Graphical Abstract
View original image
Download original image
Show Outline
Outline
Graphical Abstract
Abstract
Keywords
Electronic Supplementary Material
References
Research Article
Visualizing fast growth of large single-crystalline graphene by tunable isotopic carbon source
Hailin Peng1(
), Zhongfan Liu1()
), Zhongfan Liu1()Abstract
The fast growth of large single-crystalline graphene by chemical vapor deposition on Cu foil remains a challenge for industrial-scale applications. To achieve the fast growth of large single-crystalline graphene, understanding the detailed dynamics governing the entire growth process—including nucleation, growth, and coalescence—is important; however, these remain unexplored. In this study, by using a pulsed carbon isotope labeling technique in conjunction with micro-Raman spectroscopy identification, we visualized the growth dynamics, such as nucleation, growth, and coalescence, during the fast growth of large single- crystalline graphene domains. By tuning the supply of the carbon source, a growth rate of 320 μm/min and the growth of centimeter-sized graphene single crystals were achieved on Cu foil.
Electronic Supplementary Material
Download File(s)
nr-10-2-355_ESM.pdf (3 MB)
References
1
Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K. The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 183–191.
2
Zhang, Y. B.; Tan, Y. W.; Stormer, H. L.; Kim, P. Experimental observation of the quantum hall effect and berry's phase in graphene. Nature 2005, 438, 201–204.
3
Bonaccorso, F.; Sun, Z.; Hasan, T.; Ferrari, A. C. Graphene photonics and optoelectronics. Nat. Photonics 2010, 4, 611–622.
4
Huang, X.; Zeng, Z. Y.; Fan, Z. X.; Liu, J. Q.; Zhang, H. Graphene-based electrodes. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 5979–6004.
5
Hao, Y. F.; Bharathi, M. S.; Wang, L.; Liu, Y. Y.; Chen, H.; Nie, S.; Wang, X. H.; Chou, H.; Tan, C.; Fallahazad, B. et al. The role of surface oxygen in the growth of large single- crystal graphene on copper. Science 2013, 342, 720–723.
6
Zhou, H. L.; Yu, W. J.; Liu, L. X.; Cheng, R.; Chen, Y.; Huang, X. Q.; Liu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Huang, Y.; Duan, X. F. Chemical vapour deposition growth of large single crystals of monolayer and bilayer graphene. Nat. Commun. 2013, 4, 2096.
7
Reina, A.; Jia, X. T.; Ho, J.; Nezich, D.; Son, H.; Bulovic, V.; Dresselhaus, M. S.; Kong, J. Large area, few-layer graphene films on arbitrary substrates by chemical vapor deposition. Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 30–35.
8
Li, X. S.; Cai, W. W.; An, J. H.; Kim, S.; Nah, J.; Yang, D. X.; Piner, R.; Velamakanni, A.; Jung, I.; Tutuc, E. et al. Large-area synthesis of high-quality and uniform graphene films on copper foils. Science 2009, 324, 1312–1314.
9
Bhaviripudi, S.; Jia, X. T.; Dresselhaus, M. S.; Kong, J. Role of kinetic factors in chemical vapor deposition synthesis of uniform large area graphene using copper catalyst. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 4128–4133.
10
Li, X. S.; Magnuson, C. W.; Venugopal, A.; Tromp, R. M.; Hannon, J. B.; Vogel, E. M.; Colombo, L.; Ruoff, R. S. Large-area graphene single crystals grown by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition of methane on copper. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 2816–2819.
11
Yan, Z.; Lin, J.; Peng, Z. W.; Sun, Z. Z.; Zhu, Y.; Li, L.; Xiang, C. S.; Samuel, E. L.; Kittrell, C.; Tour, J. M. Toward the synthesis of wafer-scale single-crystal graphene on copper foils. ACS Nano 2012, 6, 9110–9117.
12
Reina, A.; Thiele, S.; Jia, X. T.; Bhaviripudi, S.; Dresselhaus, M. S.; Schaefer, J. A.; Kong, J. Growth of large-area single- and bi-layer graphene by controlled carbon precipitation on polycrystalline Ni surfaces. Nano Res. 2009, 2, 509–516.
13
Lin, L.; Li, J. Y.; Ren, H. Y.; Koh, A. L.; Kang, N.; Peng, H. L.; Xu, H. Q.; Liu, Z. F. Surface engineering of copper foils for growing centimeter-sized single-crystalline graphene. ACS Nano 2016, 10, 2922–2929.
14
Geng, D. C.; Wang, H. P.; Yu, G. Graphene single crystals: Size and morphology engineering. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 2821–2837.
15
Li, X. S.; Colombo, L.; Ruoff, R. S. Synthesis of graphene films on copper foils by chemical vapor deposition. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 6247–6252.
16
Wu, T. R.; Zhang, X. F.; Yuan, Q. H.; Xue, J. C.; Lu, G. Y.; Liu, Z. H.; Wang, H. S.; Wang, H. M.; Ding, F.; Yu, Q. K. et al. Fast growth of inch-sized single-crystalline graphene from a controlled single nucleus on Cu-Ni alloys. Nat. Mater. 2016, 15, 43–48.
17
Yan, K.; Fu, L.; Peng, H. L.; Liu, Z. F. Designed CVD growth of graphene via process engineering. Acc. Chem. Res. 2013, 46, 2263–2274.
18
Gao, J. F.; Yip, J.; Zhao, J. J.; Yakobson, B. I.; Ding, F. Graphene nucleation on transition metal surface: Structure transformation and role of the metal step edge. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 5009–5015.
