AI Chat Paper
Note: Please note that the following content is generated by AMiner AI. SciOpen does not take any responsibility related to this content.
{{lang === 'zh_CN' ? '文章概述' : 'Summary'}}
{{lang === 'en_US' ? '中' : 'Eng'}}
Chat more with AI
Powered by AMiner. Clicking this button will take you away from SciOpen.
Home Nano Research Article
Article Link
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Submit Manuscript
Show Outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Review Article

Recent advances in anisotropic two-dimensional materials and device applications

Jinlai Zhao1,2,3,§, Dingtao Ma2,§, Cong Wang1, Zhinan Guo1( ), Bin Zhang1, Jianqing Li2, Guohui Nie1, Ni Xie1( ), Han Zhang1( )
Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics and Second People’s Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
Faculty of Information Technology, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, Shenzhen 518060, China

§ Jinlai Zhao and Dingtao Ma contributed equally to this work.

Show Author Information

Graphical Abstract

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), black phosphorus (BP), MXene and borophene, have aroused extensive attention since the discovery of graphene in 2004. They have wide range of applications in many research fields, such as optoelectronic devices, energy storage, catalysis, owing to their striking physical and chemical properties. Among them, anisotropic 2D material is one kind of 2D materials that possess different properties along different directions caused by the intrinsic anisotropic atoms’ arrangement of the 2D materials, mainly including BP, borophene, low-symmetry TMDs (ReSe2 and ReS2) and group IV monochalcogenides (SnS, SnSe, GeS, and GeSe). Recently, a series of new devices has been fabricated based on these anisotropic 2D materials. In this review, we start from a brief introduction of the classifications, crystal structures, preparation techniques, stability, as well as the strategy to discriminate the anisotropic characteristics of 2D materials. Then, the recent advanced applications including electronic devices, optoelectronic devices, thermoelectric devices and nanomechanical devices based on the anisotropic 2D materials both in experiment and theory have been summarized. Finally, the current challenges and prospects in device designs, integration, mechanical analysis, and micro-/nano-fabrication techniques related to anisotropic 2D materials have been discussed. This review is aimed to give a generalized knowledge of anisotropic 2D materials and their current devices applications, and thus inspiring the exploration and development of other kinds of new anisotropic 2D materials and various novel device applications.

Keywords

two-dimensional (2D) materialslow-symmetryanisotropic propertiesblack phosphorusdevice applications

