AI Chat Paper
Note: Please note that the following content is generated by AMiner AI. SciOpen does not take any responsibility related to this content.
{{lang === 'zh_CN' ? '文章概述' : 'Summary'}}
{{lang === 'en_US' ? '中' : 'Eng'}}
Chat more with AI
Powered by AMiner. Clicking this button will take you away from SciOpen.
Home Nano Research Article
Article Link
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Submit Manuscript
Show Outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Research Article

Unexpected Kirkendall effect in twinned icosahedral nanocrystals driven by strain gradient

Jingbo Huang1, Yucong Yan1,2, Xiao Li1, Xurong Qiao3, Xingqiao Wu1, Junjie Li1, Rong Shen1, Deren Yang1( ), Hui Zhang1( )
State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
Advanced Technology Department, SAIC Motor Corporation Limited, Shanghai 201804, China
State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
Show Author Information

Graphical Abstract

Abstract

Nanoscale Kirkendall effect has been widely used for rationally fabricating high-quality hollow nanocrystals, but often requires the intrinsic diffusion coefficient of out-diffusion materials higher than that of in-diffusion components. Here we demonstrate an unexpected Kirkendall effect that occurs in diffusing intrinsically faster Cu atoms into Pd icosahedra, leading to the formation of PdCu alloyed hollow nanocrystals. The control experiment with Pd octahedra replacing icosahedra indicates the critical role of twin boundaries in facilitating such unexpected Kirkendall effect. In addition, geometric phase analysis and density functional theory calculation show that out-diffusion of Pd atoms in the icosahedra is faster than in-diffusion of Cu atoms, particularly through the twin boundaries, upon the strain gradient with an inward distribution from tensile to compressive strains. The unexpected Kirkendall effect is also found in the interdiffusion of Ag and Pd atoms in Pd icosahedra. Our finds break the limitation of the intrinsic diffusion coefficient for the synthesis of hollow nanocrystals through Kirkendall effect and are expected to enormously enrich the family of hollow nanocrystals which have shown great potential in broad areas, such as fine chemical production, energy storage and conversion, and environmental protection. This work also provides a deep understanding in the diffusion behavior of atoms upon the strain gradient.

Keywords

Kirkendall effectdiffusion coefficientinterdiffusionchemical potentialicosahedral nanocrystalsstrain gradient

Electronic Supplementary Material

Download File(s)
12274_2020_2903_MOESM1_ESM.pdf (8.3 MB)

