Recent progress in flexible and wearable bio-electronics based on nanomaterials

Gao, W.; Emaminejad, S.; Nyein, H. Y. Y.; Challa, S.; Chen, K.; Peck, A.; Fahad, H. M.; Ota, H.; Shiraki, H.; Kiriya, D. et al. Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis. Nature 2016, 529, 509–526.

Tee, B. C.-K.; Wang, C.; Allen, R.; Bao, Z. N. An electrically and mechanically self-healing composite with pressure- and flexion-sensitive properties for electronic skin applications. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012, 7, 825–832.

Park, S.; Wang, G.; Cho, B.; Kim, Y.; Song, S.; Ji, Y.; Yoon, M.-H.; Lee, T. Flexible molecular-scale electronic devices. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012, 7, 438–442.

Trung, T. Q.; Lee N.-E. Flexible and stretchable physical sensor integrated platforms for wearable human-activity monitoring and personal healthcare. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 4338–4372.

Viventi, J.; Kim, D.-H.; Vigeland, L.; Frechette, E. S.; Blanco, J. A.; Kim, Y.-S.; Avrin, A. E.; Tiruvadi, V. R.; Hwang, S.-W.; Vanleer, A. C. et al. Flexible, foldable, actively multiplexed, high-density electrode array for mapping brain activity in vivo. Nat. Neurosci. 2011, 14, 1599–1607.

Nguyen, T. D.; Deshmukh, N.; Nagarah, J. M.; Kramer, T.; Purohit, P. K.; Berry M. J.; McAlpine, M. C. Piezoelectric nanoribbons for monitoring cellular deformations. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012, 7, 587–593.

Rim, Y. S.; Bae, S.-H.; Chen, H. J.; De Marco, N.; Yang, Y. Recent progress in materials and devices toward printable and flexible sensors. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 4415–4440.

Khan, Y.; Ostfeld, A. E.; Lochner, C. M.; Pierre, A.; Arias, A. C. Monitoring of vital signs with flexible and wearable medical devices. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 4373–4395.

Salvatore, G. A.; Münzenrieder, N.; Kinkeldei, T.; Petti, L.; Zysset, C.; Strebel, I.; Büthe, L.; Tröster, G. Wafer-scale design of lightweight and transparent electronics that wraps around hairs. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 2982.

Mannsfeld, S. C. B.; Tee, B. C.-K.; Stoltenberg, R. M.; Chen, C. V. H.-H.; Barman, S.; Muir, B. V. O.; Sokolov, A. N. Reese, C.; Bao, Z. N. Highly sensitive flexible pressure sensors with microstructured rubber dielectric layers. Nat. Mater. 2010, 9, 859–864.

Lee, S.; Reuveny, A.; Reeder, J.; Lee, S.; Jin, H.; Liu, Q. H.; Yokota, T.; Sekitani, T.; Isoyama, T.; Abe, Y. et al. A transparent bending-insensitive pressure sensor. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2016, 11, 472–478.

Ramuz, M.; Tee, B. C.-K.; Tok, J. B.-H.; Bao, Z. N. Transparent, optical, pressure-sensitive artificial skin for large-area stretchable electronics. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 3223–3227.

Jung, S.; Lee, J.; Hyeon, T.; Lee, M.; Kim, D.-H. Fabric- based integrated energy devices for wearable activity monitors. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 6329–6334.

Pang, C.; koo, J. H.; Nguyen, A.; Caves, J. M.; Kim, M.-G.; Chortos, A.; Kim, K.; Wang, P. J.; Tok, J. B.-H.; Bao, Z. N. Highly skin-conformal microhairy sensor for pulse signal amplification. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 634–640.

Kim, J.; Lee, M.; Shim, H. J.; Ghaffari, R.; Cho, H. R.; Son, D.; Jung, Y. H.; Soh, M.; Choi, C.; Jung, S. et al. Stretchable silicon nanoribbon electronics for skin prosthesis. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 5747.

Kim, R.-H.; Kim, D.-H.; Xiao, J. L.; Kim, B. H.; Park, S.-I.; Panilaitis, B.; Ghaffari, R.; Yao, J. M.; Li, M.; Liu, Z. J. et al. Waterproof AlInGaP optoelectronics on stretchable substrates with applications in biomedicine and robotics. Nat. Mater. 2010, 9, 929–937.

Guo, Y. L.; Wu, B.; Liu, H. T.; Ma, Y. Q.; Yang, Y.; Zheng, J.; Gui, Y.; Liu, Y. Q. Electrical assembly and reduction of graphene oxide in a single solution step for use in flexible sensors. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 4626–4630.

Dong, X. C.; Shi, Y. M.; Huang, W.; Chen, P.; Li, L.-J. Electrical detection of DNA hybridization with single-base specificity using transistors based on CVD-grown graphene sheets. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 1649–1653.

Xu, G. Y.; Abbott, J.; Qin, L.; Yeung, K. Y. M.; Song, Y.; Yoon, H. S.; Kong, J.; Ham, D. Electrophoretic and field- effect graphene for all-electrical DNA array technology. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 4866.