References

[1]
K. S. Novoselov,; A. K. Geim,; S. V. Morozov,; D. Jiang,; Y. Zhang,; S. V. Dubonos,; I. V. Grigorieva,; A. A. Firsov, Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 2004, 306, 666-669.
Google Scholar
[2]
X. T. Jiang,; S. X. Liu,; W. Y. Liang,; S. J. Luo,; Z. L. He,; Y. Q. Ge,; H. D. Wang,; R. Cao,; F. Zhang,; Q. Wen, et al. Broadband nonlinear photonics in few-layer MXene Ti3C2Tx (T = F, O, or OH). Laser Photonics Rev. 2018, 12, 1700229.
Google Scholar
[3]
Y. Q. Ge,; Z. F. Zhu,; Y. H. Xu,; Y. X. Chen,; S. Chen,; Z. M. Liang,; Y. F. Song,; Y. S. Zou,; H. B. Zeng,; S. X. Xu, et al. Broadband nonlinear photoresponse of 2D TiS2 for ultrashort pulse generation and all-optical thresholding devices. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2018, 6, 1701166.
Google Scholar
[4]
Y. F. Song,; Z. M. Liang,; X. T. Jiang,; Y. X. Chen,; Z. J. Li,; L. Lu,; Y. Q. Ge,; K. Wang,; J. L Zheng,; S. B. Lu, et al. Few-layer antimonene decorated microfiber: Ultra-short pulse generation and all-optical thresholding with enhanced long term stability. 2D Mater. 2017, 4, 045010.
Google Scholar
[5]
J. Du,; M. Zhang,; Z. Guo,; J. Chen,; X. Zhu,; G. Hu,; P. Peng,; Z. Zheng,; H. Zhang, Phosphorene quantum dot saturable absorbers for ultrafast fiber lasers. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 42357.
Google Scholar
[6]
B. Guo,; S. H. Wang,; Z. X. Wu,; Z. X. Wang,; D. H. Wang,; H. Huang,; F. Zhang,; Y. Q. Ge,; H. Zhang, Sub-200 fs soliton mode-locked fiber laser based on bismuthene saturable absorber. Opt. Express 2018, 26, 22750-22760.
Google Scholar
[7]
P. F. Li,; Y. Chen,; T. S. Yang,; Z. Y. Wang,; H. Lin,; Y. H. Xu,; L. Li,; H. R. Mu,; B. N. Shivananju,; Y. P. Zhang, et al. Two-dimensional CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite nanosheets for ultrafast pulsed fiber lasers. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 12759-12765.
Google Scholar
[8]
J. L. Zheng,; Z. H. Yang,; S. Chen,; Z. M. Liang,; X. Chen,; R. Cao,; Z. N. Guo,; K. Wang,; Y. Zhang,; J. H. Ji, et al. Black phosphorus based all-optical-signal-processing: Toward high performances and enhanced stability. ACS Photonics 2017, 4, 1466-1476.
Google Scholar
[9]
Y. Z. Wang,; W. C. Huang,; C. Wang,; J. Guo,; F. Zhang,; Y. F. Song,; Y. Q. Ge,; L. M. Wu,; J. Liu,; J. Q. Li, et al. An all-optical, actively Q-switched fiber laser by an antimonene-based optical modulator. Laser Photonics Rev. 2019, 13, 1800313.
Google Scholar
[10]
C. Wang,; Y. Z. Wang,; X. T. Jiang,; J. W. Xu,; W. C. Huang,; F. Zhang,; J. F. Liu,; F. M. Yang,; Y. F. Song,; Y. Q. Ge, et al. MXene Ti3C2Tx: A promising photothermal conversion material and application in all-optical modulation and all-optical information loading. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2019, 7, 1900060.
Google Scholar
[11]
Y. Z. Wang,; F. Zhang,; X. Tang,; X. Chen,; Y. X. Chen,; W. C. Huang,; Z. M. Liang,; L. M. Wu,; Y. Q. Ge,; Y. F. Song, et al. All-optical phosphorene phase modulator with enhanced stability under ambient conditions. Laser Photonics Rev. 2018, 12, 1800016.
Google Scholar
[12]
J. L. Zheng,; X. Tang,; Z. H. Yang,; Z. M. Liang,; Y. X. Chen,; K. Wang,; Y. F. Song,; Y. Zhang,; J. H. Ji,; Y. Liu, et al. Few-layer phosphorene-decorated microfiber for all-optical thresholding and optical modulation. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2017, 5, 1700026.
Google Scholar
[13]
L. M. Wu,; W. C. Huang,; Y. Z. Wang,; J. L. Zhao,; D. T. Ma,; Y. J. Xiang,; J. Q. Li,; J. S. Ponraj,; S. C. Dhanabalan,; H. Zhang, 2D tellurium based high-performance all-optical nonlinear photonic devices. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1806346.
Google Scholar
[14]
X. M. Wang,; F. N. Xia, Black phosphorus optoelectronics. In Proceedings of 2016 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, San Jose, USA, 2016, pp. 1-2.
[15]
S. C. Dhanabalan,; J. S. Ponraj,; Z. N. Guo,; S. J. Li,; Q. L. Bao,; H. Zhang, Emerging trends in phosphorene fabrication towards next generation devices. Adv. Sci. 2017, 4, 1600305.
Google Scholar
[16]
E. Singh,; P. Singh,; K. S. Kim,; G. Y. Yeom,; H. S. Nalwa, Flexible molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) atomic layers for wearable electronics and optoelectronics. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 11061-11105.
Google Scholar
[17]
A. Bablich,; S. Kataria,; M. C. Lemme, Graphene and two-dimensional materials for optoelectronic applications. Electronics 2016, 5, 13.
Google Scholar
[18]
F. N. Xia,; H. Wang,; Y. C. Jia, Rediscovering black phosphorus as an anisotropic layered material for optoelectronics and electronics. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 1158.
Google Scholar
[19]
P. F. Yang,; Z. P. Zhang,; M. X. Sun,; F. Lin,; T. Cheng,; J. P. Shi,; C. Y. Xie,; Y. P. Shi,; S. L. Jiang,; Y. H. Huan, et al. Thickness tunable wedding-cake-like MoS2 flakes for high-performance optoelectronics. ACS Nano 2019, 13, 3649-3658.
Google Scholar
[20]
H. S. Lee,; S. W. Min,; Y. G. Chang,; M. K. Park,; T. Nam,; H. Kim,; J. H. Kim,; S. Ryu,; S. Im, MoS2 nanosheet phototransistors with thickness-modulated optical energy gap. Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 3695-3700.
Google Scholar
[21]
N. Haratipour,; S. Namgung,; S. H. Oh,; S. J. Koester, Fundamental limits on the subthreshold slope in schottky source/drain black phosphorus field-effect transistors. ACS Nano 2016, 10, 3791-3800.
Google Scholar
[22]
Y. M. Wang,; K. Ding,; B. Q. Sun,; S. T. Lee,; J. S. Jie, Two- dimensional layered material/silicon heterojunctions for energy and optoelectronic applications. Nano Res. 2016, 9, 72-93.
Google Scholar
[23]
N. J. Huo,; G. Konstantatos, Ultrasensitive all-2D MoS2 phototransistors enabled by an out-of-plane MoS2 PN homojunction. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 572.
Google Scholar
[24]
Y. J. Xu,; J. Yuan,; K. Zhang,; Y. Hou,; Q. Sun,; Y. M. Yao,; S. J. Li,; Q. L. Bao,; H. Zhang,; Y. G. Zhang, Field-induced n-doping of black phosphorus for CMOS compatible 2D logic electronics with high electron mobility. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017, 27, 1702211.
Google Scholar
[25]
S. C. Dhanabalan,; J. S. Ponraj,; Z. N. Guo,; S. J. Li,; Q. L. Bao,; H. Zhang, Emerging trends in phosphorene fabrication towards next generation devices. Adv. Sci. 2017, 4, 1600305.
Google Scholar
[26]
Y. P. Zhang,; C. K. Lim,; Z. G. Dai,; G. N. Yu,; J. W. Haus,; H. Zhang,; P. N. Prasad, Photonics and optoelectronics using nano-structured hybrid perovskite media and their optical cavities. Phys. Rep. 2019, 795, 1-51.
Google Scholar
[27]
R. X. Fei,; A. Faghaninia,; R. Soklaski,; J. A. Yan,; C. Lo,; L. Yang, Enhanced thermoelectric efficiency via orthogonal electrical and thermal conductances in phosphorene. Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 6393-6399.
Google Scholar
[28]
L. D. Zhao,; S. H. Lo,; Y. S. Zhang,; H. Sun,; G. J. Tan,; C. Uher,; C. Wolverton,; V. P. Dravid,; M. G. Kanatzidis, Ultralow thermal conductivity and high thermoelectric figure of merit in SnSe crystals. Nature 2014, 508, 373-377.
Google Scholar
[29]
M. J. Lee,; J. H. Ahn,; J. H. Sung,; H. Heo,; S. G. Jeon,; W. Lee,; J. Y. Song,; K. H. Hong,; B. Choi,; S. H. Lee, et al. Thermoelectric materials by using two-dimensional materials with negative correlation between electrical and thermal conductivity. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 12011.
Google Scholar
[30]
B. Anasori,; M. R. Lukatskaya,; Y. Gogotsi, 2D metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) for energy storage. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2017, 2, 16098.
Google Scholar
[31]