References

[1]
Smigelskas, A. D.; Kirkendall, E. O. Zinc diffusion in alpha brass. Trans. AIME 1947, 171, 130-142.
Google Scholar
[2]
Kirkendall, E. O. Diffusion of zinc in alpha brass. Trans. AIME 1942, 147, 104-110.
Google Scholar
[3]
Yin, Y. D.; Rioux, R. M.; Erdonmez, C. K.; Hughes, S.; Somorjai, G. A.; Alivisatos, A. P. Formation of hollow nanocrystals through the nanoscale Kirkendall effect. Science 2004, 304, 711-714.
Crossref Google Scholar
[4]
Fan, H. J.; Knez, M.; Scholz, R.; Nielsch, K.; Pippel, E.; Hesse, D.; Zacharias, M.; Gösele, U. Monocrystalline spinel nanotube fabrication based on the Kirkendall effect. Nat. Mater. 2006, 5, 627-631.
Crossref Google Scholar
[5]
Chen, C.; Kang, Y. J.; Huo, Z. Y.; Zhu, Z. W.; Huang, W. Y.; Xin, H. L.; Snyder, J. D.; Li, D. G.; Herron, J. A.; Mavrikakis, M. et al. Highly crystalline multimetallic nanoframes with three-dimensional electrocatalytic surfaces. Science 2014, 343, 1339-1343.
Crossref Google Scholar
[6]
González, E.; Arbiol, J.; Puntes, V. F. Carving at the nanoscale: Sequential galvanic exchange and kirkendall growth at room temperature. Science 2011, 334, 1377-1380.
Crossref Google Scholar
[7]
Fan, H. J.; Gösele, U.; Zacharias, M. Formation of nanotubes and hollow nanoparticles based on Kirkendall and diffusion processes: A review. Small 2007, 3, 1660-1671.
Crossref Google Scholar
[8]
Fan, H. J.; Yang, Y.; Zacharias, M. ZnO-based ternary compound nanotubes and nanowires. J. Mater. Chem. 2009, 19, 885-900.
Crossref Google Scholar
[9]
Chou, N. H.; Schaak, R. E. Shape-controlled conversion of β-Sn nanocrystals into intermetallic M-Sn (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Pd) nanocrystals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 7339-7345.
Crossref Google Scholar
[10]
He, T. O.; Wang, W. C.; Yang, X. L.; Cao, Z. M.; Kuang, Q.; Wang, Z.; Shan, Z. W.; Jin, M. S.; Yin, Y. D. Inflating hollow nanocrystals through a repeated Kirkendall cavitation process. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 1261.
Crossref Google Scholar
[11]
Jana, S.; Chang, J. W.; Rioux, R. M. Synthesis and modeling of hollow intermetallic Ni-Zn nanoparticles formed by the Kirkendall effect. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 3618-3625.
Crossref Google Scholar
[12]
Niu, K. Y.; Park, J.; Zheng, H. M.; Alivisatos, A. P. Revealing bismuth oxide hollow nanoparticle formation by the Kirkendall effect. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 5715-5719.
Crossref Google Scholar
[13]
Peng, S.; Sun, S. H. Synthesis and characterization of monodisperse hollow Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 4155-4158.
Crossref Google Scholar
[14]
Yin, Y.; Erdonmez, C. K.; Cabot, A.; Hughes, S.; Alivisatos, A. P. Colloidal synthesis of hollow cobalt sulfide nanocrystals. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2006, 16, 1389-1399.
Crossref Google Scholar
[15]
Wang, Y.; Cai, L.; Xia, Y. Monodisperse spherical colloids of Pb and their use as chemical templates to produce hollow particles. Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 473-477.
Crossref Google Scholar
[16]
Henkes, A. E.; Vasquez, Y.; Schaak, R. E. Converting metals into phosphides: A general strategy for the synthesis of metal phosphide nanocrystals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 1896-1897.
Crossref Google Scholar
[17]
Feng, J. R.; Lv, F.; Zhang, W. Y.; Li, P. H.; Wang, K.; Yang, C.; Wang, B.; Yang, Y.; Zhou, J. H.; Lin, F. et al. Iridium-based multimetallic porous hollow nanocrystals for efficient overall-water-splitting catalysis. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1703798.
Crossref Google Scholar
[18]
Zhang, L.; Roling, L. T.; Wang, X.; Vara, M.; Chi, M. F.; Liu, J. Y.; Choi, S. I.; Park, J.; Herron, J. A.; Xie, Z. X. et al. Platinum-based nanocages with subnanometer-thick walls and well-defined, controllable facets. Science 2015, 349, 412-416.
Crossref Google Scholar
[19]
Yan, K.; Lu, Z. D.; Lee, H. W.; Xiong, F.; Hsu, P. C.; Li, Y. Z.; Zhao, J.; Chu, S.; Cui, Y. Selective deposition and stable encapsulation of lithium through heterogeneous seeded growth. Nat. Energy 2016, 1, 16010.
Crossref Google Scholar
[20]
Ren, H.; Yu, R. B.; Wang, J. Y.; Jin, Q.; Yang, M.; Mao, D.; Kisailus, D.; Zhao, H. J.; Wang, D. Multishelled TiO2 hollow microspheres as anodes with superior reversible capacity for lithium ion batteries. Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 6679-6684.
Crossref Google Scholar
[21]
