AI Chat Paper
Note: Please note that the following content is generated by AMiner AI. SciOpen does not take any responsibility related to this content.
{{lang === 'zh_CN' ? '文章概述' : 'Summary'}}
{{lang === 'en_US' ? '中' : 'Eng'}}
Chat more with AI
Powered by AMiner. Clicking this button will take you away from SciOpen.
Home Nano Research Article
Article Link
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Submit Manuscript
Show Outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Research Article

An efficient visible-light photocatalyst for CO2 reduction fabricated by cobalt porphyrin and graphitic carbon nitride via covalent bonding

Shufang Tian1, Sudi Chen1, Xitong Ren1, Yaoqing Hu1, Haiyan Hu1, Jiajie Sun2( ), Feng Bai1( )
Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High- efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
Show Author Information

Graphical Abstract

Abstract

Nanoparticle photosensitizers possess technical advantages for photocatalytic reactions due to enhanced light harvesting and efficient charge transport. Here we report synthesis of semiconductor nanoparticles through covalent coupling and assembly of metalloporphyrin with condensed carbon nitride. The resultant nanoparticles consist of light harvesting component from the condensed carbon nitride and photocatalytic sites from the metalloporphyrins. This synergetic particle system effectively initiates efficient charge separation and transport and exhibits excellent photocatalytic activity for CO2 reduction. The CO production rate can reach up to 57 μmol/(g·h) with a selectivity of 79% over competing H2 evolution. Controlled experiments demonstrate that the combination of light harvesting with photocatalytic activity via covalent assembly is crucial for the high photocatalytic activity. Due to effective charge separation and transfer, the resultant nanoparticle photocatalysts show exceptional photo stability against photo-corrosion under light irradiation, enabling for long-term utilization. This research opens a new way for the development of stable, effective nanoparticle photocatalysts using naturally abundant porphyrin pigments.

Keywords

carbon nitridephotocatalysisCO2 reductiontwo-dimensional nanosheetsporphyrincovalent bondingfunction integrated

Electronic Supplementary Material

Download File(s)
12274_2020_2908_MOESM1_ESM.pdf (2.8 MB)

