nanotechnology 2009, 20, 125608.
Spanos, J. Photolithography applied to silicon transistor technology. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1961, 108, C176–C176.
Morin, S. A.; Amos, F. F.; Jin, S. Biomimetic assembly of zinc oxide nanorods onto flexible polymers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 13776–13777.
Boercker, J. E.; Schmidt, J. B.; Aydil, E. S. Transport limited growth of zinc oxide nanowires. Cryst. Growth Des. 2009, 9, 2783–2789.
Coltrin, M. E.; Hsu, J. W. P.; Scrymgeour, D. A.; Creighton, J. R.; Simmons, N. C.; Matzke, C. M. Chemical kinetics and mass transport effects in solution-based selective-area growth of ZnO nanorods. J. Cryst. Growth 2008, 310, 584–593.
Yi, S. H.; Choi, S. K.; Jang, J. M.; Kim, J. A.; Jung, W. G. Patterned growth of a vertically aligned zinc oxide rod array on a gallium nitride epitaxial layer by using a hydrothermal process. J. Korean Phys. Soc. 2008, 53, 227–231.
Masuda, Y.; Kinoshita, N.; Sato, F.; Koumoto, K. Site-selective deposition and morphology control of UV- and visible-light-emitting ZnO crystals. Cryst. Growth Des. 2006, 6, 75–78.
McCarley, R. L.; Vaidya, B.; Wei, S. Y.; Smith, A. F.; Patel, A. B.; Feng, J.; Murphy, M. C.; Soper, S. A. Resist-free patterning of surface architectures in polymer-based microanalytical devices. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 842–843.
Yang, P.; Zou, S. L.; Yang, W. T. Positive and negative ZnO micropatterning on functionatized polymer surfaces. Small 2008, 4, 1527–1536.
Vieu, C.; Carcenac, F.; Pepin, A.; Chen, Y.; Mejias, M.; Lebib, A.; Manin-Ferlazzo, L.; Couraud, L.; Launois, H. Electron beam lithography: Resolution limits and applications. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2000, 164, 111–117.
Kim, Y.; Lee, C.; Hong, Y. J.; Yi, G.; Kim, S. S.; Cheong, H. Controlled selective growth of ZnO nanorod and microrod arrays on Si substrates by a wet chemical method. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 89, 163128.
Lin, C. C.; Chen, S. Y.; Cheng, S. Y. Nucleation and growth behavior of well-aligned ZnO nanorods on organic substrates in aqueous solutions. J. Cryst. Growth 2005, 283, 141–146.
Volk, J.; Nagata, T.; Erdelyi, R.; Barsony, I.; Toth, A. L.; Lukacs, I. E.; Czigany, Z.; Tomimoto, H.; Shingaya, Y.; Chikyow, T. Highly uniform epitaxial ZnO nanorod arrays for nanopiezotronics. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2009, 4, 699–704.
Liang, Y.; Zhen, C.; Zou, D.; Xu, D. Preparation of free-standing nanowire arrays on conductive substrates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 16338–16339.
Dev, A.; Chaudhuri, S. Uniform large-scale growth of micropatterned arrays of ZnO nanowires synthesized by a surfactant assisted approach. Nanotechnology 2007, 18, 175607.
Xu, S.; Ding, Y.; Wei, Y. G.; Fang, H.; Shen, Y.; Sood, A. K.; Polla, D. L.; Wang, Z. L. Patterned growth of horizontal ZnO nanowire arrays. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 6670–6671.
Wang, Z. L.; Yang, R. S.; Zhou, J.; Qin, Y.; Xu, C.; Hu, Y. F.; Xu, S. Lateral nanowire/nanobelt based nanogenerators, piezotronics and piezo-phototronics. Mat. Sci. Eng. R 2010, 70, 320–329.
Qin, Y.; Yang, R. S.; Wang, Z. L. Growth of horizonatal ZnO nanowire arrays on any substrate. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 18734–18736.
Park, Y. K.; Choi, H. S.; Kim, J. H.; Kim, J. H.; Hahn, Y. B. High performance field-effect transistors fabricated with laterally grown ZnO nanorods in solution. Nanotechnology 2011, 22, 185310.
Babak, N.; Chris, A. M.; Stephan, J. S.; Mark, D. V. Horizontal growth and in situ assembly of oriented zinc oxide nanowires. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 85, 3244–3246.
Harnack, O.; Pacholski, C.; Weller, H.; Yasuda, A.; Wessels, J. M. Rectifying behavior of electrically aligned ZnO nanorods. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 1097–1101.
Andeen, D. K., J. H.; Lang, F. F.; Goh, G. K. L.; Tripathy, S. Lateral epitaxial overgrowth of ZnO in water at 90 ℃. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2006, 16, 799–804.
Saifullah, M. S. M.; Subramanian, K. R. V.; Kang, D. J.; Anderson, D.; Huck, W. T. S.; Jones, G. A. C.; Welland, M. E. Sub-10 nm high-aspect-ratio patterning of ZnO using an electron beam. Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 1757–1761.
Claeyssens, F.; Klini, A.; Mourka, A.; Fotakis, C. Laser patterning of Zn for ZnO nanostructure growth: Comparison between laser induced forward transfer in air and in vacuum. Thin Solid Films 2007, 515, 8529–8533.
Guo, X. D.; Li, R. X.; Hang, Y.; Xu, Z. Z.; Yu, B. K.; Ma, H. L.; Lu, B.; Sun, X. W. Femtosecond laser-induced periodic surface structure on ZnO. Mater. Lett. 2008, 62, 1769–1771.
Solak, H. H.; David, C.; Gobrecht, J.; Golovkina, V.; Cerrina, F.; Kim, S. O.; Nealey, P. F. Sub-50 nm period patterns with EUV interference lithography. Microelectron. Eng. 2003, 67-68, 56–62.
Campbell, M.; Sharp, D. N.; Harrison, M. T.; Denning, R. G.; Turberfield, A. J. Fabrication of photonic crystals for the visible spectrum by holographic lithography. Nature 2000, 404, 53–56.
Kim, K. S.; Jeong, H.; Jeong, M. S.; Jung, G. Y. Polymer-templated hydrothermal growth of vertically aligned single-crystal ZnO nanorods and morphological transformations using structural polarity. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2010, 20, 3055–3063.
Wei, Y.; Wu, W.; Guo, R.; Yuan, D.; Das, S.; Wang, Z. L. Wafer-scale high-throughput ordered growth of vertically aligned ZnO nanowire arrays. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 3414–3419.
Yuan, D. J.; Guo, R.; Wei, Y. G.; Wu, W. Z.; Ding, Y.; Wang, Z. L.; Das, S. Heteroepitaxial patterned growth of vertically aligned and periodically distributed ZnO nanowires on GaN using laser interference ablation. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2010, 20, 3484–3489.
Haynes, C. L.; Van Duyne, R. P. Nanosphere lithography: A versatile nanofabrication tool for studies of size-dependent nanoparticle optics. J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 5599–5611.
Zeng, H. B.; Xu, X. J.; Bando, Y.; Gautam, U. K.; Zhai, T. Y.; Fang, X. S.; Liu, B. D.; Golberg, D. Template deformation-tailored ZnO nanorod/nanowire arrays: Full growth control and optimization of field-emission. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2009, 19, 3165–3172.
Li, C.; Hong, G. S.; Wang, P. W.; Yu, D. P.; Qi, L. M. Wet chemical approaches to patterned arrays of well-aligned ZnO nanopillars assisted by monolayer colloidal crystals. Chem. Mater. 2009, 21, 891–897.
Chou, S. Y.; Krauss, P. R.; Renstrom, P. J. Imprint of sub-25 nm vias and trenches in polymers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1995, 67, 3114–3116.
Wang, C. H.; Wong, A. S. W.; Ho, G. W. Facile solution route to vertically aligned, selective growth of ZnO nanostructure arrays. Langmuir 2007, 23, 11960–11963.
Kwon, S. J.; Park, J. H.; Park, J. G. Patterned growth of ZnO nanorods by micromolding of sol–gel-derived seed layer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 87, 133112.
Whitesides, G. M.; Ostuni, E.; Takayama, S.; Jiang, X. Y.; Ingber, D. E. Soft lithography in biology and biochemistry. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2001, 3, 335–373.
