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Research Article

Multifunctional SnO2/3D graphene hybrid materials for sodium-ion and lithium-ion batteries with excellent rate capability and long cycle life

Jung-In Lee1,§, Junhua Song1,§, Younghwan Cha1, Shaofang Fu1, Chengzhou Zhu1, Xiaolin Li2, Yuehe Lin1,3( ), Min-Kyu Song1( )
School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Washington State University PullmanWA 99164 USA
Energy & Environment Directorate Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWA 99352 USA
Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWA 99352 USA

§ Jung-In Lee and Junhua Song contributed equally to this work.

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Graphical Abstract

Abstract

SnO2 is a promising material for both Li-ion and Na-ion batteries owing to its high theoretical capacities. Unfortunately, the electrochemical performance of SnO2 is unsatisfactory because of the large volume change that occurs during cycling, low electronic conductivity of inactive oxide matrix, and poor kinetics, which are particularly severe in Na-ion batteries. Herein, ultra-fine SnO2 nanocrystals anchored on a unique three-dimensional (3D) porous reduced graphene oxide (rGO) matrix are described as promising bifunctional electrodes for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries with excellent rate capability and long cycle life. Ultra-fine SnO2 nanocrystals of size ~6 nm are well-coordinated to the graphene sheets that comprise the 3D macro-porous structure. Notably, superior rate capability was obtained up to 3 C (1/n C is a measure of the rate that allows the cell to be charged/discharged in n h) for both batteries. In situ X-ray diffractometry measurements during lithiation (or sodiation) and delithiation (or desodiation) were combined with various electrochemical techniques to reveal the real-time phase evolution. This critical information was linked with the internal resistance, ion diffusivity (DLi+ and DNa+), and the unique structure of the composite electrode materials to explain their excellent electrochemical performance. The improved capacity and superior rate capabilities demonstrated in this work can be ascribed to the enhanced transport kinetics of both electrons and ions within the electrode structure because of the well-interconnected, 3D macro-porous rGO matrix. The porous rGO matrix appears to play a more important role in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), where the larger mass/radius of Na-ions are marked concerns.

Keywords

sodium-ion batteries (SIBs)lithium-ion batteries (LIBs)SnO2three-dimensional (3D) graphenehybrid materials

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Nano Research
Volume 10 Issue 12,
December 2017
Pages 4398-4414
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-017-1756-3
Cite this article:
Lee J-I, Song J, Cha Y, et al. Multifunctional SnO2/3D graphene hybrid materials for sodium-ion and lithium-ion batteries with excellent rate capability and long cycle life. Nano Research, 2017, 10(12): 4398-4414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-017-1756-3

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Received: 30 April 2017
Revised: 03 July 2017
Accepted: 04 July 2017
Published: 26 August 2017
© Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017
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