References

[1]
Inoue, T.; Fujishima, A.; Konishi, S.; Honda, K. Photoelectrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide in aqueous suspensions of semiconductor powders. Nature 1979, 277, 637-638.
Google Scholar
[2]
Mikkelsen, M.; Jørgensen, M.; Krebs, F. C. The teraton challenge. A review of fixation and transformation of carbon dioxide. Energy Environ. Sci. 2010, 3, 43-81.
Google Scholar
[3]
Costentin, C.; Robert, M.; Savéant, J. M. Catalysis of the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 2423-2436.
Google Scholar
[4]
Tu, W. G.; Zhou, Y.; Zou, Z. G. Photocatalytic conversion of CO2 into renewable hydrocarbon fuels: State-of-the-art accomplishment, challenges, and prospects. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 4607-4626.
Google Scholar
[5]
White, J. L.; Baruch, M. F.; Pander III, J. E.; Hu, Y.; Fortmeyer, I. C.; Park, J. E.; Zhang, T.; Liao, K.; Gu, J.; Yan, Y. et al. Light-driven heterogeneous reduction of carbon dioxide: Photocatalysts and photoelectrodes. Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 12888-12935.
Google Scholar
[6]
Liu, K. T.; Li, X. D.; Liang, L.; Wu, J.; Jiao, X. C.; Xu, J. Q.; Sun, Y. F.; Xie, Y. Ni-doped ZnCo2O4 atomic layers to boost the selectivity in solar-driven reduction of CO2. Nano Res. 2018, 11, 2897-2908.
Google Scholar
[7]
Zhang, N.; Long, R.; Gao, C.; Xiong, Y. J. Recent progress on advanced design for photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2 to fuels. Sci. China Mater. 2018, 61, 771-805.
Google Scholar
[8]
Zhu, Y. Z.; Gao, C.; Bai, S.; Chen, S. M.; Long, R.; Song, L.; Li, Z. Q.; Xiong, Y. J. Hydriding Pd cocatalysts: An approach to giant enhancement on photocatalytic CO2 reduction into CH4. Nano Res. 2017, 10, 3396-3406.
Google Scholar
[9]
Xia, Y.; Cheng, B.; Fan, J. J.; Yu, J. G.; Liu, G. Near-infrared absorbing 2D/3D ZnIn2S4/N-doped graphene photocatalyst for highly efficient CO2 capture and photocatalytic reduction. Sci. China Mater. 2020, 63, 552-565.
Google Scholar
[10]
Ma, Y.; Wang, X. L.; Jia, Y. S.; Chen, X. B.; Han, H. X.; Li, C. Titanium dioxide-based nanomaterials for photocatalytic fuel generations. Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 9987-10043.
Google Scholar
[11]
Cao, S. W.; Low, J. X.; Yu, J. G.; Jaroniec, M. Polymeric photocatalysts based on graphitic carbon nitride. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 2150-2176.
Google Scholar
[12]
Morris, A. J.; Meyer, G. J.; Fujita, E. Molecular approaches to the photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide for solar fuels. Acc. Chem. Res. 2009, 42, 1983-1994.
Google Scholar
[13]
Zhang, T.; Lin, W. B. Metal-organic frameworks for artificial photosynthesis and photocatalysis. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 5982-5993.
Google Scholar
[14]
Li, X.; Yu, J. G.; Jaroniec, M.; Chen, X. B. Cocatalysts for selective photoreduction of CO2 into solar fuels. Chem. Rev. 2019, 119, 3962-4179.
Google Scholar
[15]
Dhakshinamoorthy, A.; Asiri, A. M.; Garcia, H. Metal-organic framework (MOF) compounds: Photocatalysts for redox reactions and solar fuel production. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 5414-5445.
Google Scholar
[16]
Tran, P. D.; Wong, L. H.; Barber, J.; Loo, J. S. C. Recent advances in hybrid photocatalysts for solar fuel production. Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 5902-5918.
Google Scholar
[17]
Yu, J. G.; Low, J.; Xiao, W.; Zhou, P.; Jaroniec, M. Enhanced photocatalytic CO2-reduction activity of anatase TiO2 by coexposed {001} and {101} facets. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 8839-8842.
Google Scholar
[18]
Lee, S. K.; Kondo, M.; Okamura, M.; Enomoto, T.; Nakamura, G.; Masaoka, S. Function-integrated Ru catalyst for photochemical CO2 reduction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 16899-16903.