Hsu, J. W. P.; Tian, Z. R.; Simmons, N. C.; Matzke, C. M.; Voigt, J. A.; Liu, J. Directed spatial organization of zinc oxide nanorods. Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 83–86.
Lee, J. H.; Hon, M. H.; Chung, Y. W.; Leu, I. C. Microcontact printing of organic self-assembled monolayers for patterned growth of well-aligned ZnO nanorod arrays and their field-emission properties. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2009, 92, 2192–2196.
Hsu, J. W. P.; Tian, Z. R.; Simmons, N. C.; Matzke, C. M.; Voigt, J. A.; Liu, J. Spatial organization of ZnO nanorods on surfaces via organic templating. Proc. SPIE 2005, 5592, 158–163.
Sirringhaus, H.; Kawase, T.; Friend, R. H.; Shimoda, T.; Inbasekaran, M.; Wu, W.; Woo, E. P. High-resolution inkjet printing of all-polymer transistor circuits. Science 2000, 290, 2123–2126.
Kitsomboonloha, R.; Baruah, S.; Myint, M. T. Z.; Subramanian, V.; Dutta, J. Selective growth of zinc oxide nanorods on inkjet printed seed patterns. J. Cryst. Growth 2009, 311, 2352–2358.
de Gans, B. J.; Duineveld, P. C.; Schubert, U. S. Inkjet printing of polymers: State of the art and future developments. Adv. Mater. 2004, 16, 203–213.
Sekitani, T.; Noguchi, Y.; Zschieschang, U.; Klauk, H.; Someya, T. Organic transistors manufactured using inkjet technology with subfemtoliter accuracy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105, 4976–4980.
Rogers, J. A.; Someya, T.; Huang, Y. G. Materials and mechanics for stretchable electronics. Science 2010, 327, 1603–1607.
Hariharan, C. Photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants in water by ZnO nanoparticles: Revisited. Appl. Catal. A 2006, 304, 55–61.
Yang, X.; Wolcottt, A.; Wang, G.; Sobo, A.; Fitzmorris, R. C.; Qian, F.; Zhang, J. Z.; Li, Y. Nitrogen-doped ZnO nanowire arrays for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 2331–2336.
Jang, E. S.; Won, J. H.; Hwang, S. J.; Choy, J. H. Fine tuning of the face orientation of ZnO crystals to optimize their photocatalytic activity. Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 3309–3312.
Akhavan, O. Graphene nanomesh by ZnO nanorod photocatalysts. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 4174–4180.
Lu, F.; Cai, W. P.; Zhang, Y. G. ZnO hierarchical micro/nanoarchitectures: Solvothermal synthesis and structurally enhanced photocatalytic performance. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2008, 18, 1047–1056.
Wu, Q.; Chen, X.; Zhang, P.; Han, Y.; Chen, X.; Yan, Y.; Li, S. Amino acid-assisted synthesis of ZnO hierarchical architectures and their novel photocatalytic activities. Cryst. Growth Des. 2008, 8, 3010–3018.
Kurtz, M.; Strunk, J.; Hinrichsen, O.; Muhler, M.; Fink, K.; Meyer, B.; Woll, C. Active sites on oxide surfaces: ZnO-catalyzed synthesis of methanol from CO and H2. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 2790–2794.
Lin, Y. G.; Hsu, Y. K.; Chen, S. Y.; Lin, Y. K.; Chen, L. C.; Chen, K. H. Nanostructured zinc oxide nanorods with copper nanoparticles as a microreformation catalyst. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 7586–7590.
Li, C. C.; Lin, R. J.; Lin, H. P.; Lin, Y. K.; Lin, Y. G.; Chang, C. C.; Chen, L. C.; Chen, K. H. Catalytic performance of plate-type Cu/Fe nanocomposites on ZnO nanorods for oxidative steam reforming of methanol. Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 1473–1475.
Lin, Y. G.; Hsu, Y. K.; Chen, S. Y.; Chen, L. C.; Chen, K. H. Microwave-activated CuO nanotip/ZnO nanorod nanoarchitectures for efficient hydrogen production. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 324–326.
Boucher, M. B.; Yi, N.; Gittleson, F.; Zugic, B.; Saltsburg, H.; Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, M. Hydrogen production from methanol over gold supported on ZnO and CeO2 nanoshapes. J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115, 1261–1268.
Tak, Y.; Kim, H.; Lee, D.; Yong, K. Type-Ⅱ CdS nanoparticle–ZnO nanowire heterostructure arrays fabricated by a solution process: Enhanced photocatalytic activity. Chem. Commun. 2008, 4585–4587.
Wang, W. W.; Zhu, Y. J.; Yang, L. X. ZnO–SnO2 hollow spheres and hierarchical nanosheets: Hydrothermal preparation, formation mechanism, and photocatalytic properties. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2007, 17, 59–64.
Tian, N.; Zhou, Z. Y.; Sun, S. G.; Ding, Y.; Wang, Z. L. Synthesis of tetrahexahedral platinum nanocrystals with high-index facets and high electro-oxidation activity. Science 2007, 316, 732–735.
Li, G. R.; Hu, T.; Pan, G. L.; Yan, T. Y.; Gao, X. P.; Zhu, H. Y. Morphology–function relationship of ZnO: Polar planes, oxygen vacancies, and activity. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 11859–11864.
Onda, T.; Shibuichi, S.; Satoh, N.; Tsujii, K. Super-water-repellent fractal surfaces. Langmuir 1996, 12, 2125–2127.
Feng, X.; Feng, L.; Jin, M.; Zhai, J.; Jiang, L.; Zhu, D. Reversible super-hydrophobicity to super-hydrophilicity transition of aligned ZnO nanorod films. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 62–63.
Sun, R. D.; Nakajima, A.; Fujishima, A.; Watanabe, T.; Hashimoto, K. Photoinduced surface wettability conversion of ZnO and TiO2 thin films. J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 1984–1990.
Ding, Y.; Xu, S.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, A. C.; Wang, M. H.; Xiu, Y. H.; Wong, C. P.; Wang, Z. L. Modifying the anti-wetting property of butterfly wings and water strider legs by atomic layer deposition coating: surface materials versus geometry. Nanotechnology 2008, 19, 355708.
Soci, C.; Zhang, A.; Xiang, B.; Dayeh, S. A.; Aplin, D. P. R.; Park, J.; Bao, X. Y.; Lo, Y. H.; Wang, D. ZnO Nanowire UV photodetectors with high internal gain. Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 1003–1009.
Badre, C.; Pauporté, T. Nanostructured ZnO-based surface with reversible electrochemically adjustable wettability. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 697–701.
Guo, M.; Diao, P.; Cai, S. M. Highly hydrophilic and superhydrophobic ZnO nanorod array films. Thin Solid Films 2007, 515, 7162–7166.
Xu, N. S.; Huq, S. E. Novel cold cathode materials and applications. Mat. Sci. Eng. R 2005, 48, 47–189.
Dev, A.; Panda, S. K.; Kar, S.; Chakrabarti, S.; Chaudhuri, S. Surfactant-assisted route to synthesize well-aligned ZnO nanorod arrays on sol–gel-derived ZnO thin films. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 14266–14272.
Hung, C. H.; Whang, W. T. Low-temperature solution approach toward highly aligned ZnO nanotip arrays. J. Cryst. Growth 2004, 268, 242–248.
Ahsanulhaq, Q.; Kim, J. H.; Hahn, Y. B. Controlled selective growth of ZnO nanorod arrays and their field emission properties. Nanotechnology 2007, 18, 485307.
Cui, J. B.; Daghlian, C. P.; Gibson, U. J.; Pusche, R.; Geithner, P.; Ley, L. Low-temperature growth and field emission of ZnO nanowire arrays. J. Appl. Phys. 2005, 97, 044315.
Wei, A.; Sun, X. W.; Xu, C. X.; Dong, Z. L.; Yu, M. B.; Huang, W. Stable field emission from hydrothermally grown ZnO nanotubes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 88, 213102.
Xu, C. X.; Sun, X. W. Field emission from zinc oxide nanopins. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 83, 3806–3808.
Cao, B. Q.; Teng, X. M.; Heo, S. H.; Li, Y.; Cho, S. O.; Li, G. H.; Cai, W. P. Different ZnO nanostructures fabricated by a seed-layer assisted electrochemical route and their photoluminescence and field emission properties. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 2470–2476.