He, Q. Y.; Sudibya, H. G.; Yin, Z. Y.; Wu, S. X.; Li, H.; Boey, F.; Huang, W.; Chen, P.; Zhang, H. Centimeter-long and large-scale micropatterns of reduced graphene oxide films: Fabrication and sensing applications. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 3201–3208.

Feng, L. Y.; Chen, Y.; Ren, J. S.; Qu, X. G. A graphene functionalized electrochemical aptasensor for selective label- free detection of cancer cells. Biomaterials 2011, 32, 2930– 2937.

Zhang, M.; Liao, C. Z.; Mak, C. H.; You, P.; Mak, C. L.; Yan, F. Highly sensitive glucose sensors based on enzyme- modified whole-graphene solution-gated transistors. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 8311.

Zhang, M.; Liao, C. Z.; Yao, Y. L.; Liu, Z. K.; Gong, F. F.; Yan, F. High-performance dopamine sensors based on whole- graphene solution-gated transistors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2014, 24, 978–985.

Yan, F.; Zhang, M.; Li, J. H. Solution-gated graphene transistors for chemical and biological sensors. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2014, 3, 313–331.

Deng, W.; Zhang, X. J.; Huang, L. M.; Xu, X. Z.; Wang, L.; Wang, J. C.; Shang, Q. X.; Lee, S.-T.; Jie, J. S. Aligned single-crystalline perovskite microwire arrays for high- performance flexible image sensors with long-term stability. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 2201–2208.

Shin, S. R.; Farzad, R.; Tamayol, A.; Manoharan, V.; Mostafalu, P.; Zhang, Y. S.; Akbari, M.; Jung, S. M.; Kim, D.; Comotto, M. et al. A bioactive carbon nanotube-based ink for printing 2D and 3D flexible electronics. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 3280–3289.

Bhattacharyya, D.; Senecal, K.; Marek, P.; Senecal, A.; Gleason, K. K. High surface area flexible chemiresistive biosensor by oxidative chemical vapor deposition. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2011, 21, 4328–4337.

Baeg, K.-J.; Caironi, M.; Noh, Y.-Y. Toward printed integrated circuits based on unipolar or ambipolar polymer semiconductors. Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 4210–4244.

Chen, H. T.; Cao, Y.; Zhang, J. L.; Zhou, C. W. Large-scale complementary macroelectronics using hybrid integration of carbon nanotubes and IGZO thin-film transistors. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 4097.

Chen, H. L.; Cheng, N. Y.; Ma, W.; Li, M. L.; Hu, S. X.; Gu, L.; Meng, S.; Guo, X. F. Design of a photoactive hybrid bilayer dielectric for flexible nonvolatile organic memory transistors. ACS Nano 2016, 10, 436–445.

Kim, R. H.; Kim, H. J.; Bae, I.; Hwang, S. K.; Velusamy, D. B.; Cho, S. M.; Takaishi, K.; Muto, T.; Hashizume, D.; Uchiyama, M. et al. Non-volatile organic memory with sub- millimetre bending radius. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 3583.

Son, D.; Lee, J.; Qiao, S. T.; Ghaffari, R.; Kim, J.; Lee, J. E.; Song, C.; Kim, S. J.; Lee, D. J.; Jun, S. W. et al. Multifunctional wearable devices for diagnosis and therapy of movement disorders. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2014, 9, 397–404.

Irimia-Vladu, M.; Troshin, P. A.; Reisinger, M.; Shmygleva, L.; Kanbur, Y.; Schwabegger, G.; Bodea, M.; Schwödiauer, R.; Mumyatov, A.; Fergus, J. W. et al. Biocompatible and biodegradable materials for organic field-effect transistors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2010, 20, 4069–4076.

Takahashi, T.; Takei, K.; Gillies, A. G.; Fearing, R. S.; Javey, A. Carbon nanotube active-matrix backplanes for conformal electronics and sensors. Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 5408–5413.

Lau, P. H.; Takei, K.; Wang, C.; Ju, Y.; Kim, J.; Yu, Z. B.; Takahashi, T.; Cho, G.; Javey, A. Fully printed, high performance carbon nanotube thin-film transistors on flexible substrates. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 3864–3869.

Chae, S. H.; Yu, W. J.; Bae, J. J.; Duong, D. L.; Perello, D.; Jeong, H. Y.; Ta, Q. H.; Ly, T. H.; Vu, Q. A.; Yun, M. et al. Transferred wrinkled Al₂O₃ for highly stretchable and transparent graphene–carbon nanotube transistors. Nat. Mater. 2013, 12, 403–409.

Wang, X. W.; Gu, Y.; Xiong, Z. P.; Cui, Z.; Zhang, T. Silk-molded flexible, ultrasensitive, and highly stable electronic skin for monitoring human physiological signals. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 1336–1342.

Segev-Bar, M.; Haick, H. Flexible sensors based on nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2013, 7, 8366–8378.