Google Scholar
[19]
Takeda, H.; Koike, K.; Inoue, H.; Ishitani, O. Development of an efficient photocatalytic system for CO2 reduction using rhenium(I) complexes based on mechanistic studies. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 2023-2031.
Google Scholar
[20]
Gholamkhass, B.; Mametsuka, H.; Koike, K.; Tanabe, T.; Furue, M.; Ishitani, O. Architecture of supramolecular metal complexes for photocatalytic CO2 reduction: Ruthenium-rhenium Bi- and tetranuclear complexes. Inorg. Chem. 2005, 44, 2326-2336.
Google Scholar
[21]
Windle, C. D.; Perutz, R. N. Advances in molecular photocatalytic and electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2012, 256, 2562-2570.
Google Scholar
[22]
Takeda, H.; Ishitani, O. Development of efficient photocatalytic systems for CO2 reduction using mononuclear and multinuclear metal complexes based on mechanistic studies. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2010, 254, 346-354.
Google Scholar
[23]
Nakada, A.; Kuriki, R.; Sekizawa, K.; Nishioka, S.; Vequizo, J. J. M.; Uchiyama, T.; Kawakami, N.; Lu, D. L.; Yamakata, A.; Uchimoto, Y. et al. Effects of interfacial electron transfer in metal complex-semiconductor hybrid photocatalysts on Z-scheme CO2 reduction under visible light. ACS Catal. 2018, 8, 9744-9754.
Google Scholar
[24]
Sekizawa, K.; Maeda, K.; Domen, K.; Koike, K.; Ishitani, O. Artificial Z-scheme constructed with a supramolecular metal complex and semiconductor for the photocatalytic reduction of CO2. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 4596-4599.
Google Scholar
[25]
Arai, T.; Sato, S.; Kajino, T.; Morikawa, T. Solar CO2 reduction using H2O by a semiconductor/metal-complex hybrid photocatalyst: Enhanced efficiency and demonstration of a wireless system using SrTiO3 photoanodes. Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 1274-1282.
Google Scholar
[26]
Takeda, H.; Cometto, C.; Ishitani, O.; Robert, M. Electrons, photons, protons and earth-abundant metal complexes for molecular catalysis of CO2 reduction. ACS Catal. 2017, 7, 70-88.
Google Scholar
[27]
Chen, L. J.; Guo, Z. G.; Wei, X. G.; Gallenkamp, C.; Bonin, J.; Anxolabehere-Mallart, E.; Lau, K. C.; Lau, T. C.; Robert, M. Molecular catalysis of the electrochemical and photochemical reduction of CO2 with earth-abundant metal complexes. Selective production of CO vs. HCOOH by switching of the metal center. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 10918-10921.
Google Scholar
[28]
Wang, X. C.; Maeda, K.; Thomas, A.; Takanabe, K.; Xin, G.; Carlsson, J. M.; Domen, K.; Antonietti, M. A metal-free polymeric photocatalyst for hydrogen production from water under visible light. Nat. Mater. 2009, 8, 76-80.
Google Scholar
[29]
Wang, Y.; Wang, X. C.; Antonietti, M. Polymeric graphitic carbon nitride as a heterogeneous organocatalyst: From photochemistry to multipurpose catalysis to sustainable chemistry. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 68-89.
Google Scholar
[30]
Ong, W. J.; Tan, L. L.; Ng, Y. H.; Yong, S. T.; Chai, S. P. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based photocatalysts for artificial photosynthesis and environmental remediation: Are we a step closer to achieving sustainability? Chem. Rev. 2016, 116, 7159-7329.
Google Scholar
[31]
Yu, M. Q.; Qu, Y.; Pan, K.; Wang, G. F.; Li, Y. D. Enhanced photoelectric conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells by the synergetic effect of NaYF4: Er3+/Yb3+ and g-C3N4. Sci. China Mater. 2017, 60, 228-238.
Google Scholar
[32]
Ong, W. J.; Putri, L. K.; Tan, Y. C.; Tan, L. L.; Li, N.; Ng, Y. H.; Wen, X. M.; Chai, S. P. Unravelling charge carrier dynamics in protonated g-C3N4 interfaced with carbon nanodots as co-catalysts toward enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction: A combined experimental and first-principles DFT study. Nano Res. 2017, 10, 1673-1696.