Kee, C. S.; Ko, D. K.; Lee, J. Photonic band gaps of two-dimensional ZnO nanorod photonic crystals. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2005, 38, 3850–3853.
Matsuu, M.; Shimada, S.; Masuya, K.; Hirano, S.; Kuwabara, M. Formation of periodically ordered zinc oxide nanopillars in aqueous solution: An approach to photonic crystals at visible wavelengths. Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 1617–1621.
Hirano, S. Oxide nanowire arrays and two-dimensional photonic crystals for control of light. J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn. 2007, 115, 92–100.
Cui, J. B.; Gibson, U. Low-temperature fabrication of single-crystal ZnO nanopillar photonic bandgap structures. Nanotechnology 2007, 18, 155302.
Cui, J. B. Structural and optical properties of periodically ordered ZnO nanowires. Sci. China Ser. E 2009, 52, 313–317.
Volk, J.; Hakansson, A.; Miyazaki, H. T.; Nagata, T.; Shimizu, J.; Chikyow, T. Fully engineered homoepitaxial zinc oxide nanopillar array for near-surface light wave manipulation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92, 183114.
Alivov, Y. I.; Kalinina, E. V.; Cherenkov, A. E.; Look, D. C.; Ataev, B. M.; Omaev, A. K.; Chukichev, M. V.; Bagnall, D. M. Fabrication and characterization of n-ZnO/p-AlGaN heterojunction light-emitting diodes on 6H-SiC substrates. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 83, 4719–4721.
Lyu, S. C.; Zhang, Y.; Ruh, H.; Lee, H. J.; Shim, H. W.; Suh, E. K.; Lee, C. J. Low temperature growth and photoluminescence of well-aligned zinc oxide nanowires. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2002, 363, 134–138.
Tam, K. H.; Cheung, C. K.; Leung, Y. H.; Djurisic, A. B.; Ling, C. C.; Beling, C. D.; Fung, S.; Kwok, W. M.; Chan, W. K.; Phillips, D. L.; Ding, L.; Ge, W. K. Defects in ZnO nanorods prepared by a hydrothermal method. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 20865–20871.
Kim, Y. J.; Shang, H. M.; Cao, G. Z. Growth and characterization of [001] ZnO nanorod array on ITO substrate with electric field assisted nucleation. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 2006, 38, 79–84.
Zhou, H.; Chen, X. M.; Wu, G. H.; Gao, F.; Qin, N.; Bao, D. H. Significantly enhanced red photoluminescence properties of nanocomposite films composed of a ferroelectric Bi3.6Eu0.4Ti3O12 matrix and highly c-axis-oriented ZnO nanorods on Si substrates prepared by a hybrid chemical solution method. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 1790–1791.
Xiang, S.; Wang, Z. L. Piezoelectric thin films and nanowires: Synthesis and characterization. MA Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, August 2011.
Mahalingam, T.; Lee, K. M.; Park, K. H.; Lee, S.; Ahn, Y.; Park, J. Y.; Koh, K. H. Low temperature wet chemical synthesis of good optical quality vertically aligned crystalline ZnO nanorods. Nanotechnology 2007, 18, 035606.
Ho, G. W.; Wong, A. S. W. One step solution synthesis towards ultra-thin and uniform single-crystalline ZnO nanowires. Appl. Phys. A 2007, 86, 457–462.
Lin, C. C.; Chen, H. P.; Liao, H. C.; Chen, S. Y. Enhanced luminescent and electrical properties of hydrogen-plasma ZnO nanorods grown on wafer-scale flexible substrates. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 86, 183103.
Lee, S. J.; Park, S. K.; Park, C. R.; Lee, J. Y.; Park, J.; Do, Y. R. Spatially separated ZnO nanopillar arrays on Pt/Si substrates prepared by electrochemical deposition. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 11793–11801.
Richters, J. P.; Voss, T.; Wischmeier, L.; Ruckmann, I.; Gutowski, J. Influence of polymer coating on the low-temperature photoluminescence properties of ZnO nanowires. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92, 011103.
Varshni, Y. P. Temperature dependence of energy gap in semiconductors. Physica 1967, 34, 149–154.
Sakai, K.; Noguchi, K.; Fukuyama, A.; Ikari, T.; Okada, T. Low-temperature photoluminescence of nanostructured ZnO crystal synthesized by pulsed-laser ablation. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2009, 48, 085001.
Su, F. H.; Wang, W. J.; Ding, K.; Li, G. H.; Liu, Y. F.; Joly, A. G.; Chen, W. Pressure dependence of the near-band-edge photoluminescence from ZnO microrods at low temperature. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 2006, 67, 2376–2381.
Fang, F.; Zhao, D. X.; Li, B. H.; Zhang, Z. Z.; Shen, D. Z.; Wang, X. H. Bending-induced enhancement of longitudinal optical phonon scattering in ZnO nanowires. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 12477–12480.
Choy, J. H.; Jang, E. S.; Won, J. H.; Chung, J. H.; Jang, D. J.; Kim, Y. W. Soft solution route to directionally grown ZnO nanorod arrays on Si wafer; Room-temperature ultraviolet laser. Adv. Mater. 2003, 15, 1911–1914.
Qiu, Z.; Wong, K. S.; Wu, M.; Lin, W.; Xu, H. Microcavity lasing behavior of oriented hexagonal ZnO nanowhiskers grown by hydrothermal oxidation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 84, 2739–2741.
Johnson, J. C.; Yan, H. Q.; Schaller, R. D.; Petersen, P. B.; Yang, P. D.; Saykally, R. J. Near-field imaging of nonlinear optical mixing in single zinc oxide nanowires. Nano Lett. 2002, 2, 279–283.
Voss, T.; Kudyk, I.; Wischmeier, L.; Gutowski, J. Nonlinear optics with ZnO nanowires. Phys. Status Solidi B 2009, 246, 311–314.
Chu, S.; Wang, G. P.; Zhou, W. H.; Lin, Y. Q.; Chernyak, L.; Zhao, J. Z.; Kong, J. Y.; Li, L.; Ren, J. J.; Liu, J. L. Electrically pumped waveguide lasing from ZnO nanowires. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2011, 6, 506-510.
Jeong, M. C.; Oh, B. Y.; Ham, M. H.; Myoung, J. M. Electroluminescence from ZnO nanowires in n-ZnO film/ZnO nanowire array/p-GaN film heterojunction light-emitting diodes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 88, 202105.
Jeong, M. C.; Oh, B. Y.; Ham, M. H.; Lee, S. W.; Myoung, J. M. ZnO-nanowire-inserted GaN/ZnO heterojunction light-emitting diodes. Small 2007, 3, 568–572.
Reddy, N. K.; Ahsanulhaq, Q.; Hahn, Y. B. Fabrication of zinc oxide nanorods based heterojunction devices using simple and economic chemical solution method. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 93, 083124.
Chen, C. H.; Chang, S. J.; Chang, S. P.; Li, M. J.; Chen, I. C.; Hsueh, T. J.; Hsu, C. L. Electroluminescence from n-ZnO nanowires/p-GaN heterostructure light-emitting diodes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 95, 223101.
Xu, S.; Xu, C.; Liu, Y.; Hu, Y.; Yang, R.; Yang, Q.; Ryou, J. H.; Kim, H. J.; Lochner, Z.; Choi, S.; Dupuis, R.; Wang, Z. L. Ordered nanowire array blue/near-UV light emitting diodes. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 4749–4753.
Alivov, Y. I.; Van Nostrand, J. E.; Look, D. C.; Chukichev, M. V.; Ataev, B. M. Observation of 430 nm electro-luminescence from ZnO/GaN heterojunction light-emitting diodes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 83, 2943–2945.
Bulashevich, K. A.; Evstratov, I. Y.; Karpov, S. Y. Hybrid ZnO/Ⅲ-nitride light-emitting diodes: Modelling analysis of operation. Phys. Status Solidi A 2007, 204, 241–245.
Titkov, I. E.; Zubrilov, A. S.; Delimova, L. A.; Mashovets, D. V.; Liniichuk, I. A.; Grekhov, I. V. White electro-luminescence from ZnO/GaN structures. Semiconductors 2007, 41, 564–569.
Kishwar, S.; ul Hasan, K.; Tzamalis, G.; Nur, O.; Willander, M.; Kwack, H. S.; Dang, D. L. S. Electro-optical and cathodoluminescence properties of low temperature grown ZnO nanorods/p-GaN white light emitting diodes. Phys. Status Solidi A 2010, 207, 67–72.