B. Luo,; B. Wang,; X. L. Li,; Y. Y. Jia,; M. H. Liang,; L. J. Zhi, Graphene-confined Sn nanosheets with enhanced lithium storage capability. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 3538-3543.
Google Scholar
[32]
L. Zhou,; Z. C. Zhuang,; H. H. Zhao,; M. T. Lin,; D. Y. Zhao,; L. Q. Mai, Intricate hollow structures: Controlled synthesis and applications in energy storage and conversion. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1602914.
Google Scholar
[33]
Y. H. Xue,; Q. Zhang,; W. J. Wang,; H. Cao,; Q. H. Yang,; L. Fu, Opening two-dimensional materials for energy conversion and storage: A concept. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7, 1602684.
Google Scholar
[34]
M. Qiu,; Z. T. Sun,; D. K. Sang,; X. G. Han,; H. Zhang,; C. M. Niu, Current progress in black phosphorus materials and their applications in electrochemical energy storage. Nanoscale 2017, 9, 13384-13403.
Google Scholar
[35]
Z. J. Xie,; C. Y. Xing,; W. C. Huang,; T. J. Fan,; Z. J. Li,; J. L. Zhao,; Y. J. Xiang,; Z. N. Guo,; J. Q. Li,; Z. G. Yang, et al. Ultrathin 2D nonlayered tellurium nanosheets: Facile liquid-phase exfoliation, characterization, and photoresponse with high performance and enhanced stability. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1705833.
Google Scholar
[36]
Y. Li,; R. H. Wang,; Z. N. Guo,; Z. Xiao,; H. D. Wang,; X. L. Luo,; H. Zhang, Emerging two-dimensional noncarbon nanomaterials for flexible lithium-ion batteries: Opportunities and challenges. J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 25227-25246.
Google Scholar
[37]
R. H. Wang,; X. H. Li,; Z. X. Wang,; H. Zhang, Electrochemical analysis graphite/electrolyte interface in lithium-ion batteries: P-Toluenesulfonyl isocyanate as electrolyte additive. Nano Energy 2017, 34, 131-140.
Google Scholar
[38]
X. H. Ren,; J. Zhou,; X. Qi,; Y. D. Liu,; Z. Y. Huang,; Z. J. Li,; Y. Q. Ge,; S. C. Dhanabalan,; J. S. Ponraj,; S. Y. Wang, et al. Few-layer black phosphorus nanosheets as electrocatalysts for highly efficient oxygen evolution reaction. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7, 1700396.
Google Scholar
[39]
J. J. Duan,; S. Chen,; M. Jaroniec,; S. Z. Qiao, Heteroatom-doped graphene-based materials for energy-relevant electrocatalytic processes. ACS Catal. 2017, 5, 5207-5234.
Google Scholar
[40]
H. Wang,; S. L. Jiang,; W. Shao,; X. D. Zhang,; S. H. Chen,; X, S. Sun,; Q. Zhang,; Y. Luo,; Y. Xie, Optically switchable photocatalysis in ultrathin black phosphorus nanosheets. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 3474-3480.
Google Scholar
[41]
X. Tan,; H. A. Tahini,; S. C. Smith, p-doped graphene/graphitic carbon nitride hybrid electrocatalysts: Unraveling charge transfer mechanisms for enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction performance. ACS Catal. 2016, 6, 7071-7077.
Google Scholar
[42]
C. Sotelo-Vazquez,; R. Quesada-Cabrera,; M. Ling,; D. O. Scanlon,; A. Kafizas,; P. K. Thakur,; T. L. Lee,; A. Taylor,; G. W. Watson,; R. G. Palgrave, et al. Photocatalysis: Evidence and effect of photogenerated charge transfer for enhanced photocatalysis in WO3/TiO2 heterojunction films: A computational and experimental study. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017, 27, 1605413.
Google Scholar
[43]
H. B. Wang,; T. Maiyalagan,; X. Wang, Review on recent progress in nitrogen-doped graphene: Synthesis, characterization, and its potential applications. ACS Catal. 2012, 2, 781-794.
Google Scholar
[44]
Q. Fu,; X. H. Bao Surface chemistry and catalysis confined under two-dimensional materials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017, 46, 1842-1874.
Google Scholar
[45]
D. H. Deng,; K. S. Novoselov,; Q. Fu,; N. Zheng,; Z. Q. Tian,; X. H. Bao, Catalysis with two-dimensional materials and their heterostructures. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2016, 11, 218-230.
Google Scholar
[46]
Z. B. Sun,; H. H. Xie,; S. Y. Tang,; X. F. Yu,; Z. N. Guo,; J. D. Shao,; H. Zhang,; H. Huang,; H. Y. Wang,; P. K. Chu, Ultrasmall black phosphorus quantum dots: Synthesis and use as photothermal agents. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 11526-11530.
Google Scholar
[47]
J. D. Shao,; H. H. Xie,; H. Huang,; Z. B. Li,; Z. B. Sun,; Y. H. Xu,; Q. L. Xiao,; X. F. Yu,; Y. T. Zhao,; H. Zhang, et al. Biodegradable black phosphorus-based nanospheres for in vivo photothermal cancer therapy. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 12967.
Google Scholar
[48]
W. S. Chen,; J. Ouyang,; H. Liu,; M. Chen,; K. Zeng,; J. P. Sheng,; Z. J. Liu,; Y. J. Han,; L. Q. Wang,; J. Li, et al. Black phosphorus nanosheet-based drug delivery system for synergistic photodynamic/ photothermal/chemotherapy of cancer. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1603864.
Google Scholar
[49]
W. Tao,; X. B. Zhu,; X. H. Yu,; X. W. Zeng,; Q. L. Xiao,; X. D. Zhang,; X. Y. Ji,; X. S. Wang,; J. J Shi,; H. Zhang, et al. Black phosphorus nanosheets as a robust delivery platform for cancer theranostics. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1603276.
Google Scholar
[50]
M. Qiu,; D. Wang,; W. Y. Liang,; L. P. Liu,; Y. Zhang,; X. Chen,; D. K. Sang,; C. Y. Xing,; Z. J. Li,; B. Q. Dong, et al. Novel concept of the smart NIR-light-controlled drug release of black phosphorus nanostructure for cancer therapy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2018, 115, 501-506.
Google Scholar
[51]
H. H. Xie,; Z. B. Li,; Z. B. Sun,; J. D. Shao,; X. F. Yu,; Z. N. Guo,; J. H. Wang,; Q. L. Xiao,; H. Y. Wang,; Q. Q. Wang, et al. Metabolizable ultrathin Bi2Se3 nanosheets in imaging-guided photothermal therapy. Small 2016, 12, 4136-4145.
Google Scholar
[52]
X. Y. Ji,; N. Kong,; J. Q. Wang,; W. L. Li,; Y. L. Xiao,; S. T. Gan,; Y. Zhang,; Y. J. Li,; X. R. Song,; Q. Q. Xiong, et al. A novel top-down synthesis of ultrathin 2D boron nanosheets for multimodal imaging-guided cancer therapy. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1803031.
Google Scholar
[53]
M. M. Luo,; T. J. Fan,; Y. Zhou,; H. Zhang,; L. Mei, 2D black phosphorus-based biomedical applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1808306.
Google Scholar
[54]
M. Zhang,; Q. Wu,; F. Zhang,; L. L. Chen,; X. X. Jin,; Y. W. Hu,; Z. Zheng,; H. Zhang, 2D Black phosphorus saturable absorbers for ultrafast photonics. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2019, 7, 1800224.
Google Scholar
[55]
X. Liang,; X. Y. Ye,; C. Wang,; C. Y. Xing,; Q. W. Miao,; Z. J. Xie,; X. L. Chen,; X. D. Zhang,; H. Zhang,; L. Mei, Photothermal cancer immunotherapy by erythrocyte membrane-coated black phosphorus formulation. J. Control. Release 2019, 296, 150-161.
Google Scholar
[56]
T. Y. Xue,; W. Y. Liang,; Y. W. Li,; Y. H. Sun,; Y. J. Xiang,; Y. P. Zhang,; Z. G. Dai,; Y. H. Duo,; L. M. Wu,; K. Qi, et al. Ultrasensitive detection of miRNA with an antimonene-based surface plasmon resonance sensor. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 28.
Google Scholar
[57]
W. Tao,; N. Kong,; X. Y. Ji,; Y. P. Zhang,; A. Sharma,; J. Ouyang,; B. W. Qi,; J. Q. Wang,; N. Xie,; C. Kang, et al. Emerging two-dimensional monoelemental materials (Xenes) for biomedical applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2019, 48, 2891-2912.
Google Scholar
[58]
Y. Zhou,; M. X. Zhang,; Z. N. Guo,; L. L. Miao,; S. T. Han,; Z. Y. Wang,; X. W. Zhang,; H. Zhang,; Z. C. Peng, Recent advances in black phosphorus-based photonics, electronics, sensors and energy devices. Mater. Horiz. 2017, 4, 997-1019.
Google Scholar
[59]
K. F. Mak,; C. Lee,; J. Hone,; J. Shan,; T. F. Heinz, Atomically thin MoS2: A new direct-gap semiconductor. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2010, 105, 136805.
Google Scholar
[60]
R. R. Nair,; P. Blake,; A. N. Grigorenko,; K. S. Novoselov,; T. J. Booth,; T. Stauber,; N. M. R. Peres,; A. K. Geim, Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene. Science 2008, 320, 1308.
