AI Chat Paper
Note: Please note that the following content is generated by AMiner AI. SciOpen does not take any responsibility related to this content.
{{lang === 'zh_CN' ? '文章概述' : 'Summary'}}
{{lang === 'en_US' ? '中' : 'Eng'}}
Chat more with AI
Powered by AMiner. Clicking this button will take you away from SciOpen.
Home Nano Research Article
Article Link
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Submit Manuscript
Show Outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Research Article

Strain-Induced D Band Observed in Carbon Nanotubes

Chia-Chi Chang1, Chun-Chung Chen2, Wei-Hsuan Hung3, I-Kai Hsu4, Marcos A. Pimenta5, Stephen B. Cronin1,2( )
Department of PhysicsUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90089USA
Department of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90089USA
Department of Materials Science and EngineeringFeng Chia University
Department of Materials ScienceUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90089USA
Departamento de FísicaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, MG, 30123-970Brazil
Show Author Information

Graphical Abstract

Abstract

We report the emergence of the D band Raman mode in single-walled carbon nanotubes under large axial strain. The D to G mode Raman intensity ratio (ID/IG) is observed to increase with strain quadratically by more than a factor of 100-fold. Up to 5% strain, all changes in the Raman spectra are reversible. The emergence of the D band, instead, arises from the reversible and elastic symmetry-lowering of the sp2 bonds structure. Beyond 5%, we observe irreversible changes in the Raman spectra due to slippage of the nanotube from the underlying substrate, however, the D band intensity resumes its original pre-strain intensity, indicating that no permanent defects are formed.

Keywords

SWCNTsRamanD banddefectsstrainsp2 bond

Electronic Supplementary Material

Download File(s)
nr-5-12-854_ESM.pdf (213.8 KB)

References

1

Sazonova, V.; Yalsh, Y.; üstünel, H.; Roundy, D.; Arias, T. A.; McEuen, P. L. A tunable carbon nanotube electromechanical oscillator. Nature 2004, 431, 284–287.
Crossref Google Scholar
2

Chiu, H. -Y.; Hung, P.; Postma, H. W. C.; Bockrath, M. Atomic-scale mass sensing using carbon nanotube resonators. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 4342–4346.
Crossref Google Scholar
3

Yakobson, B.; Smalley, R. Fullerene nanotubes: C1, 000, 000 and beyond. Am. Scientist 1997, 85, 324–337.
Google Scholar
4

Pugno, N. M. On the strength of the carbon nanotube-based space elevator cable: From nanomechanics to megamechanics. J. of Phys. : Condens Matter 2006, 18, S1971–S1990.
Crossref Google Scholar
5

Chang, C. -C.; Hsu, I. K.; Aykol, M.; Hung, W. -H.; Chen, C. -C.; Cronin, S. B. A new lower limit for the ultimate breaking strain of carbon nanotubes. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 5095–5100.
Crossref Google Scholar
6

Zhang, R. F.; Wen, Q.; Qian, W. Z.; Su, D. S.; Zhang, Q.; Wei, F. Superstrong ultralong carbon nanotubes for mechanical energy storage. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 3387–3391.
Crossref Google Scholar
7

Zhao, Q. Z.; Nardelli, M. B.; Bernholc, J. Ultimate strength of carbon nanotubes: A theoretical study. Phys. Rev. B 2002, 65, 144105.
Crossref Google Scholar
8

Dumitrica, T.; Hua, M.; Yakobson, B. I. Symmetry-, time-, and temperature-dependent strength of carbon nanotubes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2006, 103, 6105–6109.
Crossref Google Scholar
9

Matthews, M. J.; Pimenta, M. A.; Dresselhaus, G.; Dresselhaus, M. S.; Endo, M. Origin of dispersive effects of the Raman D band in carbon materials. Phys. Rev. B 1999, 59, R6585–R6588.
Crossref Google Scholar
10

Dresselhaus, M. S.; Dresselhaus, G.; Saito, R.; Jorio, A. Raman spectroscopy of carbon nanotubes. Phys. Rep. 2005, 409, 47–99.
Crossref Google Scholar
11

Dresselhaus, M. S.; Jorio, A.; Hofmann, M.; Dresselhaus, G.; Saito, R. Perspectives on carbon nanotubes and graphene Raman spectroscopy. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 751–758.
Crossref Google Scholar
12

Hulman, M.; Skákalová, V.; Roth, S.; Kuzmany, H. Raman spectroscopy of single-wall carbon nanotubes and graphite irradiated by gamma rays. J. Appl. Phys. 2005, 98, 024311.
Crossref Google Scholar
13