Guo, R.; Nishimura, J.; Matsumoto, M.; Higashihata, M.; Nakamura, D.; Okada, T. Electroluminescence from ZnO nanowire-based p-GaN/n-ZnO heterojunction light-emitting diodes. Appl. Phys. B 2009, 94, 33–38.
Xu, H. Y.; Liu, Y. C.; Liu, Y. X.; Xu, C. S.; Shao, C. L.; Mu, R. Ultraviolet electroluminescence from p-GaN/i-ZnO/n-ZnO heterojunction light-emitting diodes. Appl. Phys. B 2005, 80, 871–874.
Liu, H. F.; Hu, G. X.; Gong, H.; Zang, K. Y.; Chua, S. J. Effects of oxygen on low-temperature growth and band alignment of ZnO/GaN heterostructures. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 2008, 26, 1462–1468.
Aguilar, C. A.; Haight, R.; Mavrokefalos, A.; Korgel, B. A.; Chen, S. C. Probing electronic properties of molecular engineered zinc oxide nanowires with photoelectron spectroscopy. ACS Nano 2009, 3, 3057–3062.
Ng, A. M. C.; Xi, Y. Y.; Hsu, Y. F.; Djurisic, A. B.; Chan, W. K.; Gwo, S.; Tam, H. L.; Cheah, K. W.; Fong, P. W. K.; Lui, H. F.; Surya, C. GaN/ZnO nanorod light emitting diodes with different emission spectra. Nanotechnology 2009, 20, 445201.
Alivov, Y. I.; Ozgur, U.; Dogan, S.; Liu, C.; Moon, Y.; Gu, X.; Avrutin, V.; Fu, Y.; Morkoc, H. Forward-current electroluminescence from GaN/ZnO double heterostructure diode. Solid-State Electron. 2005, 49, 1693–1696.
Zhang, X. M.; Lu, M. Y.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, L. J.; Wang, Z. L. Fabrication of a high-brightness blue-light-emitting diode using a ZnO-nanowire array grown on p-GaN thin film. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 2767–2770.
Bayram, C.; Teherani, F. H.; Rogers, D. J.; Razeghi, M. A hybrid green light-emitting diode comprised of n-ZnO/(InGaN/GaN) multi-quantum-wells/p-GaN. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 93, 081111.
Choi, H. W.; Jeon, C. W.; Dawson, M. D.; Edwards, P. R.; Martin, R. W.; Tripathy, S. Mechanism of enhanced light output efficiency in InGaN-based microlight emitting diodes. J. Appl. Phys. 2003, 93, 5978–5982.
Konenkamp, R.; Word, R. C.; Schlegel, C. Vertical nanowire light-emitting diode. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 85, 6004–6006.
Konenkamp, R.; Word, R. C.; Godinez, M. Ultraviolet electroluminescence from ZnO/polymer heterojunction light-emitting diodes. Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 2005–2008.
Bolink, H. J.; Coronado, E.; Repetto, D.; Sessolo, M. Air stable hybrid organic–inorganic light emitting diodes using ZnO as the cathode. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 91, 223501.
Konenkamp, R.; Nadarajah, A.; Word, R. C.; Meiss, J.; Engelhardt, R. ZnO nanowires for LED and field-emission displays. J. Soc. Inf. Display 2008, 16, 609–613.
Willander, M.; Lozovik, Y. E.; Wadeasa, A.; Nur, O.; Semenov, A. G.; Vonorova, N. S. Light emission from different ZnO junctions and nanostructures. Phys. Status Solidi A 2009, 206, 853–859.
Wadeasa, A.; Beegum, S. L.; Raja, S.; Nur, O.; Willander, M. The demonstration of hybrid n-ZnO nanorod/p-polymer heterojunction light emitting diodes on glass substrates. Appl. Phys. A 2009, 95, 807–812.
Guo, H. G.; Zhou, J. Z.; Lin, Z. G. ZnO nanorod light-emitting diodes fabricated by electrochemical approaches. Electrochem. Commun. 2008, 10, 146–150.
Liu, J.; Ahn, Y. H.; Park, J. Y.; Koh, K. H.; Lee, S. Hybrid light-emitting diodes based on flexible sheets of mass-produced ZnO nanowires. Nanotechnology 2009, 20, 445203.
Sun, X. W.; Huang, J. Z.; Wang, J. X.; Xu, Z. A ZnO nanorod inorganic/organic heterostructure light-emitting diode emitting at 342 nm. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 1219–1223.
Livingstone, A. W.; Turvey, K.; Allen, J. W. Electroluminescence in forward-biased zinc selenide Schottky diodes. Solid-State Electron. 1973, 16, 351–356.
Allen, J. W.; Livingstone, A. W.; Turvey, K. Electroluminescence in reverse-biased zinc selenide Schottky diodes. Solid-State Electron. 1972, 15, 1363–1369.
Lazarouk, S.; Jaguiro, P.; Katsouba, S.; Masini, G.; LaMonica, S.; Maiello, G.; Ferrari, A. Stable electroluminescence from reverse biased n-type porous silicon-aluminum Schottky junction device. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1996, 68, 2108–2110.
Steckl, A. J.; Garter, M.; Birkhahn, R.; Scofield, J. Green electroluminescence from Er-doped GaN Schottky barrier diodes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1998, 73, 2450–2452.
Wang, Y. X.; Zhang, Q. F.; Sun, H.; Chang, Y. L.; Wu, J. L. Fabrication of ZnO nanowire-based diodes and their light-emitting properties. Acta Phys. Sin. -Chin. Ed. 2008, 57, 1141–1144.
Guo, H. H.; Lin, Z. H.; Feng, Z. F.; Lin, L. L.; Zhou, J. Z. White-light-emitting diode based on ZnO nanotubes. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 12546–12550.
Bano, N.; Hussain, I.; Nur, O.; Willander, M.; Kwack, H. S.; Dang, D. L. S. Study of Au/ZnO nanorods Schottky light-emitting diodes grown by low-temperature aqueous chemical method. Appl. Phys. A 2010, 100, 467–472.
Tan, S. T.; Sun, X. W.; Zhao, J. L.; Iwan, S.; Cen, Z. H.; Chen, T. P.; Ye, J. D.; Lo, G. Q.; Kwong, D. L.; Teo, K. L. Ultraviolet and visible electroluminescence from n-ZnO/SiOx/(n, p)-Si heterostructured light-emitting diodes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 93, 013506.
Benisty, H.; De Neve, H.; Weisbuch, C. Impact of planar microcavity effects on light extraction—Part I: Basic concepts and analytical trends. IEEE J. Quantum. Elect. 1998, 34, 1612–1631.
Schnitzer, I.; Yablonovitch, E.; Caneau, C.; Gmitter, T. J.; Scherer, A. 30% external quantum efficiency from surface textured, thin-film light-emitting-diodes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1993, 63, 2174–2176.
Fujii, T.; Gao, Y.; Sharma, R.; Hu, E. L.; DenBaars, S. P.; Nakamura, S. Increase in the extraction efficiency of GaN-based light-emitting diodes via surface roughening. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 84, 855–857.
Kim, H.; Kim, K. K.; Choi, K. K.; Kim, H.; Song, J. O.; Cho, J.; Baik, K. H.; Sone, C.; Park, Y.; Seong, T. Y. Design of high-efficiency GaN-based light emitting diodes with vertical injection geometry. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 91, 023510.
Murai, A.; Thompson, D. B.; Masui, H.; Fellows, N.; Mishra, U. K.; Nakamura, S.; DenBaars, S. P. Hexagonal pyramid shaped light-emitting diodes based on ZnO and GaN direct wafer bonding. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 89, 171116.
Schubert, E. F.; Kim, J. K. Solid-state light sources getting smart. Science 2005, 308, 1274–1278.
Barnes, W. L. Electromagnetic crystals for surface plasmon polaritons and the extraction of light from emissive devices. J. Lightwave Technol. 1999, 17, 2170–2182.
Chen, L.; Nurmikko, A. V. Fabrication and performance of efficient blue light emitting Ⅲ-nitride photonic crystals. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 85, 3663–3665.
Oder, T. N.; Kim, K. H.; Lin, J. Y.; Jiang, H. X. Ⅲ-Nitride blue and ultraviolet photonic crystal light emitting diodes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 84, 466–468.