Zhu, B. W.; Wang, H.; Leow, W. R.; Cai, Y. R.; Loh, X. J.; Han, M.-Y.; Chen, X. D. Silk fibroin for flexible electronic devices. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 4250–4265.

Mannoor, M. S.; Tao, H.; Clayton, J. D.; Sengupta, A.; Kaplan, D. L.; Naik, R. R.; Verma, N.; Omenetto, F. G.; McAlphine, M. C. Graphene-based wireless bacteria detection on tooth enamel. Nat. Commun. 2012, 3, 763.

Lee, H.; Choi, T. K.; Lee, Y. B.; Cho, H. R.; Ghaffari, R.; Wang, L.; Choi, H. J.; Chung, T. D.; Lu, N. S.; Hyeon, T. et al. A graphene-based electrochemical device with thermoresponsive microneedles for diabetes monitoring and therapy. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2016, 11, 566–572.

Swisher, S. L.; Lin, M. C.; Liao, A.; Leeflang, E. J.; Khan, Y.; Pavinatto, F. J.; Mann, K.; Naujokas, A.; Young, D.; Roy, S. et al. Impedance sensing device enables early detection of pressure ulcers in vivo. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 6575.

Wang, X. D.; Zhang, H. L.; Yu, R. M.; Dong, L.; Peng, D. F.; Zhang, A. H.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, H.; Pan, C. F.; Wang, Z. L. Dynamic pressure mapping of personalized handwriting by a flexible sensor matrix based on the mechanoluminescence process. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 2324–2331.

Khodagholy, D.; Rivnay, J.; Sessolo, M.; Gurfinkel, M.; Leleux, P.; Jimison, L. H.; Stavrinidou, E.; Herve, T.; Sanaur, S.; Owens, R. M. et al. High transconductance organic electrochemical transistors. Nat. Commun. 2013, 4, 2133.

Rim, Y. S.; Bae, S.-H.; Chen, H. J.; Yang, J. L.; Kim, J.; Andrews, A. M.; Weiss, P. S.; Yang, Y.; Tseng, H.-R. Printable ultrathin metal oxide semiconductor-based conformal biosensors. ACS Nano 2015, 9, 12174–12181.

Liu, J.; Buchholz, B.; Chang, R. P. H.; Facchetti, A.; Marks, T. J. High-performance flexible transparent thin-film transistors using a hybrid gate dielectric and an amorphous zinc indium tin oxide channel. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 2333–2337.

Lu, X. H.; Zhai, T.; Zhang, X. H.; Shen, Y. Q.; Yuan, L. Y.; Hu, B.; Gong, L.; Chen, J.; Gao, Y. H.; Zhou, J. et al. WO_3–x@Au@MnO₂ core–shell nanowires on carbon fabric for high-performance flexible supercapacitors. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 938–944.

Lin, P.; Luo, X. T.; Hsing, I.-M.; Yan, F. Organic electro­chemical transistors integrated in flexible microfluidic systems and used for label-free DNA sensing. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 4035–4040.

Bavykin, D. V.; Friedrich, J. M.; Walsh, F. C. Protonated titanates and TiO₂ nanostructured materials: Synthesis, properties, and applications. Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 2807– 2824.

Wu, C. Z.; Wei, H.; Ning, B.; Xie, Y. New vanadium oxide nanostructures: Controlled synthesis and their smart electrical switching properties. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 1972–1976.

Yan, J. Q.; Wang, T.; Wu, G. J.; Dai, W. L.; Guan, N. J.; Li, L. D.; Gong, J. L. Tungsten oxide single crystal nanosheets for enhanced multichannel solar light harvesting. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 1580–1586.

Pradhan, D.; Noroui, F.; Leung, K. T. High-performance, flexible enzymatic glucose biosensor based on ZnO nanowires supported on a gold-coated polyester substrate. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2010, 2, 2409–2412.

Liu, X.; Gu, L. L.; Zhang, Q. P.; Wu, J. Y.; Long, Y. Z.; Fan, Z. Y. All-printable band-edge modulated ZnO nanowire photodetectors with ultra-high detectivity. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 4007.

Kim, M.-G.; Kanatzidis, M. G.; Facchetti, A.; Marks, T. J. Low-temperature fabrication of high-performance metal oxide thin-film electronics via combustion processing. Nat. Mater. 2011, 10, 382–388.

Zhang, H.-X.; Feng, C.; Zhai, Y.-C.; Jiang, K.-L.; Li, Q.-Q.; Fan, S.-S. Cross-stacked carbon nanotube sheets uniformly loaded with SnO₂ nanoparticles: A novel binder-free and high-capacity anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 2299–2304.

Vanithakumari, S. C.; Nanda, K. K. A one-step method for the growth of Ga₂O₃-nanorod-based white-light-emitting phosphors. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 3581–3584.

Gong, S.; Schwalb, W.; Wang, Y. W.; Chen, Y.; Tang, Y.; Si, J.; Shirinzadeh, B.; Cheng, W. L. A wearable and highly sensitive pressure sensor with ultrathin gold nanowires. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 3132.