Google Scholar
[61]
D. S. Tsai,; K. K. Liu,; D. H. Lien,; M. L. Tsai,; C. F. Kang,; C. A. Lin,; L. J. Li,; J. H. He, Few-layer MoS2 with high broadband photogain and fast optical switching for use in harsh environments. ACS Nano 2013, 7, 3905-3911.
Google Scholar
[62]
G. Eda,; S. A. Maier, Two-dimensional crystals: Managing light for optoelectronics. ACS Nano 2013, 7, 5660-5665.
Google Scholar
[63]
S. F. Lan,; S. Rodrigues,; L. Kang,; W. S. Cai, Visualizing optical phase anisotropy in black phosphorus. ACS Photonics 2016, 3, 1176-1181.
Google Scholar
[64]
W. S. Yun,; S. W. Han,; S. C. Hong,; I. G. Kim,; J. D. Lee, Thickness and strain effects on electronic structures of transition metal dichalcogenides: 2H-MX2 semiconductors (M = Mo, W; X = S, Se, Te). Phys. Rev. B 2012, 85, 033305.
Google Scholar
[65]
M. S. Long,; P. Wang,; H. H. Fang,; W. D. Hu, Progress, challenges, and opportunities for 2D material based photodetectors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1803807.
Google Scholar
[66]
J. J. Lin,; L. B. Liang,; X. Ling,; S. Q. Zhang,; N. N. Mao,; N. Zhang,; B. G. Sumpter,; V. Meunier,; L. M. Tong,; J. Zhang, Enhanced Raman scattering on in-plane anisotropic layered materials. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 15511-15517.
Google Scholar
[67]
Y. L. Wang,; C. X. Cong,; R. X. Fei,; W. H. Yang,; Y. Chen,; B. C. Cao,; L. Yang,; T. Yu, Remarkable anisotropic phonon response in uniaxially strained few-layer black phosphorus. Nano Res. 2015, 8, 3944-3953.
Google Scholar
[68]
X. Ling,; S. X. Huang,; E. H. Hasdeo,; L. B. Liang,; W. M. Parkin,; Y. Tatsumi,; A. R. T. Nugraha,; A. A. Puretzky,; P. M. Das,; B. G. Sumpter, et al. Anisotropic electron-photon and electron-phonon interactions in black phosphorus. Nano Lett. 2016, 16, 2260-2267.
Google Scholar
[69]
T. Hong,; B. Chamlagain,; W. Z. Lin,; H. J. Chuang,; M. H. Pan,; Z. X. Zhou,; Y. Q. Xu, Polarized photocurrent response in black phosphorus field-effect transistors. Nanoscale 2014, 6, 8978-8983.
Google Scholar
[70]
R. X. Fei,; L. Yang, Strain-engineering the anisotropic electrical conductance of few-layer black phosphorus. Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 2884-2889.
Google Scholar
[71]
X. M. Wang,; A. M. Jones,; K. L. Seyler,; V. Tran,; Y. C. Jia,; H. Zhao,; H. Wang,; L. Yang,; X. D. Xu,; F. N. Xia, Highly anisotropic and robust excitons in monolayer black phosphorus. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2015, 10, 517-521.
Google Scholar
[72]
Z. N. Guo,; H. Zhang,; S. B. Lu,; Z. T. Wang,; S. Y. Tang,; J. D. Shao,; Z. B. Sun,; H. H. Xie,; H. Y. Wang,; X. F. Yu, et al. From black phosphorus to phosphorene: Basic solvent exfoliation, evolution of Raman scattering, and applications to ultrafast photonics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015, 25, 6996-7002.
Google Scholar
[73]
E. F. Liu,; Y. J. Fu,; Y. J. Wang,; Y. Q. Feng,; H. M. Liu,; X. G. Wan,; W. Zhou,; B. G. Wang,; L. B. Shao,; C. H. Ho, et al. Integrated digital inverters based on two-dimensional anisotropic ReS2 field-effect transistors. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 6991.
Google Scholar
[74]
Y. C. Lin,; H. P. Komsa,; C. H. Yeh,; T. Björkman,; Z. Y. Liang,; C. H. Ho,; Y. S. Huang,; P. W. Chiu,; A. V. Krasheninnikov,; K. Suenaga, Single-layer ReS2: Two-dimensional semiconductor with tunable in-plane anisotropy. ACS Nano 2015, 9, 11249-11257.
Google Scholar
[75]
B. Jariwala,; D. Voiry,; A. Jindal,; B. A. Chalke,; R. Bapat,; A. Thamizhavel,; M. Chhowalla,; M. Deshmukh,; A. Bhattacharya, Synthesis and characterization of ReS2 and ReSe2 layered chalcogenide single crystals. Chem. Mater. 2016, 28, 3352-3359.
Google Scholar
[76]
D. T. Ma,; J. L. Zhao,; R. Wang,; C. Y. Xing,; Z. J. Li,; W. C. Huang,; X. T. Jiang,; Z. N. Guo,; Z. Q. Luo,; Y. Li, et al. Ultrathin GeSe nanosheets: From systematic synthesis, to studies of carrier dynamics and applications for high-performance UV-Vis photo-detector. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 4278-4287.
Google Scholar
[77]
D. J. Xue,; J. H. Tan,; J. S. Hu,; W. P. Hu,; Y. G. Guo,; L. J. Wan, Anisotropic photoresponse properties of single micrometer-sized GeSe nanosheet. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 4528-4533.
Google Scholar
[78]
L. C. Gomes,; A. Carvalho, Phosphorene analogues: Isoelectronic two-dimensional group-IV monochalcogenides with orthorhombic structure. Phys. Rev. B 2015, 92, 085406.
Google Scholar
[79]
T. Hu,; J. M. Dong, Two new phases of monolayer group-IV monochalcogenides and their piezoelectric properties. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2016, 18, 32514-32520.
Google Scholar
[80]
D. Z. Tan,; H. E. Lim,; F. J. Wang,; N. B. Mohamed,; S. Mouri,; W. J. Zhang,; Y. Miyauchi,; M. Ohfuchi,; K. Matsuda, Anisotropic optical and electronic properties of two-dimensional layered germanium sulfide. Nano Res. 2017, 10, 546-555.
Google Scholar
[81]
X. Z. Li,; J. Xia,; L. Wang,; Y. Y. Gu,; H. Q. Cheng,; X. M. Meng, Layered SnSe nano-plates with excellent in-plane anisotropic properties of Raman spectrum and photo-response. Nanoscale 2017, 9, 14558-14564.
Google Scholar
[82]
Z. Tian,; C. L. Guo,; M. X. Zhao,; R. R. Li,; J. M. Xue, Two- dimensional SnS: A phosphorene analogue with strong in-plane electronic anisotropy. ACS Nano 2017, 11, 2219-2226.
Google Scholar
[83]
X. T. Wang,; Y. T. Li,; L. Huang,; X. W. Jiang,; L. Jiang,; H. L. Dong,; Z. M. Wei,; J. B. Li,; W. P. Hu, Short-wave near-infrared linear dichroism of two-dimensional germanium selenide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 14976-14982.
Google Scholar
[84]
J. Liu,; S. T. Pantelides, Anisotropic thermal expansion of group-IV monochalcogenide monolayers. Appl. Phys. Express 2018, 11, 101301.
Google Scholar
[85]
A. J. Mannix,; Z. H. Zhang,; N. P. Guisinger,; B. I. Yakobson,; M. C. Hersam, Borophene as a prototype for synthetic 2D materials development. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2018, 13, 444-450.
Google Scholar
[86]
V. Wang,; W. T. Geng, Lattice defects and the mechanical anisotropy of borophene. J. Phys. Chem. C 2017, 121, 10224-10232.
Google Scholar
[87]
Z. A. Piazza,; H. S. Hu,; W. L. Li,; Y. F. Zhao,; J. Li,; L. S. Wang, Planar hexagonal B(36) as a potential basis for extended single-atom layer boron sheets. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 1-6.
Google Scholar
[88]
L. K. Li,; Y. J. Yu,; G. L. Ye,; Q. Q. Ge,; X. D. Ou,; H. Wu,; D. L. Feng,; X. H. Chen,; Y. B. Zhang, Black phosphorus field-effect transistors. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2014, 9, 372-377.
Google Scholar
[89]
Y. C. Du,; H. Liu,; Y. X. Deng,; P. D. Ye, Device perspective for black phosphorus field-effect transistors: Contact resistance, ambipolar behavior, and scaling. ACS Nano 2014, 8, 10035-10042.
Google Scholar
[90]
H. Liu,; A. T. Neal,; Z. Zhu,; Z. Luo,; X. F. Xu,; D. Tománek,; P. D. Ye, Phosphorene: An unexplored 2D semiconductor with a high hole mobility. ACS Nano 2014, 8, 4033-4041.
Google Scholar
[91]
J. S. Qiao,; X. H. Kong,; Z. X. Hu,; F. Yang,; W. Ji, High-mobility transport anisotropy and linear dichroism in few-layer black phosphorus. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 4475.
Google Scholar
[92]
J. Kim,; S. S. Baik,; S. H. Ryu,; Y. Sohn,; S. Park,; B. G. Park,; J. Denlinger,; Y. Yi,; H. J. Choi,; K. S. Kim, Observation of tunable band gap and anisotropic dirac semimetal state in black phosphorus. Science. 2015, 349, 723-726.
Google Scholar
[93]
Z. Luo,; J. Maassen,; Y. X. Deng,; Y. C. Du,; R. P. Garrelts,; M. S. Lundstrom,; P. D. Ye,; X. F. Xu, Anisotropic in-plane thermal conductivity observed in few-layer black phosphorus. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 8572.