Chen, Y.; Li, W. Z.; Wang, J. Y.; Gan, Y. L.; Liu, L.; Ju, M. T. Microwave-assisted ionic liquid synthesis of Ti3+ self-doped TiO2 hollow nanocrystals with enhanced visible-light photoactivity. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2016, 191, 94-105.
Crossref Google Scholar
[22]
Yang, X.; Gilroy, K. D.; Vara, M.; Zhao, M.; Zhou, S.; Xia, Y. N. Gold icosahedral nanocages: Facile synthesis, optical properties, and fragmentation under ultrasonication. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2017, 683, 613-618.
Crossref Google Scholar
[23]
Zhang, H.; Zhu, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Zhao, L.; Yu, B. One-pot synthesis and hierarchical assembly of hollow Cu2O microspheres with nanocrystals-composed porous multishell and their gas-sensing properties. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2007, 17, 2766-2771.
Crossref Google Scholar
[24]
Shevchenko, E. V.; Bodnarchuk, M. I.; Kovalenko, M. V.; Talapin, D. V.; Smith, R. K.; Aloni, S.; Heiss, W.; Alivisatos, A. P. Gold/iron oxide core/hollow-shell nanoparticles. Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 4323-4329.
Crossref Google Scholar
[25]
Cai, X. J.; Gao, W.; Ma, M.; Wu, M. Y.; Zhang, L. L.; Zheng, Y. Y.; Chen, H. R.; Shi, J. L. A prussian blue-based core-shell hollow- structured mesoporous nanoparticle as a smart theranostic agent with ultrahigh pH-responsive longitudinal relaxivity. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 6382-6389.
Crossref Google Scholar
[26]
Darken, L. S. Diffusion, mobility and their interrelation through free energy in binary metallic systems. Trans. AIME 1948, 175, 184-201.
Google Scholar
[27]
Masumura, R. A.; Rath, B. B.; Pande, C. S. Analysis of Cu-Ni diffusion in a spherical geometry for excess vacancy production. Acta Mater. 2002, 50, 4535-4544.
Crossref Google Scholar
[28]
Schröder, H.; Samwer, K.; Köster, U. Micromechanism for metallic- glass formation by solid-state reactions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1985, 54, 197-200.
Crossref Google Scholar
[29]
Zeng, K. J.; Stierman, R.; Chiu, T. C.; Edwards, D.; Ano, K.; Tu, K. N. Kirkendall void formation in eutectic SnPb solder joints on bare Cu and its effect on joint reliability. J. Appl. Phys. 2005, 97, 024508.
Crossref Google Scholar
[30]
Tu, K. N.; Gösele, U. Hollow nanostructures based on the Kirkendall effect: Design and stability considerations. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 86, 093111.
Crossref Google Scholar
[31]
Wang, C. M.; Baer, D. R.; Thomas, L. E.; Amonette, J. E.; Antony, J.; Qiang, Y.; Duscher, G. Void formation during early stages of passivation: Initial oxidation of iron nanoparticles at room temperature. J. Appl. Phys. 2005, 98, 094308.
Crossref Google Scholar
[32]
Nakamura, R.; Lee, J. G.; Tokozakura, D.; Mori, H.; Nakajima, H. Formation of hollow ZnO through low-temperature oxidation of Zn nanoparticles. Mater. Lett. 2007, 61, 1060-1063.
Crossref Google Scholar
[33]
Nakamura, R.; Tokozakura, D.; Nakajima, H.; Lee, J. G.; Mori, H. Hollow oxide formation by oxidation of Al and Cu nanoparticles. J. Appl. Phys. 2007, 101, 074303.
Crossref Google Scholar
[34]
Pratt, A.; Lari, L.; Hovorka, O.; Shah, A.; Woffinden, C.; Tear, S. P.; Binns, C.; Kröger, R. Enhanced oxidation of nanoparticles through strain-mediated ionic transport. Nat. Mater. 2014, 13, 26-30.
Crossref Google Scholar
[35]
Marks, L. D.; Howie, A. Multiply-twinned particles in silver catalysts. Nature 1979, 282, 196-198.
Crossref Google Scholar
[36]
Howie, A.; Marks, L. D. Elastic strains and the energy balance for multiply twinned particles. Philos. Mag. A 1984, 49, 95-109.
Crossref Google Scholar
[37]
Wang, H. L.; Zhou, S.; Gilroy, K. D.; Cai, Z. S.; Xia, Y. N. Icosahedral nanocrystals of noble metals: Synthesis and applications. Nano Today 2017, 15, 121-144.
Crossref Google Scholar
[38]
Jin, M. S.; Zhang, H.; Xie, Z. X.; Xia, Y. N. Palladium nanocrystals enclosed by {100} and {111} facets in controlled proportions and their catalytic activities for formic acid oxidation. Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 6352-6357.
Crossref Google Scholar
[39]
Strasser, P.; Koh, S.; Anniyev, T.; Greeley, J.; More, K.; Yu, C. F.; Liu, Z. C.; Kaya, S.; Nordlund, D.; Ogasawara, H. et al. Lattice-strain control of the activity in dealloyed core-shell fuel cell catalysts. Nat. Chem. 2010, 2, 454-460.
Crossref Google Scholar
[40]
Brown, A. M.; Ashby, M. F. Correlations for diffusion constants. Acta Metall. 1980, 28, 1085-1101.
Crossref Google Scholar
[41]
Chakraborty, J.; Welzel, U.; Mittemeijer, E. J. Interdiffusion, phase formation, and stress development in Cu-Pd thin-film diffusion couples: Interface thermodynamics and mechanisms. J. Appl. Phys. 2008, 103, 113512.