Yaman, M.; Khudiyev, T.; Ozgur, E.; Kanik, M.; Aktas, O.; Ozgur, E. O.; Deniz, H.; Korkut, E.; Bayindir, M. Arrays of indefinitely long uniform nanowires and nanotubes. Nat. Mater. 2011, 10, 494–501.

Tian, B. Z.; Liu, J.; Dvir, T.; Jin, L. H.; Tsui, J. H.; Qing, Q.; Suo, Z. G.; Langer, R.; Kohane, D. S.; Lieber, C. M. Macroporous nanowire nanoelectronic scaffolds for synthetic tissues. Nat. Mater. 2012, 11, 986–994.

Weisse, J. M.; KIm, D. R.; Lee, C. H.; Zheng, X. L. Vertical transfer of uniform silicon nanowire arrays via crack formation. Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 1300–1305.

Xu, F.; Liu, W.; Zhu, Y. Controlled 3D buckling of silicon nanowires for stretchable electronics. ACS Nano 2011, 5, 672–678.

Jeon, D.-Y.; Pregl, S.; Park, S. J.; Baraban, L.; Cuniberti, G.; Mikolajick, T.; Weber, W. M. Scaling and graphical transport-map analysis of ambipolar schottky-barrier thin- film transistors based on a parallel array of Si nanowires. Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 4578–4584.

Li, B.-R.; Hsieh, Y.-J.; Chen, Y.-X.; Chung, Y.-T.; Pan, C.-Y.; Chen, Y.-T. An ultrasensitive nanowire-transistor biosensor for detecting dopamine release from living PC12 cells under hypoxic stimulation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 16034–16037.

Kim, K. H.; Oh, Y.; Islam, M. F. Graphene coating makes carbon nanotube aerogels superelastic and resistant to fatigue. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012, 7, 562–566.

Shi, E. Z.; Li, H. B.; Yang, L.; Hou, J. F.; Li, Y. C.; Li, L.; Cao, A. Y.; Fang, Y. Carbon nanotube network embroidered graphene films for monolithic all-carbon electronics. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 682–688.

Liu, Z. F.; Jiao, L. Y.; Yao, Y. G.; Xian, X. J.; Zhang, J. Aligned, ultralong single-walled carbon nanotubes: From synthesis, sorting, to electronic devices. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 2285–2310.

Bryning, M. B.; Milkie, D. E.; Islam, M. F.; Hough, L. A.; Kikkawa, J. M.; Yodh, A. G. Carbon nanotube aerogels. Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 661–664.

Gui, X. C.; Wei, J. Q.; Wang, K. L.; Cao, A. Y.; Zhu, H. W.; Jia, Y.; Shu, Q. K.; Wu, D. H. Carbon nanotube sponges. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 617–621.

Yang, Y. B.; Li, P. X.; Wu, S. T.; Li, X. Y.; Shi, E. Z.; Shen, Q. C.; Wu, D. H.; Xu, W. J.; Cao, A. Y.; Yuan, Q. Hierarchically designed three-dimensional macro/mesoporous carbon frameworks for advanced electrochemical capacitance storage. Chem. —Eur. J. 2015, 21, 6157–6164.

Yang, Y. B.; Shi, E. Z.; Li, P. X.; Wu, D. H.; Wu, S. T.; Shang, Y. Y.; Xu, W. J.; Cao, A. Y.; Yuan, Q. A compressible mesoporous SiO₂ sponge supported by a carbon nanotube network. Nanoscale 2014, 6, 3585–3592.

Kim, S. Y.; Park, S.; Park, H. W.; Park, D. H.; Jelong, Y.; Kim, D. H. Highly sensitive and multimodal all-carbon skin sensors capable of simultaneously detecting tactile and biological stimuli. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 4178–4185.

Shin, K.-Y.; Hong, J.-Y.; Jang, J. Micropatterning of graphene sheets by inkjet printing and its wideband dipole-antenna application. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 2113–2118.

Zhang, L. M.; Diao, S.; Nie, Y. F.; Yan, K.; Liu, N.; Dai, B. Y.; Xie, Q.; Reina, A.; Kong, J.; Liu, Z. F. Photocatalytic patterning and modification of graphene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 2706–2713.

Sun, J. Y.; Gao, T.; Song, X. J.; Zhao, Y. F.; Lin, Y. W.; Wang, H. C.; Ma, D. L.; Chen, Y. B.; Xiang, W. F.; Wang, J. et al. Direct growth of high-quality graphene on high-ĸ dielectric SrTiO₃ substrates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 6574–6577.

Liao, L.; Peng, H. L.; Liu, Z. F. Chemistry makes graphene beyond graphene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 12194–12200.

Huang, X.; Zeng, Z. Y.; Fan, Z. X.; Liu, J. Q.; Zhang, H. Graphene-based electrodes. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 5979–6004.

Huang, X.; Qi, X. Y.; Boey, F.; Zhang, H. Graphene-based composites. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 666–686.

