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Research Article

Upconversion nanorods anchored metal-organic frameworks via hierarchical and dynamic assembly for synergistic therapy

Wenfeng Guo§Li-Li Tan§( )Qiang LiJuanmin LiLi Shang( )
State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing Science and Technology Innovation Center, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China

§ Wenfeng Guo and Li-Li Tan contributed equally to this work.

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Graphical Abstract

A new strategy is developed to fabricate metal-organic framework (MOF)-based heterogeneous nanomaterials with surface-anchored upconversion nanorods via hierarchical and dynamic assembly for multimodal synergistic anticancer by combining near-infrared (NIR)-induced photodynamic therapy with chemotherapy.

Abstract

Heterogeneous materials made of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and optically active nanomaterials have attracted intensive interests in recent years due to their distinct physicochemical properties, but controllable fabrication of these materials remains challenging yet. In this work, we report a new strategy to in situ fabricate heterogeneous nanomaterials based on UiO-66-NH2 and upconversion nanorods (UCNRs) via a hierarchical and dynamic assembly process. Core–satellite structured UiO-66-NH2@UCNRs have been successfully fabricated, and the formation mechanism was thoroughly investigated by the combined use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Our results revealed the involvement of three main stages: supramolecular assembly of UiO-66-NH2 precursors with UCNRs, nucleation and growth of UiO-66-NH2 crystal, and dynamic assembly with UCNRs accompanied by Ostwald ripening. Furthermore, based on the hereditary optical and porous features of the heterogeneous nanomaterials, an enhanced multimodal synergistic anticancer platform has been established by integrating near-infrared (NIR)-triggered photodynamic therapy (PDT) and pH-triggered anticancer drug delivery, as confirmed by cellular experiments. The present study provides a new avenue for developing advanced functional heterogeneous nanomaterials via the hierarchical and dynamic assembly strategy.

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Nano Research
Pages 7533-7541
Cite this article:
Guo W, Tan L-L, Li Q, et al. Upconversion nanorods anchored metal-organic frameworks via hierarchical and dynamic assembly for synergistic therapy. Nano Research, 2022, 15(8): 7533-7541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-4324-4
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Received: 01 March 2022
Revised: 13 March 2022
Accepted: 13 March 2022
Published: 02 June 2022
© Tsinghua University Press 2022
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