Kim, K. K.; Lee, S. D.; Kim, H.; Park, J. C.; Lee, S. N.; Park, Y.; Park, S. J.; Kim, S. W. Enhanced light extraction efficiency of GaN-based light-emitting diodes with ZnO nanorod arrays grown using aqueous solution. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 94, 071118.
An, S. J.; Chae, J. H.; Yi, G. C.; Park, G. H. Enhanced light output of GaN-based light-emitting diodes with ZnO nanorod arrays. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92, 121108.
Zhong, J.; Chen, H.; Saraf, G.; Lu, Y.; Choi, C. K.; Song, J. J.; Mackie, D. M.; Shen, H. Integrated ZnO nanotips on GaN light emitting diodes for enhanced emission efficiency. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 90, 203515.
Lai, E.; Kim, W.; Yang, P. Vertical nanowire array-based light emitting diodes. Nano Res. 2008, 1, 123–128.
Bao, J. M.; Zimmler, M. A.; Capasso, F.; Wang, X. W.; Ren, Z. F. Broadband ZnO single-nanowire light-emitting diode. Nano Lett. 2006, 6, 1719–1722.
Johnson, J. C.; Yan, H. Q.; Yang, P. D.; Saykally, R. J. Optical cavity effects in ZnO nanowire lasers and waveguides. J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107, 8816–8828.
Kim, K. S.; Kim, S. M.; Jeong, H.; Jeong, M. S.; Jung, G. Y. Enhancement of light extraction through the wave-guiding effect of ZnO sub-microrods in InGaN blue light-emitting diodes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2010, 20, 1076–1082.
Park, S. H.; Kim, S. H.; Han, S. W. Growth of homoepitaxial ZnO film on ZnO nanorods and light emitting diode applications. Nanotechnology 2007, 18, 055608.
Sun, X. W.; Wang, J. X. Fast switching electrochromic display using a viologen-modified ZnO nanowire array electrode. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 1884–1889.
Granqvist, C. G. Electrochromic tungsten oxide films: Review of progress 1993–1998. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2000, 60, 201–262.
Bonhote, P.; Gogniat, E.; Campus, F.; Walder, L.; Gratzel, M. Nanocrystalline electrochromic displays. Displays 1999, 20, 137–144.
Hu, A. Z.; Wu, F.; Liu, J. P.; Jiang, J.; Ding, R. M.; Li, X.; Cheng, C. X.; Zhu, Z. H.; Huang, X. T. Density- and adhesion-controlled ZnO nanorod arrays on the ITO flexible substrates and their electrochromic performance. J. Alloys Compd. 2010, 507, 261–266.
Li, M.; Zhang, H. Y.; Guo, C. X.; Xu, J. B.; Fu, X. J. The research on suspended ZnO nanowire field-effect transistor. Chin. Phys. B 2009, 18, 1594–1597.
Sun, B. Q.; Sirringhaus, H. Surface tension and fluid flow driven self-assembly of ordered ZnO nanorod films for high-performance field effect transistors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 16231–16237.
Ju, S. Y.; Facchetti, A.; Xuan, Y.; Liu, J.; Ishikawa, F.; Ye, P. D.; Zhou, C. W.; Marks, T. J.; Janes, D. B. Fabrication of fully transparent nanowire transistors for transparent and flexible electronics. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2007, 2, 378–384.
Hsu, C. L.; Tsai, T. Y. Fabrication of fully transparent indium-doped ZnO nanowire field-effect transistors on ITO/glass substrates. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2011, 158, K20–K23.
Ko, S. H.; Park, I.; Pan, H.; Misra, N.; Rogers, M. S.; Grigoropoulos, C. P.; Pisano, A. P. ZnO nanowire network transistor fabrication on a polymer substrate by low-temperature, all-inorganic nanoparticle solution process. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92, 154102.
Gao, P. X.; Liu, J.; Buchine, B. A.; Weintraub, B.; Wang, Z. L.; Lee, J. L. Bridged ZnO nanowires across trenched electrodes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 91, 142108.
Xu, S.; Qin, Y.; Xu, C.; Wei, Y. G.; Yang, R. S.; Wang, Z. L. Self-powered nanowire devices. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2010, 5, 366–373.
Wang, J. X.; Sun, X. W.; Yang, Y.; Huang, H.; Lee, Y. C.; Tan, O. K.; Vayssieres, L. Hydrothermally grown oriented ZnO nanorod arrays for gas sensing applications. Nanotechnology 2006, 17, 4995–4998.
Sun, K.; Jing, Y.; Park, N.; Li, C.; Bando, Y.; Wang, D. L. Solution synthesis of large-scale, high-sensitivity ZnO/Si hierarchical nanoheterostructure photodetectors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 15465–15467.
Gao, P.; Wang, Z. Z.; Liu, K. H.; Xu, Z.; Wang, W. L.; Bai, X. D.; Wang, E. G. Photoconducting response on bending of individual ZnO nanowires. J. Mater. Chem. 2009, 19, 1002–1005.
Wei, A.; Sun, X. W.; Wang, J. X.; Lei, Y.; Cai, X. P.; Li, C. M.; Dong, Z. L.; Huang, W. Enzymatic glucose biosensor based on ZnO nanorod array grown by hydrothermal decomposition. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 89, 123902.
Liu, N. S.; Fang, G. J.; Zeng, W.; Long, H.; Yuan, L. Y.; Zhao, X. Z. Novel ZnO nanorod flexible strain sensor and strain driving transistor with an ultrahigh 107 scale "On"-"Off" ratio fabricated by a single-step hydrothermal reaction. J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115, 570–575.
Kwon, S. S.; Hong, W. K.; Jo, G.; Maeng, J.; Kim, T. W.; Song, S.; Lee, T. Piezoelectric effect on the electronic transport characteristics of ZnO nanowire field-effect transistors on bent flexible substrates. Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 4557–4562.
Wei, T. Y.; Huang, C. T.; Hansen, B. J.; Lin, Y. F.; Chen, L. J.; Lu, S. Y.; Wang, Z. L. Large enhancement in photon detection sensitivity via Schottky-gated CdS nanowire nanosensors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2010, 96, 013508.
Al-Hilli, S. M.; Willander, M.; Ost, A.; Stralfors, P. ZnO nanorods as an intracellular sensor for pH measurements. J. Appl. Phys. 2007, 102, 084304.
Zhou, J.; Xu, N. S.; Wang, Z. L. Dissolving behavior and stability of ZnO wires in biofluids: A study on biodegradability and biocompatibility of ZnO nanostructures. Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 2432–2435.
Li, Z.; Yang, R. S.; Yu, M.; Bai, F.; Li, C.; Wang, Z. L. Cellular level biocompatibility and biosafety of ZnO nanowires. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 20114–20117.
Gonzalez-Valls, I.; Lira-Cantu, M. Vertically-aligned nanostructures of ZnO for excitonic solar cells: A review. Energy Environ. Sci. 2009, 2, 19–34.
Lee, Y. J.; Ruby, D. S.; Peters, D. W.; McKenzie, B. B.; Hsu, J. W. P. ZnO nanostructures as efficient antireflection layers in solar cells. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 1501–1505.
O'Regan, B.; Gratzel, M. A Low-cost, high-efficiency solar-cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 films. Nature 1991, 353, 737–740.
Pradhan, B.; Batabyal, S. K.; Pal, A. J. Vertically aligned ZnO nanowire arrays in Rose Bengal-based dye-sensitized solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2007, 91, 769–773.
Baxter, J. B.; Aydil, E. S. Nanowire-based dye-sensitized solar cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 86, 053114.
Beermann, N.; Vayssieres, L.; Lindquist, S. E.; Hagfeldt, A. Photoelectrochemical studies of oriented nanorod thin films of hematite. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2000, 147, 2456–2461.
Baxter, J. B.; Schmuttenmaer, C. A. Conductivity of ZnO nanowires, nanoparticles, and thin films using time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 25229–25239.
Martinson, A. B. F.; McGarrah, J. E.; Parpia, M. O. K.; Hupp, J. T. Dynamics of charge transport and recombination in ZnO nanorod array dye-sensitized solar cells. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2006, 8, 4655–4659.
Baxter, J. B.; Walker, A. M.; van Ommering, K.; Aydil, E. S. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanowires and their integration into dye-sensitized solar cells. Nanotechnology 2006, 17, S304–S312.
