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Research Article

Revealing the anion intercalation behavior and surface evolution of graphite in dual-ion batteries via in situ AFM

Kai Yang1,§, Langlang Jia1,§, Xinhua Liu2, Zijian Wang1, Yan Wang1, Yiwei Li1, Haibiao Chen1, Billy Wu2, Luyi Yang1( ), Feng Pan1( )
School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK

§ Kai Yang and Langlang Jia contributed equally to this work.

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Graphical Abstract

Abstract

Graphite as a positive electrode material of dual ion batteries (DIBs) has attracted tremendous attentions for its advantages including low lost, high working voltage and high energy density. However, very few literatures regarding to the real-time observation of anion intercalation behavior and surface evolution of graphite in DIBs have been reported. Herein, we use in situ atomic force microscope (AFM) to directly observe the intercalation/de-intercalation processes of PF6- in graphite in real time. First, by measuring the change in the distance between graphene layers during intercalation, we found that PF6- intercalates in one of every three graphite layers and the intercalation speed is measured to be 2 μm·min-1. Second, graphite will wrinkle and suffer structural damages at high voltages, along with severe electrolyte decomposition on the surface. These findings provide useful information for further optimizing the capacity and the stability of graphite anode in DIBs.

Keywords

surface reactionstructure evolutiondual ion batteryin situ atomic force microscope (AFM)graphite positive electrodehierarchical anion intercalation

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Nano Research
Volume 13 Issue 2,
February 2020
Pages 412-418
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-020-2623-1
Cite this article:
Yang K, Jia L, Liu X, et al. Revealing the anion intercalation behavior and surface evolution of graphite in dual-ion batteries via in situ AFM. Nano Research, 2020, 13(2): 412-418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-2623-1
Topics:
AnodesAtomic force microscopyElectric batteries ElectrolytesIons

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Received: 14 October 2019
Revised: 19 December 2019
Accepted: 22 December 2019
Published: 13 January 2020
© Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
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