Google Scholar
[94]
H. Chen,; P. Huang,; D. Guo,; G. X. Xie, Anisotropic mechanical properties of black phosphorus nanoribbons. J. Phys. Chem. C 2016, 120, 29491-29497.
Google Scholar
[95]
Y. Wang,; G. Z. Xu,; Z. P. Hou,; B. C. Yang,; X. M. Zhang,; E. K. Liu,; X. K. Xi,; Z. Y. Liu,; Z. M. Zeng,; W. H. Wang, et al. Large anisotropic thermal transport properties observed in bulk single crystal black phosphorus. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2016, 108, 092102.
Google Scholar
[96]
X. L. Liu,; C. R. Ryder,; S. A. Wells,; M. C. Hersam, Resolving the in-plane anisotropic properties of black phosphorus. Small Methods 2017, 1, 1700143.
Google Scholar
[97]
S. Chen,; Y. Cheng,; G. Zhang,; Q. X. Pei,; Y. W. Zhang, Anisotropic wetting characteristics of water droplets on phosphorene: Roles of layer and defect engineering. J. Phys. Chem. C 2018, 122, 4622-4627.
Google Scholar
[98]
H. Jiang,; H. Y. Shi,; X. D. Sun,; B. Gao, Optical anisotropy of few-layer black phosphorus visualized by scanning polarization modulation microscopy. ACS Photonics 2018, 5, 2509-2515.
Google Scholar
[99]
H. Yang,; H. Jussila,; A. Autere,; H. P. Komsa,; G. J. Ye,; X. H. Chen,; T. Hasan,; Z. P. Sun, Optical waveplates based on birefringence of anisotropic two-dimensional layered materials. ACS Photonics 2017, 4, 3023-3030.
Google Scholar
[100]
Y. B. Chen,; C. Y. Chen,; R. Kealhofer,; H. L. Liu,; Z. Q. Yuan,; L. L. Jiang,; J. Suh,; J. Park,; C. Ko,; H. S. Choe, et al. Black arsenic: A layered semiconductor with extreme in-plane anisotropy. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1800754.
Google Scholar
[101]
J. X. Wu,; N. N. Mao,; L. M. Xie,; H. Xu,; J. Zhang, Identifying the crystalline orientation of black phosphorus using angle-resolved polarized Raman spectroscopy. Angew. Chem. 2015, 127, 2396-2399.
Google Scholar
[102]
J. Tao,; W. F. Sheng,; S. Wu,; L. Liu,; Z. H. Feng,; C. Wang,; C. G. Hu,; P. Yao,; H. Zhang,; W. Pang, et al. Mechanical and electrical anisotropy of few-layer black phosphorus. ACS Nano 2015, 9, 11362-11370.
Google Scholar
[103]
S. Lee,; F. Yang,; J. Suh,; S. J. Yang,; Y. Lee,; G. Li,; H. S. Choe,; A. Suslu,; Y. B. Chen,; C. Ko, et al. Anisotropic in-plane thermal conductivity of black phosphorus nanoribbons at temperatures higher than 100 K. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 8573.
Google Scholar
[104]
J. L. Zhao,; J. J. Zhu,; R. Cao,; H. D. Wang,; Z. N. Guo,; D. K. Sang,; J. N. Tang,; D. Y. Fan,; J. Q. Li,; H. Zhang, Liquefaction of water on the surface of anisotropic two-dimensional atomic layered black phosphorus. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 4062.
Google Scholar
[105]
P. W. Bridgman, Two new modifications of phosphorus. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1914, 36, 1344-1363.
Google Scholar
[106]
R. Hultgren,; N. S. Gingrich,; B. E. Warren, The atomic distribution in red and black phosphorus and the crystal structure of black phosphorus. J. Chem. Phys. 1935, 3, 351-355.
Google Scholar
[107]
Y. Maruyama,; S. Suzuki,; K. Kobayashi,; S. Tanuma, Synthesis and some properties of black phosphorus single crystals. Physica B+C 1981, 105, 99-102.
Google Scholar
[108]
S. Endo,; Y. Akahama,; S. I. Terada,; S. I. Narita, Growth of large single crystals of black phosphorus under high pressure. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1982, 21, L482-L484.
Google Scholar
[109]
I. Shirotani, Growth of large single crystals of black phosphorus at high pressures and temperatures, and its electrical properties. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1982, 86, 203-211.
Google Scholar
[110]
V. H. Krebs,; F. Schultze-Gebhardt, Über die struktur und eigenschaften der halbmetalle. VII. neubestimmung der struktur des glasigen selens nach verbesserten röntgenographischen methoden. Acta Crystallogr. 1955, 8, 412-419.
Google Scholar
[111]
H. Liu,; Y. C. Du,; Y. X. Deng,; P. D. Ye, Semiconducting black phosphorus: Synthesis, transport properties and electronic applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, 2732-2743.
Google Scholar
[112]
T. Nilges,; M. Kersting,; T. Pfeifer, A fast low-pressure transport route to large black phosphorus single crystals. J. Solid State Chem. 2008, 181, 1707-1711.
Google Scholar
[113]
M. Köpf,; N. Eckstein,; D. Pfister,; C. Grotz,; I. Krüger,; M. Greiwe,; T. Hansen,; H. Kohlmann,; T. Nilges, Access and in situ growth of phosphorene-precursor black phosphorus. J. Cryst. Growth 2014, 405, 6-10.
Google Scholar
[114]
X. S. Li,; B. C. Deng,; X. M. Wang,; S. Z. Chen,; M. Vaisman,; S. I. Karato,; G. Pan,; M. L. Lee,; J. Cha,; H. Wang, et al. Synthesis of thin-film black phosphorus on a flexible substrate. 2D Mater. 2015, 2, 031002.
Google Scholar
[115]
D. K. Sang,; H. D. Wang,; Z. N. Guo,; N. Xie,; H. Zhang, Recent developments in stability and passivation techniques of phosphorene toward next-generation device applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1903419.
Google Scholar
[116]
J. J. Pei,; X. Gai,; J. Yang,; X. B. Wang,; Z. F. Yu,; D. Y. Choi,; B. Luther-Davies,; Y. R. Lu, Producing air-stable monolayers of phosphorene and their defect engineering. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 10450.
Google Scholar
[117]
Y T. Zhao,; H. Y. Wang,; H. Huang,; Q. L. Xiao,; Y. H. Xu,; Z. N. Guo,; H. H. Xie,; J. D. Shao,; Z. B. Sun,; W. J. Han, et al. Surface coordination of black phosphorus for robust air and water stability. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 5003-5007.
Google Scholar
[118]
Q. H. Zhou,; Q. Chen,; Y. L. Tong,; J. L. Wang, Light-induced ambient degradation of few-layer black phosphorus: Mechanism and protection. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 11437-11441.
Google Scholar
[119]
G. Abellán,; S. Wild,; V. Lloret,; N. Scheuschner,; R. Gillen,; U. Mundloch,; J. Maultzsch,; M. Varela,; F. Hauke,; A. Hirsch, Fundamental insights into the degradation and stabilization of thin layer black phosphorus. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 10432-10440.
Google Scholar
[120]
A. Avsar,; J. Y. Tan,; X. Luo,; K. H. Khoo,; Y. Yeo,; K. Watanabe,; T. Taniguchi,; S. Y. Quek,; B. Ozyilmaz, Van der waals bonded Co/h-BN contacts to ultrathin black phosphorus devices. Nano Lett. 2017, 17, 5361-5367.
Google Scholar
[121]
H. Zhu,; S. McDonnell,; X. Y. Qin,; A. Azcatl,; L. X. Cheng,; R. Addou,; J. Kim,; P. D. Ye,; R. M. Wallace, Al2O3 on black phosphorus by atomic layer deposition: An in situ interface study. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 13038-13043.
Google Scholar
[122]
X. Luo,; Y. Rahbarihagh,; J. C. M. Hwang,; H. Liu,; Y. C. Du,; P. D. Ye, Temporal and thermal stability of Al2O3-passivated phosphorene MOSFETs. IEEE Electron Device Lett. 2014, 35, 1314-1316.
Google Scholar
[123]
J. S. Kim,; Y. N. Liu,; W. N. Zhu,; S. Kim,; D. Wu,; L. Tao,; A. Dodabalapur,; K. J. Lai,; D. Akinwande, Toward air-stable multilayer phosphorene thin-films and transistors. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 8989.
Google Scholar
[124]
Z. N. Guo,; S. Chen,; Z. Z. Wang,; Z. Y. Yang,; F. Liu,; Y. H. Xu,; J. H. Wang,; Y. Yi,; H. Zhang,; L. Liao, et al. Metal-ion-modified black phosphorus with enhanced stability and transistor performance. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1703811.
Google Scholar
[125]
H. D. Wang,; D. K. Sang,; Z. N. Guo,; R. Cao,; J. L. Zhao,; M. N. U. Shah,; T. J. Fan,; D. Y. Fan,; H. Zhang, Black phosphorus-based field effect transistor devices for Ag ions detection. Chin. Phys. B 2018, 27, 087308.
Google Scholar
[126]