Hsu, Y. F.; Xi, Y. Y.; Djurisic, A. B.; Chan, W. K. ZnO nanorods for solar cells: Hydrothermal growth versus vapor deposition. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92, 133507.
Jiang, C. Y.; Sun, X. W.; Tan, K. W.; Lo, G. Q.; Kyaw, A. K. K.; Kwong, D. L. High-bendability flexible dye-sensitized solar cell with a nanoparticle-modified ZnO-nanowire electrode. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92, 143101.
Leschkies, K. S.; Divakar, R.; Basu, J.; Enache-Pommer, E.; Boercker, J. E.; Carter, C. B.; Kortshagen, U. R.; Norris, D. J.; Aydil, E. S. Photosensitization of ZnO nanowires with CdSe quantum dots for photovoltaic devices. Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 1793–1798.
Han, J. B.; Fan, F. R.; Xu, C.; Lin, S. S.; Wei, M.; Duan, X.; Wang, Z. L. ZnO nanotube-based dye-sensitized solar cell and its application in self-powered devices. Nanotechnology 2010, 21, 405203.
Jensen, R. A.; Van Ryswyk, H.; She, C. X.; Szarko, J. M.; Chen, L. X.; Hupp, J. T. Dye-sensitized solar cells: Sensitizer-dependent injection into ZnO nanotube electrodes. Langmuir 2010, 26, 1401–1404.
Yodyingyong, S.; Zhang, Q. F.; Park, K.; Dandeneau, C. S.; Zhou, X. Y.; Triampo, D.; Cao, G. Z. ZnO nanoparticles and nanowire array hybrid photoanodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2010, 96, 073115.
Ku, C. H.; Wu, J. J. Chemical bath deposition of ZnO nanowire–nanoparticle composite electrodes for use in dye-sensitized solar cells. Nanotechnology 2007, 18, 505706.
Cheng, K.; Cheng, G.; Wang, S. J.; Fu, D. W.; Zou, B. S.; Du, Z. L. Electron transport properties in ZnO nanowires/poly(3-hexylthiophene) hybrid nanostructure. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2010, 124, 1239–1242.
Ku, C. H.; Wua, J. J. Electron transport properties in ZnO nanowire array/nanoparticle composite dye-sensitized solar cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 91, 093117.
Jiang, C. Y.; Sun, X. W.; Lo, G. Q.; Kwong, D. L.; Wang, J. X. Improved dye-sensitized solar cells with a ZnO-nanoflower photoanode. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 90, 263501.
Hosono, E.; Fujihara, S.; Honna, I.; Zhou, H. S. The fabrication of an upright-standing zinc oxide nanosheet for use in dye-sensitized solar cells. Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 2091–2094.
Xu, F.; Dai, M.; Lu, Y. N.; Sun, L. T. Hierarchical ZnO nanowire-nanosheet architectures for high power conversion efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 2776–2782.
Fu, Y. S.; Sun, J.; Xie, Y.; Liu, J.; Wang, H. L.; Du, X. W. ZnO hierarchical nanostructures and application on high-efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells. Mater. Sci. Eng., B 2010, 166, 196–202.
Gao, Y. F.; Nagai, M. Morphology evolution of ZnO thin films from aqueous solutions and their application to solar cells. Langmuir 2006, 22, 3936–3940.
Zou, D. C.; Wang, D.; Chu, Z. Z.; Lv, Z. B.; Fan, X. Fiber-shaped flexible solar cells. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2010, 254, 1169–1178.
Wu, J. J.; Chen, G. R.; Yang, H. H.; Ku, C. H.; Lai, J. Y. Effects of dye adsorption on the electron transport properties in ZnO-nanowire dye-sensitized solar cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 90, 213109.
Zhang, Q. F.; Dandeneau, C. S.; Zhou, X. Y.; Cao, G. Z. ZnO nanostructures for dye-sensitized solar cells. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 4087–4108.
Tak, Y.; Kim, H.; Lee, D.; Yong, K. Type-Ⅱ CdS nanoparticle–ZnO nanowire heterostructure arrays fabricated by a solution process: Enhanced photocatalytic activity. Chem. Commun. 2008, 4585–4587.
Lee, M.; Yang, R.; Li, C.; Wang, Z. L. Nanowire–quantum dot hybridized cell for harvesting sound and solar energies. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2010, 1, 2929–2935.
Tena-Zaera, R.; Katty, A.; Bastide, S.; Levy-Clement, C. Annealing effects on the physical properties of electrodeposited ZnO/CdSe core–shell nanowire arrays. Chem. Mater. 2007, 19, 1626–1632.
Zhang, Y.; Xie, T. F.; Jiang, T. F.; Wei, X.; Pang, S.; Wang, X.; Wang, D. Surface photovoltage characterization of a ZnO nanowire array/CdS quantum dot heterogeneous film and its application for photovoltaic devices. Nanotechnology 2009, 20, 155707.
Schaller, R. D.; Klimov, V. I. High efficiency carrier multiplication in PbSe nanocrystals: Implications for solar energy conversion. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2004, 92, 186601.
Kongkanand, A.; Tvrdy, K.; Takechi, K.; Kuno, M.; Kamat, P. V. Quantum dot solar cells. Tuning photoresponse through size and shape control of CdSe–TiO2 architecture. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 4007–4015.
Tak, Y.; Hong, S. J.; Lee, J. S.; Yong, K. Fabrication of ZnO/CdS core/shell nanowire arrays for efficient solar energy conversion. J. Mater. Chem. 2009, 19, 5945–5951.
Consonni, V.; Rey, G.; Bonaime, J.; Karst, N.; Doisneau, B.; Roussel, H.; Renet, S.; Bellet, D. Synthesis and physical properties of ZnO/CdTe core shell nanowires grown by low-cost deposition methods. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011, 98, 111906.
Sun, X. W.; Chen, J.; Song, J. L.; Zhao, D. W.; Deng, W. Q.; Lei, W. Ligand capping effect for dye solar cells with a CdSe quantum dot sensitized ZnO nanorod photoanode. Opt. Express 2010, 18, 1296–1301.
Cui, J.; Gibson, U. J. A simple two-step electrodeposition of Cu2O/ZnO nanopillar solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 6408–6412.
Tena-Zaera, R.; Ryan, M. A.; Katty, A.; Hodes, G.; Bastide, S.; Lévy-Clément, C. Fabrication and characterization of ZnO nanowires/CdSe/CuSCN eta-solar cell. C.R. Chim. 2006, 9, 717-729.
Zhao, Q. D.; Xie, T. F.; Peng, L. L.; Lin, Y. H.; Wang, P.; Peng, L.; Wang, D. J. Size- and orientation-dependent photovoltaic properties of ZnO nanorods. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 17136–17145.
Takanezawa, K.; Tajima, K.; Hashimoto, K. Efficiency enhancement of polymer photovoltaic devices hybridized with ZnO nanorod arrays by the introduction of a vanadium oxide buffer layer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 93, 063308.
Olson, D. C.; Piris, J.; Collins, R. T.; Shaheen, S. E.; Ginley, D. S. Hybrid photovoltaic devices of polymer and ZnO nanofiber composites. Thin Solid Films 2006, 496, 26–29.
Unalan, H. E.; Hiralal, P.; Kuo, D.; Parekh, B.; Amaratunga, G.; Chhowalla, M. Flexible organic photovoltaics from zinc oxide nanowires grown on transparent and conducting single walled carbon nanotube thin films. J. Mater. Chem. 2008, 18, 5909–5912.
Liu, J.; Wang, S.; Bian, Z.; Shan, M.; Huang, C. Organic/inorganic hybrid solar cells with vertically oriented ZnO nanowires. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 94, 173107.
Takanezawa, K.; Hirota, K.; Wei, Q. S.; Tajima, K.; Hashimoto, K. Efficient charge collection with ZnO nanorod array in hybrid photovoltaic devices. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 7218–7223.
Briseno, A. L.; Holcombe, T. W.; Boukai, A. I.; Garnett, E. C.; Shelton, S. W.; Frechet, J. J. M.; Yang, P. D. Oligo- and polythiophene/ZnO hybrid nanowire solar cells. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 334–340.
Ravirajan, P.; Peiró, A. M.; Nazeeruddin, M. K.; Graetzel, M.; Bradley, D. D. C.; Durrant, J. R.; Nelson, J. Hybrid polymer/zinc oxide photovoltaic devices with vertically oriented ZnO nanorods and an amphiphilic molecular interface layer. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 7635–7639.