19
Yuan, Q. H.; Gao, J. F.; Shu, H. B.; Zhao, J. J.; Chen, X. S.; Ding, F. Magic carbon clusters in the chemical vapor deposition growth of graphene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 2970–2975.
20
Zhang, X. Y.; Wang, L.; Xin, J.; Yakobson, B. I.; Ding, F. Role of hydrogen in graphene chemical vapor deposition growth on a copper surface. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 3040–3047.
21
Kidambi, P. R.; Bayer, B. C.; Blume, R.; Wang, Z. J.; Baehtz, C.; Weatherup, R. S.; Willinger, M. G.; Schloegl, R.; Hofmann, S. Observing graphene grow: Catalyst–graphene interactions during scalable graphene growth on polycrystalline copper. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 4769–4778.
22
Wang, Z. J.; Weinberg, G.; Zhang, Q.; Lunkenbein, T.; Klein-Hoffmann, A.; Kurnatowska, M.; Plodinec, M.; Li, Q.; Chi, L. F.; Schloegl, R. et al. Direct observation of graphene growth and associated copper substrate dynamics by in situ scanning electron microscopy. ACS Nano 2015, 9, 1506–1519.
23
Terasawa, T. O.; Saiki, K. Radiation-mode optical microscopy on the growth of graphene. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 6834.
24
Li, X. S.; Cai, W. W.; Colombo, L.; Ruoff, R. S. Evolution of graphene growth on Ni and Cu by carbon isotope labeling. Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 4268–4272.
25
Li, X. S.; Magnuson, C. W.; Venugopal, A.; An, J. H.; Suk, J. W.; Han, B. Y.; Borysiak, M.; Cai, W. W.; Velamakanni, A.; Zhu, Y. W. et al. Graphene films with large domain size by a two-step chemical vapor deposition process. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 4328–4334.
26
Fang, W. J.; Hsu, A. L.; Caudillo, R.; Song, Y.; Birdwell, A. G.; Zakar, E.; Kalbac, M.; Dubey, M.; Palacios, T.; Dresselhaus, M. S. et al. Rapid identification of stacking orientation in isotopically labeled chemical-vapor grown bilayer graphene by Raman spectroscopy. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 1541–1548.
27
Li, Q. Y.; Chou, H.; Zhong, J. H.; Liu, J. Y.; Dolocan, A.; Zhang, J. Y.; Zhou, Y. H.; Ruoff, R. S.; Chen, S. S.; Cai, W. W. Growth of adlayer graphene on Cu studied by carbon isotope labeling. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 486–490.
28
Zhao, Z. J.; Shan, Z. F.; Zhang, C. K.; Li, Q. Y.; Tian, B.; Huang, Z. Y.; Lin, W. Y.; Chen, X. P.; Ji, H. X.; Zhang, W. F. et al. Study on the diffusion mechanism of graphene grown on copper pockets. Small 2015, 11, 1418–1422.
29
Cai, W. W.; Piner, R. D.; Stadermann, F. J.; Park, S.; Shaibat, M. A.; Ishii, Y.; Yang, D. X.; Velamakanni, A.; An, S. J.; Stoller, M. et al. Synthesis and solid-state NMR structural characterization of 13C-labeled graphite oxide. Science 2008, 321, 1815–1817.
30
Carvalho, B. R.; Hao, Y. F.; Righi, A.; Rodriguez-Nieva, J. F.; Colombo, L.; Ruoff, R. S.; Pimenta, M. A.; Fantini, C. Probing carbon isotope effects on the Raman spectra of graphene with different 13C concentrations. Phys. Rev. B 2015, 92, 125406.
31
Wang, H.; Xu, X. Z.; Li, J. Y.; Lin, L.; Sun, L. Z.; Sun, X.; Zhao, S. L.; Tan, C. W.; Chen, C.; Dang, W. H. et al. Surface monocrystallization of copper foil for fast growth of large single-crystal graphene under free molecular flow. Adv. Mater. , in press, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603579.
32
Vlassiouk, I.; Regmi, M.; Fulvio, P. F.; Dai, S.; Datskos, P.; Eres, G.; Smirnov, S. Role of hydrogen in chemical vapor deposition growth of large single-crystal graphene. Acs Nano 2011, 5, 6069–6076.
33
Ma, T.; Ren, W. C.; Liu, Z. B.; Huang, L.; Ma, L. -P.; Ma, X. L.; Zhang, Z. Y.; Peng, L. -M.; Cheng, H. -M. Repeated growth–etching–regrowth for large-area defect-free single- crystal graphene by chemical vapor deposition. Acs Nano 2014, 8, 12806–12813.
34
Whiteway, E.; Yang, W.; Yu, V.; Hilke, M. Time evolution of the growth of single graphene crystals and high resolution isotope labeling. 2015, arXiv: 1509.01579. arXiv. org e-Print archive. http://arxiv.org/abs/1509.01579 (accessed Jul 27, 2015).
35
Lin, L.; Sun, L. Z.; Zhang, J. C.; Sun, J. Y.; Koh, A. L.; Peng, H. L.; Liu, Z. F. Rapid growth of large single- crystalline graphene via second passivation and multistage carbon supply. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 4671–4677.
36
Wang, S. N.; Suzuki, S.; Hibino, H. Raman spectroscopic investigation of polycrystalline structures of CVD-grown graphene by isotope labeling. Nanoscale 2014, 6, 13838– 13844.
Pages 355-363
Cite this article:
Sun L, Lin L, Zhang J, et al. Visualizing fast growth of large single-crystalline graphene by tunable isotopic carbon source. Nano Research, 2017, 10(2): 355-363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-016-1297-1
Metrics & Citations
Article History
Copyright
京公网安备11010802044758号