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Review Article

In situ Raman, FTIR, and XRD spectroscopic studies in fuel cells and rechargeable batteries

Fan Gao1,§, Xiang-Dong Tian1,§, Jia-Sheng Lin1, Jin-Chao Dong1, Xiu-Mei Lin2( ), Jian-Feng Li1( )
Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
Department of Chemistry and Environment Science, Fujian Province University Key Laboratory of Analytical Science, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China

§ Fan Gao and Xiang-Dong Tian contributed equally to this work.

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Graphical Abstract

The in situ studies of fuel cells and rechargeable batteries via Raman, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy were described. The applications of these in situ techniques on typical electrocatalytic electrooxidation reaction and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells, on representative high capacity and/or resource abundance cathode and anode materials, and on the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) in rechargeable batteries are discussed.

Abstract

As state-of-the-art electrochemical energy conversion and storage (EECS) techniques, fuel cells and rechargeable batteries have achieved great success in the past decades. However, modern societies’ ever-growing demand in energy calls for EECS devices with high efficiency and enhanced performance, which mainly rely on the rational design of catalysts, electrode materials, and electrode/electrolyte interfaces in EESC, based on in-deep and comprehensive mechanistic understanding of the relevant electrochemical redox reactions. Such an understanding can be realized by monitoring the dynamic redox reaction processes under realistic operation conditions using in situ techniques, such as in situ Raman, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. These techniques can provide characteristic spectroscopic information of molecules and/or crystals, which are sensitive to structure/phase changes resulted from different electrochemical working conditions, hence allowing for intermediates identification and mechanisms understanding. This review described and summarized recent progress in the in situ studies of fuel cells and rechargeable batteries via Raman, FTIR, and XRD spectroscopy. The applications of these in situ techniques on typical electrocatalytic electrooxidation reaction and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells, on representative high capacity and/or resource abundance cathodes and anodes, and on the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) in rechargeable batteries are discussed. We discuss how these techniques promote the development of novel EECS systems and highlight their critical importance in future EECS research.

Keywords

in situ spectroscopyRamanFourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)X-ray diffraction (XRD)fuel cellsrechargeable batteries

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Nano Research
Volume 16 Issue 4,
April 2023
Pages 4855-4866
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-021-4044-1
Cite this article:
Gao F, Tian X-D, Lin J-S, et al. In situ Raman, FTIR, and XRD spectroscopic studies in fuel cells and rechargeable batteries. Nano Research, 2023, 16(4): 4855-4866. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-021-4044-1
Topics:
Fuel cellsSecondary batteries
Part of a topical collection:
Special Issue of Xiamen University Centennial CelebrationAccelerating clean energy innovations via nanotechnology toward achieving circular economy

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Received: 05 October 2021
Revised: 27 November 2021
Accepted: 05 December 2021
Published: 17 January 2022
© Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021
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