Huang, X.; Yin, Z. Y.; Wu, S. X.; Qi, X. Y.; He, Q. Y.; Zhang, Q. C.; Yan, Q. Y.; Boey, F.; Zhang, H. Graphene- based materials: Synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications. Small 2011, 7, 1876–1902.

Wan, C. L.; Gu, X. K.; Dang, F.; Itoh, T.; Wang, Y. F.; Sasaki, H.; Kondo, M.; Koga, K. J.; Yabuki, K.; Snyder, G. J. et al. Flexible n-type thermoelectric materials by organic intercalation of layered transition metal dichalcogenide TiS₂. Nat. Mater. 2015, 14, 622–627.

Georgious, T.; Jalil, R.; Belle, B. D.; Britnell, L.; Gorbachev, R. V.; Morozov, S. V.; Kim, Y.-J.; Gholinia, A.; Haigh, S. J.; Makarovsky, O. et al. Vertical field-effect transistor based on graphene-WS₂ heterostructures for flexible and transparent electronics. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2013, 8, 100–103.

Zhang, Y.; Chang, T.-R.; Zhou, B.; Cui, Y.-T.; Yan, H.; Liu, Z. K.; Schmitt, F.; Lee, J.; Moore, R.; Chen, Y. L. et al. Direct observation of the transition from indirect to direct bandgap in atomically thin epitaxial MoSe₂. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2014, 9, 111–115.

Baugher, B. W. H.; Churchill, H. O. H.; Yang, Y. F.; Jarillo-Herrero, P. Optoelectronic devices based on electrically tunable p-n diodes in a monolayer dichalcogenide. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2014, 9, 262–267.

Kurapati, R.; Kostarelos, K.; Prato, M.; Bianco, A. Biomedical uses for 2D materials beyond graphene: Current advances and challenges ahead. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 6052–6074.

Akinwande, D.; Petrone, N.; Hone, J. Two-dimensional flexible nanoelectronics. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 5678.

Zhang, H. Ultrathin two-dimensional nanomaterials. ACS Nano 2015, 9, 9451–9469.

Chen, Y.; Tan, C. L.; Zhang, H.; Wang, L. Z. Two-dimensional graphene analogues for biomedical applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, 2681–2701.

Tan, C. L.; Zhang, H. Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheet-based composites. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, 2713–2731.

Huang, X.; Tan, C. L.; Yin, Z. Y.; Zhang, H. Hybrid nanostructures based on two-dimensional nanomaterials. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 2185–2204.

Huang, X.; Zeng, Z. Y.; Zhang, H. Metal dichalcogenide nanosheets: Preparation, properties and applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 1934–1946.

Wang, M.; Jang, S. K.; Jang, W.-J.; Kim, M.; Park, S.-Y.; Kim, S.-W.; Kahng, S.-J.; Choi, J.-Y.; Ruoff, R. S.; Song, Y. J. et al. A platform for large-scale graphene electronics-CVD growth of single-layer graphene on CVD-grown hexagonal boron nitride. Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 2746–2752.

Liu, S.; Lu, B.; Zhao, Q.; Li, J.; Gao, T.; Chen, Y. B.; Zhang, Y. F.; Liu, Z. F.; Fan, Z. C.; Yang, F. H. et al. Boron nitride nanopores: Highly sensitive DNA single-molecule detectors. Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 4549–4554.

Wang, L. F.; Wu, B.; Jiang, L. L.; Chen, J. S.; Li, Y. T.; Guo, W.; Hu, P. G.; Liu, Y. Q. Growth and etching of monolayer hexagonal boron nitride. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 4858–4864.

Sun, J.; Zheng, G. Y.; Lee, H.-W.; Liu, N.; Wang, H. T.; Yao, H. B.; Yang, W. S.; Cui, Y. Formation of stable phosphorus-carbon bond for enhanced performance in black phosphorus nanoparticle-graphite composite battery anodes. Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 4573–4580.

Luo, Z.; Maassen, J.; Deng, Y. X.; Du, Y. C.; Garrelts, R. P.; Lundstrom, M. S.; Ye, P. D.; Xu, X. F. Anisotropic in-plane thermal conductivity observed in few-layer black phosphorus. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 8572.

Yuan, J. T.; Najmaei, S.; Zhang, Z. H.; Zhang, J.; Lei, S. D.; Ajayan, P. M.; Yakobson, B. I.; Lou, J. Photoluminescence quenching and charge transfer in artificial heterostacks of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides and few-layer black phosphorus. ACS Nano 2015, 9, 555–563.

Lukatskaya, M. R.; Mashtalir, O.; Ren, C. E.; Dall'Agnese, Y.; Rozier, P.; Taberna, P. L.; Naguib, M.; Simon, P.; Barsoum, M. W.; Gogotsi, Y. Cation intercalation and high volumetric capacitance of two-dimensional titanium carbide. Science 2013, 341, 1502–1505.

Liang, X.; Garsuch, A.; Nazar, L. F. Sulfur cathodes based on conductive MXene nanosheets for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 3907–3911.