Lucchese, M. M.; Stavale, F.; Ferreira, E. H. M.; Vilani, C.; Moutinho, M. V. O.; Capaz, R. B.; Achete, C. A.; Jorio, A. Quantifying ion-induced defects and Raman relaxation length in graphene. Carbon 2010, 48, 1592–1597.
Crossref Google Scholar
14

Canccądo, L. G.; Jorio, A.; Ferreira, E. H. M.; Stavale, F.; Achete, C. A.; Capaz, R. B.; Moutinho, M. V. O.; Lombardo, A.; Kulmala, T. S.; Ferrari, A. C. Quantifying defects in graphene via Raman spectroscopy at different excitation energies. Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 3190–3196.
Crossref Google Scholar
15

Cronin, S. B.; Swan, A. K.; ünlü, M. S.; Goldberg, B. B.; Dresselhaus, M. S.; Tinkham, M. Measuring the uniaxial strain of individual single-wall carbon nanotubes: Resonance Raman spectra of atomic-force-microscope modified singlewall nanotubes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2004, 93, 167401.
Crossref Google Scholar
16

Kumar, R.; Aykol, M.; Ryu, K.; Zhou, C. W.; Cronin, S. B. Top-down lithographic method for inducing strain in carbon nanotubes. J. Appl. Phys. 2009, 106, 014306.
Crossref Google Scholar
17

Cronin, S. B.; Swan, A. K.; ünlü, M. S.; Goldberg, B. B.; Dresselhaus, M. S.; Tinkham, M. Resonant Raman spectroscopy of individual metallic and semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes under uniaxial strain. Phys. Rev. B 2005, 72, 035425.
Crossref Google Scholar
18

Frogley, M. D.; Zhao, Q.; Wagner, H. D. Polarized resonance Raman spectroscopy of single-wall carbon nanotubes within a polymer under strain. Phys. Rev. B 2002, 65, 113413.
Crossref Google Scholar
19

Lucas, M.; Young, R. J. Effect of uniaxial strain deformation upon the Raman radial breathing modes of single-wall carbon nanotubes in composites. Phys. Rev. B 2004, 69, 085405.
Crossref Google Scholar
20

Kumar, R.; Cronin, S. B. Raman scattering of carbon nanotube bundles under axial strain and strain-induced debundling. Phys. Rev. B 2007, 75, 155421.
Crossref Google Scholar
21

Son, H.; Samsonidze, G. G.; Kong, J.; Zhang, Y. Y.; Duan, X. J.; Zhang, J.; Liu, Z. F.; Dresselhaus, M. S. Strain and friction induced by van der Waals interaction in individual single walled carbon nanotubes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 90, 253113.
Crossref Google Scholar
22

Huang, M.; Wu, Y.; Chandra, B.; Yan, H.; Shan, Y.; Heinz, T. F.; Hone, J. Direct measurement of strain-induced changes in the band structure of carbon nanotubes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2008, 100, 136803.
Crossref Google Scholar
23

Jorio, A.; Souza Filho, A. G.; Dresselhaus, G.; Dresselhaus, M. S.; Saito, R.; Hafner, J. H.; Lieber, C. M.; Matinaga, F. M.; Dantas, M. S. S.; Pimenta, M. A. Joint density of electronic states for one isolated single-wall carbon nanotube studied by resonant Raman scattering. Phys. Rev. B 2001, 63, 245416.
Crossref Google Scholar
24

Cao, J.; Wang, Q.; Dai, H. J. Electromechanical properties of metallic, quasimetallic, and semiconducting carbon nanotubes under stretching. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2003, 90, 157601.
Crossref Google Scholar
25

Venezuela, P.; Lazzeri, M.; Mauri, F. Theory of doubleresonant Raman spectra in graphene: Intensity and line shape of defect-induced and two-phonon bands. Phys. Rev. B 2011, 84, 035433.
Crossref Google Scholar
26

Ni, Z. H.; Yu, T.; Lu, Y. H.; Wang, Y. Y.; Feng, Y. P.; Shen, Z. X. Uniaxial strain on graphene: Raman spectroscopy study and band-gap opening. ACS Nano 2008, 2, 2301–2305.
Crossref Google Scholar
27

Mohiuddin, T. M. G.; Lombardo, A.; Nair, R. R.; Bonetti, A.; Savini, G.; Jalil, R.; Bonini, N.; Basko, D. M.; Galiotis, C.; Marzari, N.; Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K.; Ferrari, A. C. Uniaxial strain in graphene by Raman spectroscopy: G peak splitting, Grüneisen parameters, and sample orientation. Phys. Rev. B 2009, 79, 205433.
Crossref Google Scholar
28

