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Review Article

A mini-review on rare-earth down-conversion nanoparticles for NIR-II imaging of biological systems

Yeteng Zhong, Hongjie Dai( )
Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Graphical Abstract

Abstract

Rare-earth (RE) based luminescent probes exhibit rich optical properties including upconversion and down-conversion luminescence spanning a broad spectral range from 300 to 3,000 nm, and have generated great scientific and practical interest from telecommunication to biological imaging. While upconversion nanoparticles have been investigated for decades, down-conversion luminescence of RE-based probes in the second near-infrared (NIR-II, 1,000-1,700 nm) window for in vivo biological imaging with sub-centimeter tissue penetration and micrometer image resolution has come into light only recently. In this review, we present recent progress on RE-based NIR-II probes for in vivo vasculature and molecular imaging with a focus on Er3+-based nanoparticles due to the down-conversion luminescence at the long-wavelength end of the NIR-II window (NIR-IIb, 1,500-1,700 nm). Imaging in NIR-IIb is superior to imaging with organic probes such as ICG and IRDye800 in the ~ 800 nm NIR range and the 1,000-1,300 nm short end of NIR-II range, owing to minimized light scattering and autofluorescence background. Doping by cerium and other ions and phase engineering of Er3+-based nanoparticles, combined with surface hydrophilic coating optimization can afford ultrabright, biocompatible NIR-IIb probe towards clinical translation for human use. The Nd3+-based probes with NIR-II emission at 1,050 and 1,330 nm are also discussed, including Nd3+ doped nanocrystals and Nd3+-organic ligand complexes. This review also points out future directions for further development of multi-functional RE NIR-II probes for biological imaging.

Keywords

rare earthdown-conversionnear-infraredbiological imaging

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Nano Research
Volume 13 Issue 5,
May 2020
Pages 1281-1294
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-020-2721-0
Cite this article:
Zhong Y, Dai H. A mini-review on rare-earth down-conversion nanoparticles for NIR-II imaging of biological systems. Nano Research, 2020, 13(5): 1281-1294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-2721-0
Topics:
BiocompatibilityLightLuminescenceMolecular imagingNanoparticlesOptical propertiesProbesRare earths

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Received: 18 November 2019
Revised: 28 January 2020
Accepted: 17 February 2020
Published: 25 March 2020
© Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
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