Ling, Z.; Ren, C. E.; Zhao, M.-Q.; Yang, J.; Giammarco, J. M.; Qiu, J. S.; Barsoum, M. W.; Gogotsi, Y. Flexible and conductive MXene films and nanocomposites with high capacitance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2014, 111, 16676–16681.

Yin, H. B.; Zhu, J. P.; Guan, X. M.; Yang, Z. P.; Zhu, Y.; Zhao, H. Y.; Zhang, Z. Y.; Zhou, A. G.; Zhang, X.; Feng, C. H. et al. Effect of MXene (nano-Ti₃C₂) on early-age hydration of cement paste. J. Nanomater. 2015, 2015, Article ID 430578.

Yan, W.; He, W.-Y.; Chu, Z.-D.; Liu, M. X.; Meng, L.; Dou, R.-F.; Zhang, Y. F.; Liu, Z. F.; Nie, J.-C.; He, L. Strain and curvature induced evolution of electronic band structures in twisted graphene bilayer. Nat. Commun. 2013, 4, 2159.

Kuzum, D.; Takano, H.; Shim, E.; Reed, J. C.; Juul, H.; Richardson, A. G.; de Vries, J.; Bink, H.; Dichter, M. A.; Lucas, T. H. et al. Transparent and flexible low noise graphene electrodes for simultaneous electrophysiology and neuroimaging. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 5259.

Torrisi, F.; Hasan, T.; Wu, W. P.; Sun, Z. P.; Lombardo, A.; Kulmala, T. S.; Hsieh, G.-W.; Jung, S.; Bonaccorso, F.; Paul, P. J. et al. Inkjet-printed graphene electronics. ACS Nano 2012, 6, 2992–3006.

Chen, J.-H.; Ishigami, M.; Jang, C.; Hines, D. R.; Ruhrer, M. S.; Williams, E. D. Printed graphene circuits. Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 3623–3627.

Avouris, P. Graphene: Electronic and photonic properties and devices. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 4285–4294.

Weiss, N. O.; Zhou, H. L.; Liao, L.; Liu, Y.; Jiang, S.; Huang, Y.; Duan, X. F. Graphene: An emerging electronic material. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 5782–5825.

Schwierz, F. Graphene transistors. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2010, 5, 487‒496.

Kim, B. J.; Jang, H.; Lee, S.-K.; Hong, B. H.; Ahn, J.-H.; Cho, J. H. High-performance flexible graphene field effect transistors with ion gel gate dielectrics. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 3464–3466.

Lee, S.-K.; Jang, H. Y.; Jang, S.; Choi, E.; Hong, B. H.; Lee, J.; Park, S.; Ahn, J.-H. All graphene-based thin film transistors on flexible plastic substrates. Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 3472–3476.

Stine, R.; Robinson, J. T.; Sheehan, P. E.; Tamanaha, C. R. Real-time DNA detection using reduced graphene oxide field effect transistors. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 5297–5300.

He, Q. Y.; Wu, S. X.; Yin, Z. Y.; Zhang, H. Graphene-based electronic sensors. Chem. Sci. 2012, 3, 1764–1772.

Liu, Y. X.; Dong, X. C.; Chen, P. Biological and chemical sensors based on graphene materials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 2283–2307.

Mohanty, N.; Berry, V. Graphene-based single-bacterium resolution biodevice and DNA transistor: Interfacing graphene derivatives with nanoscale and microscale bio­components. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 4469–4476.

Jiang, S.; Cheng, R.; Wang, X.; Xue, T.; Liu, Y.; Nel, A.; Huang, Y.; Duan, X. F. Real-time electrical detection of nitric oxide in biological systems with sub-nanomolar sensitivity. Nat. Commun. 2013, 4, 2225.

Larisika, M.; Kotlowski, C.; Steininger, C.; Mastrogiacomo, R.; Pelosi, P.; Schütz, S.; Peteu, S. F.; Kleber, C.; Reiner- Rozman, C.; Nowak, C. et al. Electronic olfactory sensor based on A. mellifera odorant-binding protein 14 on a reduced graphene oxide field-effect transistor. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 13245–13248.

Choi, B. G.; Park, H. S.; Park, T. J.; Yang, M. H.; Kim, J. S.; Jang, S.-Y.; Heo, N. S.; Lee, S. Y.; Kong, J.; Hong, W. H. Solution chemistry of self-assembled graphene nanohybrids for high-performance flexible biosensors. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 2910–2918.

Park, S. J.; Kwon, O. S.; Lee, S. H.; Song, H. S.; Park, T. H.; Jang, J. Ultrasensitive flexible graphene based field-effect transistor (FET)-type bioelectronic nose. Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 5082–5090.

An, J. H.; Park, S. J.; Kwon, O. S.; Bae, J.; Jang, J. High- performance flexible graphene aptasensor for mercury detection in mussels. ACS Nano 2013, 7, 10563–10571.

Kosynkin, D. V.; Higginbotham, A. L.; Sinitskii, A.; Lomeda, J. R.; Dimiev, A.; Price, B. K.; Tour, J. M. Longitudinal unzipping of carbon nanotubes to form graphene nanoribbons. Nature 2009, 458, 872–877.