Huang, M. Y.; Yan, H. G.; Chen, C. Y.; Song, D. H.; Heinz, T. F.; Hone, J. Phonon softening and crystallographic orientation of strained graphene studied by Raman spectroscopy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2009, 106, 7304–7308.
Crossref Google Scholar
29

Frank, O.; Mohr, M.; Maultzsch, J.; Thomsen, C.; Riaz, I.; Jalil, R.; Novoselov, K. S.; Tsoukleri, G.; Parthenios, J.; Papagelis, K.; Kavan, L.; Galiotis, C. Raman 2D-band splitting in graphene: Theory and experiment. ACS Nano 2011, 5, 2231–2239.
Crossref Google Scholar
30

Huang, M.; Yan, H.; Heinz, T. F.; Hone, J. Probing straininduced electronic structure change in graphene by Raman spectroscopy. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 4074–4079.
Crossref Google Scholar
31

Liu, L.; Jayanthi, C. S.; Tang, M. J.; Wu, S. Y.; Tombler, T. W.; Zhou, C. W.; Alexseyev, L.; Kong, J.; Dai, H. J. Controllable reversibility of an sp2 to sp3 transition of a single wall nanotube under the manipulation of an AFM tip: A nanoscale electromechanical switch? Phys. Rev. Lett. 2000, 84, 4950–4953.
Crossref Google Scholar
32

Tombler, T. W.; Zhou, C. W.; Alexseyev, L.; Kong, J.; Dai, H. J.; Liu, L.; Jayanthi, C. S.; Tang, M. J.; Wu, S. -Y. Reversible electromechanical characteristics of carbon nanotubes under local-probe manipulation. Nature 2000, 405, 769–772.
Crossref Google Scholar
33

Maune, H.; Bockrath, M. Elastomeric carbon nanotube circuits for local strain sensing. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 89, 173131.
Crossref Google Scholar
34

Yang, W.; Wang, R. -Z.; Yan, H. Strain-induced Raman-mode shift in single-wall carbon nanotubes: Calculation of force constants from molecular-dynamics simulations. Phys. Rev. B 2008, 77, 195440.
Crossref Google Scholar
35

Wu, G.; Zhou, J.; Dong, J. M. Raman modes of the deformed single-wall carbon nanotubes. Phys. Rev. B 2005, 72, 115411.
Crossref Google Scholar
36

Gao, B.; Jiang, L.; Ling, X.; Zhang, J. F.; Liu, Z. Chiralitydependent Raman frequency variation of single-walled carbon nanotubes under uniaxial strain. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 20123–20125.
Crossref Google Scholar
37

Jorio, A.; Fantini, C.; Dantas, M. S. S.; Pimenta, M. A.; Souza Filho, A. G.; Samsonidze, G. G.; Brar, V. W.; Dresselhaus, G.; Dresselhaus, M. S.; Swan, A. K.; ünlü, M. S.; Goldberg, B. B.; Saito, R. Linewidth of the Raman features of individual single-wall carbon nanotubes. Phys. Rev. B 2002, 66, 115411.
Crossref Google Scholar
38

Righi, A.; Costa, S. D.; Chacham, H.; Fantini, C.; Venezuela, P.; Magnuson, C.; Colombo, L.; Bacsa, W. S.; Ruoff, R. S.; Pimenta, M. A. Graphene Moiré patterns observed by umklapp double-resonance Raman scattering. Phys. Rev. B 2011, 84, 241409.
Crossref Google Scholar
39

Araujo, P. T.; Barbosa Neto, N. M.; Chacham, H.; Carara, S. S.; Soares, J. S.; Souza, A. D.; Cançado, L. G.; de Oliveira, A. B.; Batista, R. J. C.; Joselevich, E.; Dresselhaus, M. S.; Jorio, A. In situ atomic force microscopy tip-induced deformations and Raman spectroscopy characterization of single-wall carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 4110–4116.
Crossref Google Scholar
40

Stone, A. J.; Wales, D. J. Theoretical studies of icosahedral C60 and some related species. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1986, 128, 501–503.
Crossref Google Scholar
Nano Research
Volume 5 Issue 12,
December 2012
Pages 854-862
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-012-0269-3
Cite this article:
Chang C-C, Chen C-C, Hung W-H, et al. Strain-Induced D Band Observed in Carbon Nanotubes. Nano Research, 2012, 5(12): 854-862. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-012-0269-3

966

Views

22

Crossref

N/A

Web of Science

26

Scopus

0

CSCD

Altmetrics
Received: 27 August 2012
Revised: 02 October 2012
Accepted: 11 October 2012
Published: 10 November 2012
© Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2012
Return