Google Scholar
[33]
Han, C. Q.; Li, J.; Ma, Z. Y.; Xie, H. Q.; Waterhouse, G. I. N.; Ye, L. Q.; Zhang, T. R. Black phosphorus quantum dot/g-C3N4 composites for enhanced CO2 photoreduction to CO. Sci. China Mater. 2018, 61, 1159-1166.
Google Scholar
[34]
Tang, S. F.; Yin, X. P.; Wang, G. Y.; Lu, X. L.; Lu, T. B. Single titanium-oxide species implanted in 2D g-C3N4 matrix as a highly efficient visible-light CO2 reduction photocatalyst. Nano Res. 2019, 12, 457-462.
Google Scholar
[35]
Kuriki, R.; Matsunaga, H.; Nakashima, T.; Wada, K.; Yamakata, A.; Ishitani, O.; Maeda, K. Nature-inspired, highly durable CO2 reduction system consisting of a binuclear ruthenium(II) complex and an organic semiconductor using visible light. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 5159-5170.
Google Scholar
[36]
Kuriki, R.; Maeda, K. Development of hybrid photocatalysts constructed with a metal complex and graphitic carbon nitride for visible-light-driven CO2 reduction. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2017, 19, 4938-4950.
Google Scholar
[37]
Kumar, A.; Kumar, P.; Borkar, R.; Bansiwal, A.; Labhsetwar, N.; Jain, S. L. Metal-organic hybrid: Photoreduction of CO2 using graphitic carbon nitride supported heteroleptic iridium complex under visible light irradiation. Carbon 2017, 123, 371-379.
Google Scholar
[38]
Maeda, K.; Sekizawa, K.; Ishitani, O. Polymeric-semiconductor- metal-complex hybrid photocatalyst for visible-light CO2 reduction. Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 10127-10129.
Google Scholar
[39]
Maeda, K. Metal-complex/semiconductor hybrid photocatalysts and photoelectrodes for CO2 reduction driven by visible light. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1808205.
Google Scholar
[40]
Zhang, J. S.; Zhang, G. G.; Chen, X. F.; Lin, S.; Möhlmann, L.; Dolega, G.; Lipner, G.; Antonietti, M.; Blechert, S.; Wang, X. C. Co-monomer control of carbon nitride semiconductors to optimize hydrogen evolution with visible light. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 3183-3187.
Google Scholar
[41]
Zhang, J. S.; Chen, X. F.; Takanabe, K.; Maeda, K.; Domen, K.; Epping, J. D.; Fu, X. Z.; Antonietti, M.; Wang, X. C. Synthesis of a carbon nitride structure for visible-light catalysis by copolymerization. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 441-444.
Google Scholar
[42]
Diercks, C. S.; Lin, S.; Kornienko, N.; Kapustin, E. A.; Nichols, E. M.; Zhu, C. H.; Zhao, Y. B.; Chang, C. J.; Yaghi, O. M. Reticular electronic tuning of porphyrin active sites in covalent organic frameworks for electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 1116-1122.
Google Scholar
[43]
Lin, S.; Diercks, C. S.; Zhang, Y. B.; Kornienko, N.; Nichols, E. M.; Zhao, Y. B.; Paris, A. R.; Kim, D.; Yang, P. D.; Yaghi, O. M. et al. Covalent organic frameworks comprising cobalt porphyrins for catalytic CO2 reduction in water. Science 2015, 349, 1208-1213.
Google Scholar
[44]
Rao, H.; Lim, C. H.; Bonin, J.; Miyake, G. M.; Robert, M. Visible-light- driven conversion of CO2 to CH4 with an organic sensitizer and an iron porphyrin catalyst. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 17830-17834.
Google Scholar
[45]
Zhang, H. B.; Wei, J.; Dong, J. C.; Liu, G. G.; Shi, L.; An, P. F.; Zhao, G. X.; Kong, J. T.; Wang, X. J.; Meng, X. G. et al. Efficient visible-light-driven carbon dioxide reduction by a single-atom implanted metal-organic framework. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 14310-14314.
Google Scholar
[46]
Bai, F.; Bian, K. F.; Huang, X.; Wang, Z. W.; Fan, H. Y. Pressure induced nanoparticle phase behavior, property, and applications. Chem. Rev. 2019, 119, 7673-7717.
Google Scholar
[47]