Talirz, L.; Ruffieux, P.; Fasel, R. On-surface synthesis of atomically precise graphene nanoribbons. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 6222–6231.

Bai, J. W.; Zhong, X.; Jiang, S.; Huang, Y. Duan, X. F. Graphene nanomesh. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2010, 5, 190–194.

Kwon, O. S.; Park, S. J.; Hong, J.-Y.; Han, A.-R.; Lee, J. S.; Lee, J. S.; Oh, J. H.; Jang, J. Flexible FET-type VEGF aptasensor based on nitrogen-doped graphene converted from conducting polymer. ACS Nano 2012, 6, 1486–1493.

Lopez-Sanchez, O.; Lambke, D.; Kayci, M.; Radenovic, A.; Kis, A. Ultrasensitive photodetectors based on monolayer MoS₂. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2013, 8, 497–501.

Zhu, C. F.; Zeng, Z. Y.; Li, H.; Li, F.; Fan, C. H.; Zhang, H. Single-layer MoS₂-based nanoprobes for homogeneous detection of biomolecules. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 5998–6001.

He, Q. Y.; Zeng, Z. Y.; Yin, Z. Y.; Li, H.; Wu, S. X.; Huang, X.; Zhang, H. Fabrication of flexible MoS₂ thin- film transistor arrays for practical gas-sensing applications. Small 2012, 8, 2994–2999.

Li, H.; Yin, Z. Y.; He, Q. Y.; Li, H.; Huang, X.; Lu, G.; Fam, D. W. H.; Tok, A. L. Y.; Zhang, Q.; Zhang, H. Fabrication of single- and multilayer MoS₂ film-based field-effect transistors for sensing NO at room temperature. Small 2012, 8, 63–67.

Perkins, F. K.; Feriedman, A. L.; Cobas, E.; Campbell, P. M.; Jernigan, G. G.; Jonker, B. T. Chemical vapor sensing with monolayer MoS₂. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 668–673.

Late, D. J.; Huang, Y.-K.; Liu, B.; Acharya, J.; Shirodkar, S. N.; Luo, J. J.; Yan, A. M.; Charles, D.; Waghmare, U. V.; Dravid, V. P. et al. Sensing behavior of atomically thin- layered MoS₂ transistors. ACS Nano 2013, 7, 4879–4891.

Lee, D.-W.; Lee, J.; Sohn, I. Y.; Kim, B.-Y.; Son, Y. M.; Bark, H.; Jung, J.; Choi, M.; Kim, T. H.; Lee, C. G. et al. Field-effect transistor with a chemically synthesized MoS₂ sensing channel for label-free and highly sensitive electrical detection of DNA hybridization. Nano Res. 2015, 8, 2340–2350.

Chen, M. K.; Nam, H.; Rokni, H.; Wi, S. J.; Yoon, J. S.; Chen, P. Y.; Kurabayashi, K.; Lu, W.; Liang, X. G. Nanoimprint-assisted shear exfoliation (NASE) for producing multilayer MoS₂ structures as field-effect transistor channel arrays. ACS Nano 2015, 9, 8773–8785.

Sarkar, D.; Liu, W.; Xie, X. J.; Anselmo, A. C.; Mitragotri, S.; Banerjee, K. MoS₂ field-effect transistor for next-generation label-free biosensors. ACS Nano 2014, 8, 3992–4003.

Kim, J.; Lee, M.-S.; Jeon, S.; Kim, M.; Kim, S.; Kim, K.; Bien, F.; Hong, S. Y.; Park, J.-U. Highly transparent and stretchable field-effect transistor sensors using graphene- nanowire hybrid nanostructures. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 3292–3297.

Myung, S.; Solanki, A.; Kim, C.; Park, J.; Kim, K. S.; Lee, K.-B. Graphene-encapsulated nanoparticle-based biosensor for the selective detection of cancer biomarkers. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 2221–2225.

Xiao, F.; Li, Y. Q.; Zan, X. L.; Liao, K.; Xu, R.; Duan, H. W. Growth of metal-metal oxide nanostructures on freestanding graphene paper for flexible biosensors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2012, 22, 2487–2494.

Kwon, O. S.; Lee, S. H.; Park, S. J.; An, J. H.; Song, H. S.; Kim, T.; Oh, J. H.; Bae, J.; Yoon, H.; Park, T. H. et al. Large-scale graphene micropattern nano-biohybrids: High- performance transducers for FET-type flexible fluidic HIV immunoassays. Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 4177–4185.

Lee, H.; Choi, T. K.; Lee, Y. B.; Cho, H. R.; Ghaffari, R.; Wang, L.; Choi, H. J.; Chung, T. D.; Lu, N. S.; Hyeon, T. et al. A graphene-based electrochemical device with thermoresponsive microneedles for diabetes monitoring and therapy. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2016, 11, 566–572.

Swisher, S. L.; Lin, M. C.; Liao, A.; Leeflang, E. J.; Khan, Y.; Pavinatto, F. J.; Mann, K.; Naujokas, A.; Young, D.; Roy, S. et al. Impedance sensing device enables early detection of pressure ulcers in vivo. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 6575.