Bi, D. Q.; Wu, F.; Qu, Q. Y.; Yue, W. J.; Cui, Q.; Shen, W.; Chen, R. Q.; Liu, C. W.; Qiu, Z. L.; Wang, M. T. Device performance related to amphiphilic modification at charge separation interface in hybrid solar cells with vertically aligned ZnO nanorod arrays. J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115, 3745–3752.
Olson, D. C.; Lee, Y. J.; White, M. S.; Kopidakis, N.; Shaheen, S. E.; Ginley, D. S.; Voigt, J. A.; Hsu, J. W. P. Effect of polymer processing on the performance of poly(3-hexylthiophene)/ZnO nanorod photovoltaic devices. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 16640–16645.
Olson, D. C.; Shaheen, S. E.; Collins, R. T.; Ginley, D. S. The effect of atmosphere and ZnO morphology on the performance of hybrid poly(3-hexylthiophene)/ZnO nanofiber photovoltaic devices. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 16670–16678.
Peiro, A. M.; Ravirajan, P.; Govender, K.; Boyle, D. S.; O'Brien, P.; Bradley, D. D. C.; Nelson, J.; Durrant, J. R. Hybrid polymer/metal oxide solar cells based on ZnO columnar structures. J. Mater. Chem. 2006, 16, 2088–2096.
Lin, Y. Y.; Chen, C. W.; Chu, T. H.; Su, W. F.; Lin, C. C.; Ku, C. H.; Wu, J. J.; Chen, C. H. Nanostructured metal oxide/conjugated polymer hybrid solar cells by low temperature solution processes. J. Mater. Chem. 2007, 17, 4571–4576.
Greene, L. E.; Law, M.; Yuhas, B. D.; Yang, P. D. ZnO-TiO2 core-shell nanorod/P3HT solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 18451–18456.
Liu, J. P.; Qu, S. C.; Xu, Y.; Chen, Y. H.; Zeng, X. B.; Wang, Z. J.; Zhou, H. Y.; Wang, Z. G. Photovoltaic and electroluminescence characters in hybrid ZnO and conjugated polymer bulk heterojunction devices. Chin. Phys. Lett. 2007, 24, 1350–1353.
Wang, Z. L. Self-powered nanotech—Nanosize machines need still tinier power plants. Sci. Am. 2008, 298, 82–87.
Tian, B. Z.; Zheng, X. L.; Kempa, T. J.; Fang, Y.; Yu, N. F.; Yu, G. H.; Huang, J. L.; Lieber, C. M. Coaxial silicon nanowires as solar cells and nanoelectronic power sources. Nature 2007, 449, 885–890.
Pan, C. F.; Wu, H.; Wang, C.; Wang, B.; Zhang, L.; Cheng, Z. D.; Hu, P.; Pan, W.; Zhou, Z. Y.; Yang, X.; Zhu, J. Nanowire-based high performance "micro fuel cell": One nanowire, one fuel cell. Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 1644–1648.
Hudak, N. S.; Amatucci, G. G. Small-scale energy harvesting through thermoelectric, vibration, and radiofrequency power conversion. J. Appl. Phys. 2008, 103, 101301.
Choi, M. Y.; Choi, D.; Jin, M. J.; Kim, I.; Kim, S. H.; Choi, J. Y.; Lee, S. Y.; Kim, J. M.; Kim, S. W. Mechanically powered transparent flexible charge-generating nanodevices with piezoelectric ZnO nanorods. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 2185–2189.
Lei, Y.; Jiao, Z.; Wu, M. H.; Wilde, G. Ordered arrays of nanostructures and applications in high-efficient nanogenerators. Adv. Eng. Mater. 2007, 9, 343–348.
Su, W. S.; Chen, Y. F.; Hsiao, C. L.; Tu, L. W. Generation of electricity in GaN nanorods induced by piezoelectric effect. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 90, 063110.
Su, W. S.; Chen, Y. F.; Hsiao, C. L.; Tu, L. W. Generation of electricity in GaN nanorods induced by piezoelectric effect. Erratum. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 90, 179901.
Huang, C. T.; Song, J. H.; Lee, W. F.; Ding, Y.; Gao, Z. Y.; Hao, Y.; Chen, L. J.; Wang, Z. L. GaN nanowire arrays for high-output nanogenerators. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 4766–4771.
Huang, C. T.; Song, J. H.; Tsai, C. M.; Lee, W. F.; Lien, D. H.; Gao, Z. Y.; Hao, Y.; Chen, L. J.; Wang, Z. L. Single-InN-nanowire nanogenerator with up to 1 V output voltage. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 4008–4013.
Wang, X. B.; Song, J. H.; Zhang, F.; He, C. Y.; Hu, Z.; Wang, Z. L. Electricity generation based on one-dimensional group-Ⅲ nitride nanomaterials. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 2155–2158.
Lin, Y. F.; Song, J.; Ding, Y.; Lu, S. Y.; Wang, Z. L. Alternating the output of a CdS nanowire nanogenerator by a white-light-stimulated optoelectronic effect. Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 3127–3130.
Lu, M. Y.; Song, J. H.; Lu, M. P.; Lee, C. Y.; Chen, L. J.; Wang, Z. L. ZnO–ZnS heterojunction and ZnS nanowire arrays for electricity generation. ACS Nano 2009, 3, 357–362.
Chen, X.; Xu, S.; Yao, N.; Shi, Y. 1.6 V Nanogenerator for mechanical energy harvesting using PZT nanofibers. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 2133–2137.
Qi, Y.; Jafferis, N. T.; Lyons, K.; Lee, C. M.; Ahmad, H.; McAlpine, M. C. Piezoelectric ribbons printed onto rubber for flexible energy conversion. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 524–528.
Qi, Y.; McAlpine, M. C. Nanotechnology-enabled flexible and biocompatible energy harvesting. Energy Environ. Sci. 2010, 3, 1275–1285.
Feng, X.; Yang, B. D.; Liu, Y. M.; Wang, Y.; Dagdeviren, C.; Liu, Z. J.; Carlson, A.; Li, J. Y.; Huang, Y. G.; Rogers, J. A. Stretchable ferroelectric nanoribbons with wavy configurations on elastomeric substrates. ACS Nano 2011, 5, 3326–3332.
Qi, Y.; Kim, J.; Nguyen, T. D.; Lisko, B.; Purohit, P. K.; McAlpine, M. C. Enhanced piezoelectricity and stretchability in energy harvesting devices fabricated from buckled PZT ribbons. Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 1331–1336.
Xu, S. Y.; Shi, Y. Power generation from piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate nanotubes. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2009, 42, 085301.
Xu, S.; Hansen, B. J.; Wang, Z. L. Piezoelectric-nanowire-enabled power source for driving wireless microelectronics. Nat. Commun. 2010, 1, 93.
Wang, Z. Y.; Hu, J.; Suryavanshi, A. P.; Yum, K.; Yu, M. F. Voltage generation from individual BaTiO3 nanowires under periodic tensile mechanical load. Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 2966–2969.
Ke, T. Y.; Chen, H. A.; Sheu, H. S.; Yeh, J. W.; Lin, H. N.; Lee, C. Y.; Chiu, H. T. Sodium niobate nanowire and its piezoelectricity. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 8827–8831.
Chang, C.; Tran, V. H.; Wang, J.; Fuh, Y. K.; Lin, L. Direct-write piezoelectric polymeric nanogenerator with high energy conversion efficiency. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 726–731.
Hansen, B. J.; Liu, Y.; Yang, R. S.; Wang, Z. L. Hybrid nanogenerator for concurrently harvesting biomechanical and biochemical energy. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 3647–3652.
Service, R. F. Nanogenerators tap waste energy to power ultrasmall electronics. Science 2010, 328, 304–305.
Wang, Z. L. Piezoelectric nanostructures: From growth phenomena to electric nanogenerators. MRS Bull. 2007, 32, 109–116.
Zhao, M. H.; Wang, Z. L.; Mao, S. X. Piezoelectric characterization of individual zinc oxide nanobelt probed by piezoresponse force microscope. Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 587–590.
Mitrushchenkov, A.; Linguerri, R.; Charnbaud, G. Piezoelectric properties of AlN, ZnO, and HgxZn1-xO nanowires by first-principles calculations. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 6883–6886.