Liu, Y. Q.; Wang, L.; Feng, H. X.; Ren, X. T.; Ji, J. J.; Bai, F.; Fan, H. Y. Microemulsion-assisted self-assembly and synthesis of size- controlled porphyrin nanocrystals with enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Nano Lett. 2019, 19, 2614-2619.
Google Scholar
[48]
Wei, W. B.; Bai, F.; Fan, H. Y. Surfactant-assisted cooperative self- assembly of nanoparticles into active nanostructures. iScience 2019, 11, 272-293.
Google Scholar
[49]
Wang, D.; Niu, L. J.; Qiao, Z. Y.; Cheng, D. B.; Wang, J. F.; Zhong, Y.; Bai, F.; Wang, H.; Fan, H. Y. Synthesis of self-assembled porphyrin nanoparticle photosensitizers. ACS Nano 2018, 12, 3796-3803.
Google Scholar
[50]
Zhang, N.; Wang, L.; Wang, H. M.; Cao, R. H.; Wang, J. F.; Bai, F.; Fan, H. Y. Self-assembled one-dimensional porphyrin nanostructures with enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen generation. Nano Lett. 2018, 18, 560-566.
Google Scholar
[51]
Wang, J. F.; Zhong, Y.; Wang, X.; Yang, W. T.; Bai, F.; Zhang, B. B.; Alarid, L.; Bian, K. F.; Fan, H. Y. pH-dependent assembly of porphyrin-silica nanocomposites and their application in targeted photodynamic therapy. Nano Lett. 2017, 17, 6916-6921.
Google Scholar
[52]
Wang, J. F.; Zhong, Y.; Wang, L.; Zhang, N.; Cao, R. H.; Bian, K. F.; Alarid, L.; Haddad, R. E.; Bai, F.; Fan, H. Y. Morphology-controlled synthesis and metalation of porphyrin nanoparticles with enhanced photocatalytic performance. Nano Lett. 2016, 16, 6523-6528.
Google Scholar
[53]
Lin, L.; Hou, C. C.; Zhang, X. H.; Wang, Y. J.; Chen, Y.; He, T. Highly efficient visible-light driven photocatalytic reduction of CO2 over g-C3N4 nanosheets/tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin iron(III) chloride heterogeneous catalysts. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2018, 221, 312-319.
Google Scholar
[54]
Zhao, G. X.; Pang, H.; Liu, G. G.; Li, P.; Liu, H. M.; Zhang, H. B.; Shi, L.; Ye, J. H. Co-porphyrin/carbon nitride hybrids for improved photocatalytic CO2 reduction under visible light. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2017, 200, 141-149.
Google Scholar
[55]
Yang, W.; Yang, F.; Hu, T. L.; King, S. C.; Wang, H. L.; Wu, H.; Zhou, W.; Li, J. R.; Arman, H. D.; Chen, B. L. Microporous diaminotriazine-decorated porphyrin-based hydrogen-bonded organic framework: Permanent porosity and proton conduction. Cryst. Growth Des. 2016, 16, 5831-5835.
Google Scholar
[56]
Niu, P.; Zhang, L. L.; Liu, G.; Cheng, H. M. Graphene-like carbon nitride nanosheets for improved photocatalytic activities. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2012, 22, 4763-4770.
Google Scholar
[57]
Xu, J.; Zhang, L. W.; Shi, R.; Zhu, Y. F. Chemical exfoliation of graphitic carbon nitride for efficient heterogeneous photocatalysis. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1, 14766-14772.
Google Scholar
[58]
Zhang, X. D.; Xie, X.; Wang, H.; Zhang, J. J.; Pan, B. C.; Xie, Y. Enhanced photoresponsive ultrathin graphitic-phase C3N4 nanosheets for bioimaging. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 18-21.
Google Scholar
Nano Research
Volume 13 Issue 10,
October 2020
Pages 2665-2672
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-020-2908-4
Cite this article:
Tian S, Chen S, Ren X, et al. An efficient visible-light photocatalyst for CO2 reduction fabricated by cobalt porphyrin and graphitic carbon nitride via covalent bonding. Nano Research, 2020, 13(10): 2665-2672. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-2908-4
Topics:
Carbon dioxideCarbon nitrideLightNanoparticlesSynthesis (chemical)

766

Views

56

Crossref

N/A

Web of Science

56

Scopus

14

CSCD

Altmetrics
Received: 21 May 2020
Revised: 28 May 2020
Accepted: 29 May 2020
Published: 26 June 2020
© Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Return