Crossref Google Scholar
[42]
Chakraborty, J.; Welzel, U.; Mittemeijer, E. J. Mechanisms of interdiffusion in Pd-Cu thin film diffusion couples. Thin Solid Films 2010, 518, 2010-2020.
Crossref Google Scholar
[43]
Lou, X. W.; Archer, L. A.; Yang, Z. C. Hollow micro-/nanostructures: Synthesis and applications. Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 3987-4019.
Crossref Google Scholar
[44]
Wang, M.; Zhang, W. M.; Wang, J. Z.; Minett, A.; Lo, V.; Liu, H. K.; Chen, J. Mesoporous hollow PtCu nanoparticles for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1, 2391-2394.
Crossref Google Scholar
[45]
Wang, C.; Sui, Y. M.; Xu, M.; Liu, C.; Xiao, G. J.; Zou, B. Synthesis of Ni-Ir nanocages with improved electrocatalytic performance for the oxygen evolution reaction. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2017, 5, 9787-9792.
Crossref Google Scholar
[46]
Zhang, C. H.; Liu, Y.; Chang, Y. X.; Lu, Y. N.; Zhao, S. L.; Xu, D. D.; Dai, Z. H.; Han, M.; Bao, J. C. Component-controlled synthesis of necklace-like hollow NixRuy nanoalloys as electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 17326-17336.
Crossref Google Scholar
[47]
Porter, D. A.; Easterling, K. E.; Sherif, M. Y. Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys, 3rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, 2009; pp 96-98.
Crossref
[48]
Yang, C. Y. Crystallography of decahedral and icosahedral particles: I. geometry of twinning. J. Cryst. Growth 1979, 47, 274-282.
Crossref Google Scholar
[49]
Marks, L. D.; Peng, L. Nanoparticle shape, thermodynamics and kinetics. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 2016, 28, 053001.
Crossref Google Scholar
[50]
Johnson, C. L.; Snoeck, E.; Ezcurdia, M.; Rodríguez-González, B.; Pastoriza-Santos, I.; Liz-Marzán, L. M.; Hÿtch, M. J. Effects of elastic anisotropy on strain distributions in decahedral gold nanoparticles. Nat. Mater. 2008, 7, 120-124.
Crossref Google Scholar
[51]
Ji, W. H.; Qi, W. H.; Li, X.; Zhao, S. L.; Tang, S. S.; Peng, H. C.; Li, S. Q. Investigation of disclinations in Marks decahedral Pd nanoparticles by aberration-corrected HRTEM. Mater. Lett. 2015, 152, 283-286.
Crossref Google Scholar
[52]
Peng, L. X.; Van Duyne, R. P.; Marks, L. D. Strain-induced segregation in bimetallic multiply twinned particles. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2015, 6, 1930-1934.
Crossref Google Scholar
[53]
Hÿtch, M. J.; Snoeck, E.; Kilaas, R. Quantitative measurement of displacement and strain fields from HREM micrographs. Ultramicroscopy 1998, 74, 131-146.
Crossref Google Scholar
[54]
Goris, B.; De Beenhouwer, J.; De Backer, A.; Zanaga, D.; Batenburg, K. J.; Sánchez-Iglesias, A.; Liz-Marzán, L. M.; Van Aert, S.; Bals, S.; Sijbers, J. et al. Measuring lattice strain in three dimensions through electron microscopy. Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 6996-7001.
Crossref Google Scholar
[55]
Xi, Z.; Cheng, X.; Gao, Z. Q.; Wang, M. J.; Cai, T.; Muzzio, M.; Davidson, E.; Chen, O.; Jung, Y.; Sun, S. H. et al. Strain effect in palladium nanostructures as nanozymes. Nano Lett. 2020, 20, 272-277.
Crossref Google Scholar
[56]
Fan, H. J.; Knez, M.; Scholz, R.; Hesse, D.; Nielsch, K.; Zacharias, M.; Gösele, U. Influence of surface diffusion on the formation of hollow nanostructures induced by the Kirkendall effect: The basic concept. Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 993-997.
Crossref Google Scholar
[57]
Sun, Y. G.; Zuo, X. B.; Sankaranarayanan, S. K. R. S.; Peng, S.; Narayanan, B.; Kamath, G. Quantitative 3D evolution of colloidal nanoparticle oxidation in solution. Science 2017, 356, 303-307.
Crossref Google Scholar
[58]
Perdew, J. P.; Burke, K.; Ernzerhof, M. Generalized gradient approximation made simple. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1996, 77, 3865-3868.
Crossref Google Scholar
Nano Research
Volume 13 Issue 10,
October 2020
Pages 2641-2649
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-020-2903-9
Cite this article:
Huang J, Yan Y, Li X, et al. Unexpected Kirkendall effect in twinned icosahedral nanocrystals driven by strain gradient. Nano Research, 2020, 13(10): 2641-2649. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-2903-9
Topics:
Binary alloysCopperCopper alloysDensity functional theoryNanocrystalsPalladium

772

Views

22

Crossref

N/A

Web of Science

24

Scopus

0

CSCD

Altmetrics
Received: 19 March 2020
Revised: 25 April 2020
Accepted: 27 May 2020
Published: 11 July 2020
© Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Return