Xiang, H. J.; Yang, J. L.; Hou, J. G.; Zhu, Q. S. Piezoelectricity in ZnO nanowires: A first-principles study. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 89, 223111.
Xin, J.; Zheng, Y. Q.; Shi, E. W. Piezoelectricity of zinc-blende and wurtzite structure binary compounds. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 91, 112902.
Agrawal, R.; Espinosa, H. D. Giant piezoelectric size effects in zinc oxide and gallium nitride nanowires. A first principles investigation. Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 786–790.
Gao, Y.; Wang, Z. L. Electrostatic potential in a bent piezoelectric nanowire. The fundamental theory of nanogenerator and nanopiezotronics. Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 2499–2505.
Scrymgeour, D. A.; Hsu, J. W. P. Correlated piezoelectric and electrical properties in individual ZnO nanorods. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 2204–2209.
Gao, Y.; Wang, Z. L. Equilibrium potential of free charge carriers in a bent piezoelectric semiconductive nanowire. Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 1103–1110.
Mora-Sero, I.; Fabregat-Santiago, F.; Denier, B.; Bisquert, J.; Tena-Zaera, R.; Elias, J.; Levy-Clement, C. Determination of carrier density of ZnO nanowires by electrochemical techniques. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 89, 203117.
Tong, H.; Wang, B. L.; Ou-Yang, Z. C. Electric potential generated in ZnO nanowire due to piezoelectric effect. Thin Solid Films 2008, 516, 2708–2710.
Allen, M. W.; Alkaisi, M. M.; Durbin, S. M. Metal Schottky diodes on Zn-polar and O-polar bulk ZnO. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 89, 103520.
Coppa, B. J.; Davis, R. F.; Nemanich, R. J. Gold Schottky contacts on oxygen plasma-treated, n-type ZnO(000). Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 82, 400–402.
Wenckstern, H. V.; Kaidashev, E. M.; Lorenz, M.; Hochmuth, H.; Biehne, G.; Lenzner, J.; Gottschalch, V.; Pickenhain, R.; Grundmann, M. Lateral homogeneity of Schottky contacts on n-type ZnO. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 84, 79–81.
Kim, S. H.; Kim, H. K.; Seong, T. Y. Effect of hydrogen peroxide treatment on the characteristics of Pt Schottky contact on n-type ZnO. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 86, 112101.
Rakhshani, A. E. Schottky diodes on ZnO rods grown homoepitaxially by successive chemical solution deposition. Semicond. Sci. Technol. 2008, 23, 075037.
Periasamy, C.; Chakrabarti, P. Time-dependent degradation of Pt/ZnO nanoneedle rectifying contact based piezoelectric nanogenerator. J. Appl. Phys. 2011, 109, 054306.
Song, J. H.; Xie, H. Z.; Wu, W. Z.; Joseph, V. R.; Wu, C. F. J.; Wang, Z. L. Robust optimization of the output voltage of nanogenerators by statistical design of experiments. Nano Res. 2010, 3, 613–619.
Shao, Z. Z.; Wen, L. Y.; Wu, D. M.; Zhang, X. A.; Chang, S. L.; Qin, S. Q. AFM analysis of piezoelectric nanogenerator based on n+-diamond/n-ZnO heterojunction. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2011, 257, 4919–4922.
Riaz, M.; Fulati, A.; Amin, G.; Alvi, N. H.; Nur, O.; Willander, M. Buckling and elastic stability of vertical ZnO nanotubes and nanorods. J. Appl. Phys. 2009, 106, 034309.
Liu, J.; Fei, P.; Zhou, J.; Tummala, R.; Wang, Z. L. Toward high output-power nanogenerator. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92, 173105.
Zhang, J.; Li, M. K.; Yu, L. Y.; Liu, L. L.; Zhang, H.; Yang, Z. Synthesis and piezoelectric properties of well-aligned ZnO nanowire arrays via a simple solution-phase approach. Appl. Phys. A 2009, 97, 869–876.
Park, H. K.; Lee, K. Y.; Seo, J. S.; Jeong, J. A.; Kim, H. K.; Choi, D.; Kim, S. W. Charge-generating mode control in high-performance transparent flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2011, 21, 1187–1193.
Choi, D.; Choi, M. Y.; Shin, H. J.; Yoon, S. M.; Seo, J. S.; Choi, J. Y.; Lee, S. Y.; Kim, J. M.; Kim, S. W. Nanoscale networked single-walled carbon-nanotube electrodes for transparent flexible nanogenerators. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 1379–1384.
Choi, D.; Choi, M. Y.; Choi, W. M.; Shin, H. J.; Park, H. K.; Seo, J. S.; Park, J.; Yoon, S. M.; Chae, S. J.; Lee, Y. H.; Kim, S. W.; Choi, J. Y.; Lee, S. Y.; Kim, J. M. Fully rollable transparent nanogenerators based on graphene electrodes. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 2187–2192.
Shin, H. J.; Choi, W. M.; Choi, D.; Han, G. H.; Yoon, S. M.; Park, H. K.; Kim, S. W.; Jin, Y. W.; Lee, S. Y.; Kim, J. M.; Choi, J. Y.; Lee, Y. H. Control of electronic structure of graphene by various dopants and their effects on a nanogenerator. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 15603–15609.
Kumar, B.; Lee, K. Y.; Park, H. K.; Chae, S. J.; Lee, Y. H.; Kim, S. W. Controlled growth of semiconducting nanowire, nanowall, and hybrid nanostructures on graphene for piezoelectric nanogenerators. ACS Nano 2011, 5, 4197–4204.
Yang, R. S.; Qin, Y.; Li, C.; Dai, L. M.; Wang, Z. L. Characteristics of output voltage and current of integrated nanogenerators. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 94, 022905.
Yang, R.; Qin, Y.; Li, C.; Zhu, G.; Wang, Z. L. Converting biomechanical energy into electricity by a muscle-movement-driven nanogenerator. Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 1201–1205.
Li, Z.; Zhu, G.; Yang, R. S.; Wang, A. C.; Wang, Z. L. Muscle-driven in vivo nanogenerator. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 2534–2537.
Zhu, G.; Yang, R. S.; Wang, S. H.; Wang, Z. L. Flexible high-output nanogenerator based on lateral ZnO nanowire array. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 3151–3155.
Agrawal, R.; Peng, B.; Espinosa, H. D. Experimental–computational investigation of ZnO nanowires strength and fracture. Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 4177–4183.
Yu, A. F.; Li, H. Y.; Tang, H. Y.; Liu, T. J.; Jiang, P.; Wang, Z. L. Vertically integrated nanogenerator based on ZnO nanowire arrays. Phys. Status Solidi R 2011, 5, 162–164.
van der Heyden, F. H. J.; Bonthuis, D. J.; Stein, D.; Meyer, C.; Dekker, C. Power generation by pressure-driven transport of ions in nanofluidic channels. Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 1022–1025.
Hu, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Xu, C.; Lin, L.; Snyder, R. L.; Wang, Z. L. Self-powered system with wireless data transmission. Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 2572–2577.
Khan, S. U. M.; Al-Shahry, M.; Ingler, W. B. Efficient photochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n-TiO2 Science 2002, 297, 2243–2245.
Hong, K. S.; Xu, H. F.; Konishi, H.; Li, X. C. Direct water splitting through vibrating piezoelectric microfibers in water. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2010, 1, 997–1002.
Chen, H.; Chen, C.; Chang, Y. C.; Tsai, C. W.; Liu, R. S.; Hu, S. F.; Chang, W. S.; Chen, K. H. Quantum dot monolayer sensitized ZnO nanowire-array photoelectrodes: True efficiency for water splitting. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 5966–5969.
Wang, G. M.; Yang, X. Y.; Qian, F.; Zhang, J. Z.; Li, Y. Double-sided CdS and CdSe quantum dot co-sensitized ZnO nanowire arrays for photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 1088–1092.
Wang, X. W.; Liu, G.; Lu, G. Q.; Cheng, H. M. Stable photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water over ZnO–CdS core–shell nanorods. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2010, 35, 8199–8205.
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements
We thank NSF, DARPA, and BES DOE for support. We also thank those authors and many of our collaborators who made contributions to the published data reviewed in the text here. S. X. organized and wrote the paper. Z. L. W. commented on the paper.
FEEDBACK 
TOP