X. Tang,; W. Y. Liang,; J. L. Zhao,; Z. J. Li,; M. Qiu,; T. J. Fan,; C. S. Luo,; Y. Zhou,; Y. Li,; Z. N. Guo, et al. Fluorinated phosphorene: Electrochemical synthesis, atomistic fluorination, and enhanced stability. Small 2017, 13, 1702739.
Google Scholar
[127]
Y. H. Xu,; Z. T. Wang,; Z. N. Guo,; H. Huang,; Q. L Xiao,; H. Zhang,; X. F. Yu, Solvothermal synthesis and ultrafast photonics of black phosphorus quantum dots. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2016, 4, 1223-1229.
Google Scholar
[128]
X. F. Jiang,; Z. K. Zeng,; S. Li,; Z. N. Guo,; H. Zhang,; F. Huang,; Q. H. Xu, Tunable broadband nonlinear optical properties of black phosphorus quantum dots for femtosecond laser pulses. Materials 2017, 10, 210.
Google Scholar
[129]
C. Lin,; R. Grassi,; T. Low,; A. S. Helmy, Multilayer black phosphorus as a versatile mid-infrared electro-optic material. Nano Lett. 2016, 16, 1683-1689.
Google Scholar
[130]
Y. H. Xu,; X. F. Jiang,; Y. Q. Ge,; Z. N. Guo,; Z. K. Zeng,; Q. H. Xu,; H. Zhang,; X. F. Yu,; D. Y. Fan, Size-dependent nonlinear optical properties of black phosphorus nanosheets and their applications in ultrafast photonics. J. Mater. Chem. C 2017, 3007-3013.
Google Scholar
[131]
J. J. Liu,; J. Liu,; Z. N. Guo,; H. Zhang,; W. W. Ma,; J. Y. Wang,; L. B. Su, Dual-wavelength Q-switched Er: SrF2 laser with a black phosphorus absorber in the mid-infrared region. Opt. Express 2016, 24, 30289-30295.
Google Scholar
[132]
C. Li,; J. Liu,; Z. N. Guo,; H. Zhang,; W. W. Ma,; J. Y. Wang,; X. D. Xue,; L B. Su, Black phosphorus saturable absorber for a diode-pumped passively Q-switched Er: CaF2 mid-infrared laser. Opt. Commun. 2018, 406, 158-162.
Google Scholar
[133]
R. Cao,; H. D. Wang,; Z. N. Guo,; D. K. Sang,; L. Y. Zhang,; Q. L. Xiao,; Y. P. Zhang,; D. Y. Fan,; J. Q. Li,; H. Zhang, Black phosphorous/indium selenide photoconductive detector for visible and near-infrared light with high sensitivity. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2019, 7, 1900020.
Google Scholar
[134]
Z. H. Hu,; Q. Li,; B. Lei,; J. Wu,; Q. H. Zhou,; C. D. Gu,; X. L. Wen,; J. Y. Wang,; Y. P. Liu,; S. S. Li, et al. Abnormal near-infrared absorption in 2D black phosphorus induced by Ag nanoclusters surface functionalization. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1801931.
Google Scholar
[135]
J. H. Na,; K. Park,; J. T. Kim,; W. K. Choi,; Y. W. Song, Air-stable few-layer black phosphorus phototransistor for near-infrared detection. Nanotechnology 2017, 28, 085201.
Google Scholar
[136]
Y. S. Yang,; S. C. Liu,; W. Yang,; Z. B. Li,; Y. Wang,; X. Wang,; S. S. Zhang,; Y. Zhang,; M. S. Long,; G. M. Zhang, et al. Air-stable in-plane anisotropic GeSe2 for highly polarization-sensitive photodetection in short wave region. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 4150-4156.
Google Scholar
[137]
H. Tian,; Q. S. Guo,; Y. J. Xie,; H. Zhao,; C. Li,; J. J. Cha,; F. N. Xia,; H. Wang, Anisotropic black phosphorus synaptic device for neuromorphic applications. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 4991-4997.
Google Scholar
[138]
G. H. Yang,; X. J. Wan,; Z. P. Gu,; X. R. Zeng,; J. N. Tang, Near infrared photothermal-responsive poly(vinyl alcohol)/black phosphorus composite hydrogels with excellent on-demand drug release capacity. J. Mater. Chem. B 2018, 6, 1622-1632.
Google Scholar
[139]
M. Pumera, Phosphorene and black phosphorus for sensing and biosensing. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2017, 93, 1-6.
Google Scholar
[140]
G. Lee,; S. Kim,; S. Jung,; S. Jang,; J. Kim, Suspended black phosphorus nanosheet gas sensors. Sensors Actuators B Chem. 2017, 250, 569-573.
Google Scholar
[141]
Q. S. Guo,; A. Pospischil,; M. Bhuiyan,; H. Jiang,; H. Tian,; D. Farmer,; B. C. Deng,; C. Li,; S. J. Han,; H. Wang, et al. Black phosphorus mid-infrared photodetectors with high gain. Nano Lett. 2016, 16, 4648-4655.
Google Scholar
[142]
Y. Q. Zhang,; N. N. Dong,; H. C. Tao,; C. Yan,; J. W. Huang,; T. F. Liu,; A. W. Robertson,; J. Texter,; J. Wang,; Z. Y. Sun, Exfoliation of stable 2D black phosphorus for device fabrication. Chem. Mater. 2017, 29, 6445-6456.
Google Scholar
[143]
N. Youngblood,; M. Li, Ultrafast photocurrent measurements of a black phosphorus photodetector. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2017, 110, 051102.
Google Scholar
[144]
E. Flores,; J. R. Ares,; A. Castellanos-Gomez,; M. Barawi,; I. J. Ferrer,; C. Sánchez, Thermoelectric power of bulk black-phosphorus. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2015, 106, 022102.
Google Scholar
[145]
X. L. Chen,; X. B. Lu,; B. C. Deng,; O. Sinai,; Y. C. Shao,; C. Li,; S. F. Yuan,; V. Tran,; K. Watanabe,; T. Taniguchi, et al. Widely tunable black phosphorus mid-infrared photodetector. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 1672.
Google Scholar
[146]
H. T. Yuan,; X. G. Liu,; F. Afshinmanesh,; W. Li,; G. Xu,; J. Sun,; B. Lian,; A. G. Curto,; G. J. Ye,; Y. Hikita, et al. Polarization-sensitive broadband photodetector using a black phosphorus vertical p-n junction. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2015, 10, 707-713.
Google Scholar
[147]
A. Jain,; A. J. H. McGaughey, Strongly anisotropic in-plane thermal transport in single-layer black phosphorene. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 8501.
Google Scholar
[148]
G. Z. Qin,; Q. B. Yan,; Z. Z. Qin,; S. Y. Yue,; M. Hu,; G. Su, Anisotropic intrinsic lattice thermal conductivity of phosphorene from first principles. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2015, 17, 4854-4858.
Google Scholar
[149]
Y. Q. Cai,; Q. Q. Ke,; G. Zhang,; Y. P. Feng,; V. B. Shenoy,; Y. W. Zhang, Giant phononic anisotropy and unusual anharmonicity of phosphorene: Interlayer coupling and strain engineering. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015, 25, 2230-2236.
Google Scholar
[150]
B. Smith,; B. Vermeersch,; J. Carrete,; E. Ou,; J. Kim,; N. Mingo,; D. Akinwande,; L. Shi, Temperature and thickness dependences of the anisotropic in-plane thermal conductivity of black phosphorus. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1603756.
Google Scholar
[151]
Z. H. Wang,; H. Jia,; X. Q. Zheng,; R. Yang,; G. J. Ye,; X. H. Chen,; P. X. L. Feng, Resolving and tuning mechanical anisotropy in black phosphorus via nanomechanical multimode resonance spectromicroscopy. Nano Lett. 2016, 16, 5394-5400.
Google Scholar
[152]
W. N. Zhu,; M. N. Yogeesh,; S. X. Yang,; S. H. Aldave,; J. S. Kim,; S. Sonde,; L. Tao,; N. S. Lu,; D. Akinwande, Flexible black phosphorus ambipolar transistors, circuits and AM demodulator. Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 1883-1890.
Google Scholar
[153]
S. K. Kim,; R. Bhatia,; T. H. Kim,; D. Seol,; J. H. Kim,; H. Kim,; W. Seung,; Y. Kim,; Y. H. Lee,; S. W. Kim, Directional dependent piezoelectric effect in CVD grown monolayer MoS2 for flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators. Nano Energy 2016, 22, 483-489.
Google Scholar
[154]
Z. H. Wang,; H. Jia,; X. Q. Zheng,; R. Yang,; Z. F. Wang,; G. J. Ye,; X. H. Chen,; J. Shan,; P. X. L. Feng, Black phosphorus nanoelectromechanical resonators vibrating at very high frequencies. Nanoscale 2015, 7, 877-884.
Google Scholar
[155]
J. W. Jiang,; H. S. Park, Mechanical properties of single-layer black phosphorus. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2014, 47, 385304.
Google Scholar
[156]
W. Z. Wu,; L. Wang,; Y. L. Li,; F. Zhang,; L. Lin,; S. M. Niu,; D. Chenet,; X. Zhang,; Y. F. Hao,; T. F. Heinz, et al. Piezoelectricity of single-atomic-layer MoS2 for energy conversion and piezotronics. Nature 2014, 514, 470-474.
Google Scholar
[157]
Y. Wang,; R. Yang,; Z. W. Shi,; L. C. Zhang,; D. X. Shi,; E. G. Wang,; G. Y. Zhang, Super-elastic graphene ripples for flexible strain sensors. ACS Nano 2011, 5, 3645-3650.
Google Scholar
[158]