Fan, F.-R.; Lin, L.; Zhu, G.; Wu, W. Z.; Zhang, R.; Wang, Z. L. Transparent triboelectric nanogenerators and self- powered pressure sensors based on micropatterned plastic films. Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 3109–3114.

Kim. S. L.; Choi, K.; Tazebay, A.; Yu, C. Flexible power fabrics made of carbon nanotubes for harvesting ther­moelectricity. ACS Nano 2014, 8, 2377–2386.

Yang, P.-K.; Lin, L.; Yi, F.; Li, X. H.; Pradel, K. C.; Zi, Y. L.; Wu, C.-I.; He, J.-H.; Zhang, Y.; Wang Z. L. A flexible, stretchable and shape-adaptive approach for versatile energy conversion and self-powered biomedical monitoring. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 3817–3824.

Li, Z. T.; Wang, Z. L. Air/liquid-pressure and heartbeat- driven flexible fiber nanogenerators as a micro/nano-power source or diagnostic sensor. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 84–89.

Kim, T.-I.; McCall, J. G.; Jung, Y. H.; Huang, X.; Siuda, E. R.; Li, Y. H.; Song, J. Z.; Song, Y. M.; Pao, H. A.; Kim, R.-H. et al. Injectable, cellular-scale optoelectronics with applications for wireless optogenetics. Science 2013, 340, 211–217.

Jeon, J.; Lee, H.-B.-R.; Bao, Z. N. Flexible wireless tem­perature sensors based on Ni microparticle-filled binary polymer composites. Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 850–855.

Chen, K.; Gao, W.; Emaminejad, S.; Kiriya, D.; Ota, H.; Nyein, H. Y. Y.; Takei, K.; Javey, A. Printed carbon nanotube electronics and sensor systems. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 4397–4414.

Fukuda, K.; Takeda, Y.; Yoshimura, Y.; Shiwaku, R.; Tran, L. T.; Sekine T.; Mizukami, M.; Kumaki, D.; Tokito, S. Fully-printed high-performance organic thin-film transistors and circuitry on one-micron-thick polymer films. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 4147.

Chen, L. Y.; Tee, B. C.-K.; Chortos, A. L.; Schwartz, G.; Tse, V.; Lipomi, D. J.; Wong, H.-S. P.; McConnell, M. V.; Bao, Z. N. Continuous wireless pressure monitoring and mapping with ultra-small passive sensors for health monitoring and critical care. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 5028.

Shin, G. C.; Yoon, C. H.; Bae, M. Y.; Kim, Y. C.; Hong, S. K.; Rogers, J. A.; Ha, J. S. Stretchable field-effect-transistor array of suspended SnO₂ nanowires. Small 2011, 7, 1181– 1185.

Liu, X.; Long, Y.-Z.; Liao, L.; Duan, X. F.; Fan, Z. Y. Large-scale integration of semiconductor nanowires for high-performance flexible electronics. ACS Nano 2012, 6, 1888–1900.

Wu, W. W.; Bai, S.; Yuan, M. M.; Qin, Y.; Wang, Z. L.; Jing, T. Lead zirconate titanate nanowire textile nano­generator for wearable energy-harvesting and self-powered devices. ACS Nano 2012, 6, 6231–6235.

Wei, D. C.; Liu, Y. Q. Controllable synthesis of graphene and its applications. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 3225–3241.

Zhou, Y.; Loh, K. P. Making patterns on graphene. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 3615–3620.

Zhu, Y.; James, D. K.; Tour, J. M. New routes to graphene, graphene oxide and their related applications. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 4924–4955.

Hwang, S.-W.; Song, J.-K.; Huang, X.; Cheng, H. Y.; Kang, S.-K.; Kim, B. H.; Kim J.-H.; Yu, S.; Huang, Y. G.; Rogers, J. A. High-performance biodegradable/transient electronics on biodegradable polymers. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 3905–3911.

Yin, L.; Huang, X.; Xu, H. X.; Zhang, Y. F.; Lam, J.; Cheng, J. J.; Rogers, J. A. Materials, designs, and operational characteristics for fully biodegradable primary batteries. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 3879–3884.

Zhang, R. F.; Wen, Q.; Qian, W. Z.; Su, D. S.; Zhang, Q.; Wei, F. Superstrong ultralong carbon nanotubes for mechanical energy storage. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 3387– 3391.

Kim, S.-K.; Koo, H.-J.; Lee, A.; Braun, P. V. Selective wetting-induced micro-electrode patterning for flexible micro-supercapacitors. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 5108–5112.

Yang, Z. B.; Deng, J.; Sun, H.; Ren, J.; Pan, S. W.; Peng, H. S. Self-powered energy fiber: Energy conversion in the sheath and storage in the core. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 7038–7042.

Fan, F. R.; Tang, W.; Wang, Z. L. Flexible nanogenerators for energy harvesting and self-powered electronics. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 4283–4305.