Y. J. Park,; B. K. Sharma,; S. M. Shinde,; M. S. Kim,; B. Jang,; J. H. Kim,; J. H. Ahn, All MoS2-based large area, skin-attachable active-matrix tactile sensor. ACS Nano 2019, 13, 3023-3030.
Google Scholar
[159]
A. N. Abbas,; B. L. Liu,; L. Chen,; Y. Q. Ma,; S. Cong,; N. Aroonyadet,; M. Köpf,; T. Nilges,; C. W. Zhou, Black phosphorus gas sensors. ACS Nano 2015, 9, 5618-5624.
Google Scholar
[160]
B. L. Liu,; M. Köpf,; A. N. Abbas,; X. M. Wang,; Q. S. Guo,; Y. C. Jia,; F. N. Xia,; R. Weihrich,; F. Bachhuber,; F. Pielnhofer, et al. Black arsenic-phosphorus: Layered anisotropic infrared semiconductors with highly tunable compositions and properties. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 4423-4429.
Google Scholar
[161]
Z. Liu,; L. L. Ma,; G. Shi,; W. Zhou,; Y. J. Gong,; S. D. Lei,; X. B. Yang,; J. N. Zhang,; J. J. Yu,; K. P. Hackenberg, et al. In-plane heterostructures of graphene and hexagonal boron nitride with controlled domain sizes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2013, 8, 119-124.
Google Scholar
[162]
Q. L. Feng,; Y. M. Zhu,; J. H. Hong,; M. Zhang,; W. J. Duan,; N. N. Mao,; J. X. Wu,; H. Xu,; F. L. Dong,; F. Lin, et al. Growth of large-area 2D MoS2(1-x)Se2x semiconductor alloys. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 2648-2653.
Google Scholar
[163]
Y. J. Gong,; Z. Liu,; A. R. Lupini,; G. Shi,; J. H. Lin,; S. Najmaei,; Z. Lin,; A. L. Elías,; A. Berkdemir,; G. You, et al. Band gap engineering and layer-by-layer mapping of selenium-doped molybdenum disulfide. Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 442-449.
Google Scholar
[164]
H. L. Li,; X. D. Duan,; X. P. Wu,; X. J. Zhuang,; H. Zhou,; Q. L. Zhang,; X. L. Zhu,; W. Hu,; P. Y. Ren,; P. F. Guo, et al. Growth of alloy MoS2xSe2(1-x) nanosheets with fully tunable chemical compositions and optical properties. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 3756-3759.
Google Scholar
[165]
Y. Jing,; Y. D. Ma,; Y. F. Li,; T. Heine, GeP3: A small indirect band gap 2D crystal with high carrier mobility and strong interlayer quantum confinement. Nano Lett. 2017, 17, 1833-1838.
Google Scholar
[166]
J. Guan,; D. Liu,; Z. Zhu,; D. Tománek, Two-dimensional phosphorus carbide: Competition between sp2 and sp3 bonding. Nano Lett. 2016, 16, 3247-3252.
Google Scholar
[167]
M. Amani,; E. Regan,; J. Bullock,; G. H. Ahn,; A. Javey, Mid-wave infrared photoconductors based on black phosphorus-arsenic alloys. ACS Nano 2017, 11, 11724-11731.
Google Scholar
[168]
L. Li,; W. K. Wang,; P. L. Gong,; X. D. Zhu,; B. Deng,; X. Q. Shi,; G. Y. Gao,; H. Q. Li,; T. Y. Zhai, 2D GeP: An unexploited low- symmetry semiconductor with strong in-plane anisotropy. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1706771.
Google Scholar
[169]
B. C. Yang,; B. S. Wan,; Q. H. Zhou,; Y. Wang,; W. T. Hu,; W. M. Lv,; Q. Chen,; Z. M. Zeng,; F. S. Wen,; J. Y. Xiang, et al. Te-doped black phosphorus field-effect transistors. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 9408-9415.
Google Scholar
[170]
J. Guo,; D. Z. Huang,; Y. Zhang,; H. Z. Yao,; Y. Z. Wang,; F. Zhang,; R. Wang,; Y. Q. Ge,; Y. F. Song,; Z. N. Guo, et al. 2D GeP as a novel broadband nonlinear optical material for ultrafast photonics. Laser Photonics Rev. 2019, 13, 1900123.
Google Scholar
[171]
I. Shirotani,; J. Mikami,; T. Adachi,; Y. Katayama,; K. Tsuji,; H. Kawamura,; O. Shimomura,; T. Nakajima, Phase transitions and superconductivity of black phosphorus and phosphorus-arsenic alloys at low temperatures and high pressures. Phys. Rev. B 1994, 50, 16274-16278.
Google Scholar
[172]
C. Barreteau,; B. Michon,; C. Besnard,; E. Giannini, High-pressure melt growth and transport properties of SiP, SiAs, GeP, and GeAs 2D layered semiconductors. J. Cryst. Growth 2016, 443, 75-80.
Google Scholar
[173]
M. S. Long,; A. Y. Gao,; P. Wang,; H. Xia,; C. Ott,; C. Pan,; Y. J. Fu,; E. F. Liu,; X. S. Chen,; W. Lu, et al. Room temperature high-detectivity mid-infrared photodetectors based on black arsenic phosphorus. Sci. Adv. 2017, 3, e1700589.
Google Scholar
[174]
B. J. Feng,; J. Zhang,; Q. Zhong,; W. B. Li,; S. Li,; H. Li,; P. Cheng,; S. Meng,; L. Chen,; K. H. Wu, Experimental realization of two-dimensional boron sheets. Nat. Chem. 2016, 8, 563-568.
Google Scholar
[175]
Z. H. Zhang,; Y. Yang,; E. S. Penev,; B. I. Yakobson, Elasticity, flexibility, and ideal strength of borophenes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017, 27, 1605059.
Google Scholar
[176]
A. Lherbier,; A. R. Botello-Méndez,; J. C. Charlier, Electronic and optical properties of pristine and oxidized borophene. 2D Mater. 2016, 3, 045006.
Google Scholar
[177]
B. Peng,; H. Zhang,; H. Z. Shao,; Y. F. Xu,; R. J. Zhang,; H. Y. Zhu, The electronic, optical, and thermodynamic properties of borophene from first-principles calculations. J. Mater. Chem. C 2016, 4, 3592-3598.
Google Scholar
[178]
H. B. Zhou,; Y. Q. Cai,; G. Zhang,; Y. W. Zhang, Superior lattice thermal conductance of single-layer borophene. npj 2D Mater. Appl. 2017, 1, 14.
Google Scholar
[179]
Z. Q. Wang,; T. Y. Lü,; H. Q. Wang,; Y. P. Feng,; J. C. Zheng, High anisotropy of fully hydrogenated borophene. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2016, 18, 31424-31430.
Google Scholar
[180]
L. J. Kong,; K. H. Wu,; L. Chen, Recent progress on borophene: Growth and structures. Front. Phys. 2018, 13, 138105.
Google Scholar
[181]
T. Tsafack,; B. I. Yakobson, Thermomechanical analysis of two- dimensional boron monolayers. Phys. Rev. B 2016, 93, 165434.
Google Scholar
[182]
R. T. Wu,; I. K. Drozdov,; S. Eltinge,; P. Zahl,; S. I. Beigi,; I. Božović,; A. Gozar, Large-area single-crystal sheets of borophene on Cu(111) surfaces. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2019, 14, 44-49.
Google Scholar
[183]
Z. H. Zhang,; E. S. Penev,; B. I. Yakobson, Two-dimensional boron: Structures, properties and applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017, 46, 6746-6763.
Google Scholar
[184]
A. J. Mannix,; X. F. Zhou,; B. Kiraly,; J. D. Wood,; D. Alducin,; B. D. Myers,; X. L. Liu,; B. L. Fisher,; U. Santiago,; J. R. Guest, et al. Synthesis of borophenes: Anisotropic, two-dimensional boron polymorphs. Science 2015, 350, 1513-1516.
Google Scholar
[185]
Z. H. Zhang,; A. J. Mannix,; X. L. Liu,; Z. L. Hu,; N. P. Guisinger,; M. C. Hersam,; B. I. Yakobson, Near-equilibrium growth from borophene edges on silver. Sci. Adv. 2019, 5, eaax0246.
Google Scholar
[186]
G. A. Tai,; T. S. Hu,; Y. G. Zhou,; X. F. Wang,; J. Z. Kong,; T. Zeng,; Y. C. You,; Q. Wang, Synthesis of atomically thin boron films on copper foils. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 15473-15477.
Google Scholar
[187]
B. Kiraly,; X. L. Liu,; L. Q. Wang,; Z. H. Zhang,; A. J. Mannix,; B. L. Fisher,; B. I. Yakobson,; M. C. Hersam,; N. P. Guisinger, Borophene synthesis on Au(111). ACS Nano 2019, 13, 3816-3822.
Google Scholar
[188]
Z. H. Zhang,; Y. Yang,; G. Y. Gao,; B. I. Yakobson, Two-dimensional boron monolayers mediated by metal substrates. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 13022-13026.
Google Scholar
[189]
X. Y. Ji,; N. Kong,; J. Q. Wang,; W. L. Li,; Y. L. Xiao,; S. T. Gan,; Y. Zhang,; Y. J. Li,; X. R. Song,; Q. Q. Xiong, et al. A novel top-down synthesis of ultrathin 2D boron nanosheets for multimodal imaging-guided cancer therapy. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1803031.
Google Scholar
[190]
D. T. Ma,; R. Wang,; J. L. Zhao,; Q. Y. Chen,; L. M. Wu,; D. L. Li,; L. M. Su,; X. T. Jiang,; Z. Luo; Y. Q. Ge, et al. A self-powered photodetector based on two-dimensional boron nanosheets. Nanoscale 2020, 12, 5313-5323.
Google Scholar
[191]
D. T. Ma,; J. L. Zhao,; J. L. Xie,; F. Zhang,; R. Wang,; L. M. Wu,; W. Y. Liang,; D. L. Li,; Y. Q. Ge,; J. Q. Li, et al. Ultrathin boron nanosheets as an emerging two-dimensional photoluminescence material for bioimaging. Nanoscale Horiz. 2020, 5, 705-713.
Google Scholar
[192]
Y. J. Wang,; J. F. Fan,; M. Trenary, Surface chemistry of boron oxidation. 1. reactions of oxygen and water with boron films grown on Tantalum(110). Chem. Mater. 1993, 5, 192-198.
Google Scholar
[193]
Z. H. Cui,; E. J. Jimenez-Izal,; A. N. Alexandrova, Prediction of two-dimensional phase of boron with anisotropic electric conductivity. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2017, 8, 1224-1228.
Google Scholar
[194]
F. C. Liu,; S. J. Zheng,; X. X. He,; A. Chaturvedi,; J. F. He,; W. L. Chow,; T. R. Mion,; X. L. Wang,; J. D. Zhou,; Q. D. Fu et al. Highly sensitive detection of polarized light using anisotropic 2D ReS2. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2016, 26, 1169-1177.
Google Scholar
[195]
E. Z. Zhang,; P. Wang,; Z. Li,; H. F. Wang,; C. Y. Song,; C. Huang,; Z. G. Chen,; L. Yang,; K. T. Zhang,; S. H. Lu, et al. Tunable ambipolar polarization-sensitive photodetectors based on high-anisotropy ReSe2 nanosheets. ACS Nano 2016, 10, 8067-8077.
Google Scholar
[196]
G. Z. Qin,; Z. Z. Qin,; W. Z. Fang,; L. C. Zhang,; S. Y. Yue,; Q. B. Yan,; M. Hu,; G. Su, Diverse anisotropy of phonon transport in two-dimensional group IV-VI compounds: A comparative study. Nanoscale 2016, 8, 11306-11319.
Google Scholar
[197]
L. C. Gomes,; A. Carvalho,; A. H. C. Neto, Enhanced piezoelectricity and modified dielectric screening of two-dimensional group-IV monochalcogenides. Phys. Rev. B 2015, 92, 214103.
Google Scholar
[198]
Y. Guo,; S. Zhou,; Y. Z. Bai,; J. J. Zhao, Oxidation resistance of monolayer group-IV monochalcogenides. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 12013-12020.
Google Scholar
[199]
C. Kamal,; A. Chakrabarti,; M. Ezawa, Direct band gaps in group IV-VI monolayer materials: Binary counterparts of phosphorene. Phys. Rev. B 2016, 93, 125428.
Google Scholar
[200]
C. R. Ryder,; J. D. Wood,; S. A. Wells,; Y. Yang,; D. Jariwala,; T. J. Marks,; G. C. Schatz,; M. C. Hersam, Covalent functionalization and passivation of exfoliated black phosphorus via aryl diazonium chemistry. Nat. Chem. 2016, 8, 597-602.
Google Scholar
[201]
W. Hofmann, Ergebnisse der strukturbestimmung komplexer sulfide. Z. Krist-Cryst. Mater. 1935, 92, 161-185.
Google Scholar
[202]
A. Okazaki,; I. Ueda, The crystal structure of stannous selenide SnSe. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 1956, 11, 470.
Google Scholar
[203]
A. Okazaki, The crystal structure of germanium selenide GeSe. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 1958, 13, 1151-1155.
Google Scholar
[204]
J. R. Brent,; D. J. Lewis,; T. Lorenz,; E. A. Lewis,; N. Savjani,; S. J. Haigh,; G. Seifert,; B. Derby,; P. O'Brien, Tin(II) sulfide (SnS) nanosheets by liquid-phase exfoliation of herzenbergite: IV-VI main group two-dimensional atomic crystals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 12689-12696.
Google Scholar
[205]
K. Ramasamy,; V. L. Kuznetsov,; K. Gopal,; M. A. Malik,; J. Raftery,; P. P. Edwards,; P. O’Brien, Correction to organotin dithiocarbamates: Single-source precursors for tin sulfide thin films by aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition (AACVD). Chem. Mater. 2014, 25, 3348.
Google Scholar
[206]
L. C. Gomes,; A. Carvalho,; A. H. C. Neto, Vacancies and oxidation of two-dimensional group-IV monochalcogenides. Phys. Rev. B 2016, 94, 054103.
Google Scholar
[207]
K. C. Santosh,; R. C. Longo,; R. M. Wallace,; K. Cho, Surface oxidation energetics and kinetics on MoS2 monolayer. J. Appl. Phys. 2015, 117, 135301.
Google Scholar
[208]
T. M. Zhang,; Y. Y. Wan,; H. Y. Xie,; Y. Mu,; P. W. Du,; D. Wang,; X. J. Wu,; H. X. Ji,; L. J. Wan, Degradation chemistry and stabilization of exfoliated few-layer black phosphorus in water. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 7561-7567.
Google Scholar
[209]
P. K. Venuthurumilli,; P. D. Ye,; X. F. Xu, Plasmonic resonance enhanced polarization-sensitive photodetection by black phosphorus in near infrared. ACS Nano 2018, 12, 4861-4867.
Google Scholar
[210]
W. H. Zhou,; S. L. Zhang,; Y. Y. Wang,; S. Y. Guo,; H. Z. Qu,; P. X. Bai,; Z. Li,; H. B. Zeng, Anisotropic in-plane ballistic transport in monolayer black arsenic-phosphorus FETs. Adv. Electron. Mater. 2020, 6, 1901281.
Google Scholar
[211]
M. Z. Zhong,; Q. L. Xia,; L. F. Pan,; Y. Q. Liu,; Y. B. Chen,; H. X. Deng,; J. B. Li,; Z. M. Wei, Thickness-dependent carrier transport characteristics of a new 2D elemental semiconductor: Black arsenic. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1802581.
Google Scholar
[212]
M. M. A. Mahmoud,; D. P. Joubert, First principles study of the structural, stability properties and lattice thermal conductivity of bulk ReSe2. Mater. Today Proc. 2018, 5, 10424-10430.
Google Scholar
[213]
J. B. Wu,; H. Zhao,; Y. R. Li,; D. Ohlberg,; W. Shi,; W. Wu,; H. Wang,; P. H. Tan, Monolayer molybdenum disulfide nanoribbons with high optical anisotropy. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2016, 4, 756-762.
Google Scholar
[214]
S. J. Liu,; W. B. Xiao,; M. Z. Zhong,; L. F. Pan,; X. T. Wang,; H. X. Deng,; J. Liu,; J. B. Li,; Z. M. Wei, Highly polarization sensitive photodetectors based on quasi-1D titanium trisulfide (TiS3). Nanotechnology 2018, 29, 184002.
Google Scholar
[215]
S. Y. Niu,; G. Joe,; H. Zhao,; Y. C. Zhou,; T. Orvis,; H. X. Huyan,; J. Salman,; K. Mahalingam,; B. Urwin,; J. B. Wu, et al. Giant optical anisotropy in a quasi-one-dimensional crystal. Nat. Photonics 2018, 12, 392-396.
Google Scholar
[216]
Y. Q. Ma,; C. F. Shen,; A. Y. Zhang,; L. Chen,; Y. H. Liu,; J. H. Chen,; Q. Z. Liu,; Z. Li,; M. R. Amer,; T. Nilges, et al. Black phosphorus field-effect transistors with work function tunable contacts. ACS Nano 2017, 11, 7126-7133.
Google Scholar
[217]
Y. T. Chen,; R. Ren,; H. H. Pu,; J. B. Chang,; S. Mao,; J. H. Chen, Field-effect transistor biosensors with two-dimensional black phosphorus nanosheets. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2017, 89, 505-510.
Google Scholar
[218]
L. M. Wu,; Y. Z. Dong,; J. L. Zhao,; D. T. Ma,; W. C. Huang,; Y. Zhang,; Y. Z. Wang,; X. T. Jiang,; Y. J. Xiang,; J. Q. Li, et al. Kerr nonlinearity in 2D graphdiyne for passive photonic diodes. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1807981.
Google Scholar
[219]
X. H. Ren,; Z. J. Li,; Z. Y. Huang,; D. Sang,; H. Qiao,; X. Qi,; J. Q. Li,; J. X. Zhong,; H. Zhang, Environmentally robust black phosphorus nanosheets in solution: Application for self-powered photodetector. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017, 27, 1606834.
Google Scholar
[220]
C. X. Hao,; B. C. Yang,; F. S. Wen,; J. Y. Xiang,; L. Li,; W. H. Wang,; Z. M. Zeng,; B. Xu,; Z. S. Zhao,; Z. Y. Liu, et al. Flexible all-solid- state supercapacitors based on liquid-exfoliated black-phosphorus nanoflakes. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 3194-3201.
Google Scholar
Nano Research
Volume 14 Issue 4,
April 2021
Pages 897-919
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-020-3018-z
Cite this article:
Zhao J, Ma D, Wang C, et al. Recent advances in anisotropic two-dimensional materials and device applications. Nano Research, 2021, 14(4): 897-919. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-3018-z
Topics:
Energy storageGermanium compoundsIVLayered semiconductorsOptoelectronic devicesRhenium compoundsSelenium compoundsTin compoundsTransition metalsVI semiconductors

1307

Views

84

Crossref

N/A

Web of Science

83

Scopus

8

CSCD

Altmetrics
Received: 11 May 2020
Revised: 28 July 2020
Accepted: 29 July 2020
Published: 23 October 2020
© Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature
Return