Home Nano Research Article
Article Link
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Submit Manuscript
Show Outline
Outline
Graphical Abstract
Abstract
Keywords
Electronic Supplementary Material
References
Show full outline
Hide outline
Research Article

Tailoring interlayer spacing in MXene cathodes to boost the desalination performance of hybrid capacitive deionization systems

Bei Li1,§, Kang Sun2,§, Wenyu Xu3, Xiaojing Liu1, Ao Wang2, Steven Boles4, Bin Xu5, Haibo Hu3(), Dongrui Yao1()
Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Plant Resources and Water Environment Remediation, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, China

§ Bei Li and Kang Sun contributed equally to this work.

Show Author Information

Graphical Abstract

View original image Download original image
The interlayer spacing of MXene-based electrodes can be precisely modulated by inserting different quantity of bacterial nanofibers, thus boosting the desalination performance of the composite electrode.

Abstract

Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a promising technology to satisfy the global need for fresh water, since it can be both economical and sustainable. While two-dimensional transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes) exhibit great characteristics for use as CDI electrode materials, their tightly spaced layered structure renders intercalation inefficiency. In this study, the interlayer distance of MXenes is precisely modulated by inserting different quantity of one-dimensional bacterial fibers (BC), forming freestanding MXene/BC composite electrodes. Among the studied samples, MXene/BC-33% electrode with the interlayer spacing of 15.2 Å can achieve an optimized tradeoff among various desalination performance metrics and indicators. The salt adsorption capacity (SAC), the average salt adsorption rate (ASAR), the energy normalized adsorbed salt (ENAS), and the thermodynamic energy efficiency (TEE) of the MXene/BC-33% electrode are improved by 24%, 46%, 13%, and 66% respectively compared with those of pure MXene electrode. While the insertion of BC improves the ion diffusion pathways and facilitates the intercalation kinetics, the desalination performance decreases when the insertion amount of BC exceeds 40%. This is attributed to the overlarge resistance of the composite and the resulting increased energy consumption. This study reveals the desalination performance tradeoffs of MXene-based electrodes with different interlayer distances and also sheds light on the fundamental ion storage mechanisms of intercalation materials in a CDI desalination system.

Keywords

capacitive deionizationMXeneintercalation materialshybrid capacitive deionizationcation intercalation

Electronic Supplementary Material

Download File(s)
12274_2022_4491_MOESM1_ESM.pdf (349.2 KB)

References

[1]

Porada, S.; Zhao, R.; van der Wal, A.; Presser, V.; Biesheuvel, P. M. Review on the science and technology of water desalination by capacitive deionization. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2013, 58, 1388–1442.

Crossref Google Scholar
[2]

Amiri, A.; Chen, Y. J.; Bee Teng, C.; Naraghi, M. Porous nitrogen-doped MXene-based electrodes for capacitive deionization. Energy Storage Mater. 2020, 25, 731–739.

Crossref Google Scholar
[3]

Bales, C.; Kovalsky, P.; Fletcher, J.; Waite, T. D. Low cost desalination of brackish groundwaters by capacitive deionization (CDI)-implications for irrigated agriculture. Desalination 2019, 453, 37–53.

Crossref Google Scholar
[4]

Anwer, S.; Anjum, D. H.; Luo, S. H.; Abbas, Y.; Li, B. S.; Iqbal, S.; Liao, K. 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets coated cellulose fibers based 3D nanostructures for efficient water desalination. Chem Eng J. 2021, 406, 126827.

Crossref Google Scholar
[5]

Lee, J.; Kim, S.; Kim, C.; Yoon, J. Hybrid capacitive deionization to enhance the desalination performance of capacitive techniques. Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 3683–3689.

Crossref Google Scholar
[6]

Kong, W. Q.; Duan, X. D.; Ge, Y. J.; Liu, H. T.; Hu, J. W.; Duan, X. F. Holey graphene hydrogel with in-plane pores for high-performance capacitive desalination. Nano Res. 2016, 9, 2458–2466.

Crossref Google Scholar
[7]

Li, B.; Zheng, T. Y.; Ran, S. J.; Sun, M. Z.; Shang, J.; Hu, H. B.; Lee, P. H.; Boles, S. T. Performance recovery in degraded carbon-based electrodes for capacitive deionization. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 54, 1848–1856.

Crossref Google Scholar
[8]

Ihsanullah, I.; Ali, H. Technological challenges in the environmental applications of MXenes and future outlook. Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng. 2020, 2, 100034.

Crossref Google Scholar
[9]

Ihsanullah, I. Potential of MXenes in water desalination: Current status and perspectives. Nanomicro Lett. 2020, 12, 72.

Crossref Google Scholar
[10]

Suss, M. E.; Porada, S.; Sun, X.; Biesheuvel, P. M.; Yoon, J.; Presser, V. Water desalination via capacitive deionization: What is it and what can we expect from it? Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8, 2296–2319.

Crossref Google Scholar
[11]

Biesheuvel, P. M.; Hamelers, H. V. M.; Suss, M. E. Theory of water desalination by porous electrodes with immobile chemical charge. Colloids Interface Sci. Commun. 2015, 9, 1–5.

Crossref Google Scholar
[12]

Cohen, I.; Avraham, E.; Bouhadana, Y.; Soffer, A.; Aurbach, D. Long term stability of capacitive de-ionization processes for water desalination: The challenge of positive electrodes corrosion. Electrochim. Acta 2013, 106, 91–100.

Crossref Google Scholar
[13]

Chen, F. M.; Huang, Y. X.; Guo, L.; Ding, M.; Yang, H. Y. A dual-ion electrochemistry deionization system based on AgCl-Na044MnO2 electrodes. Nanoscale 2017, 9, 10101–10108.

Crossref Google Scholar
[14]

Liang, M. X.; Bai, X. T.; Yu, F.; Ma, J. A confinement strategy to in-situ prepare a peanut-like N-doped, C-wrapped TiO2 electrode with an enhanced desalination capacity and rate for capacitive deionization. Nano Res. 2021, 14, 684–691.

Crossref Google Scholar
[15]

Holubowitch, N.; Omosebi, A.; Gao, X.; Landon, J.; Liu, K. L. Quasi-steady-state polarization reveals the interplay of capacitive and faradaic processes in capacitive deionization. ChemElectroChem 2017, 4, 2404–2413.

Crossref Google Scholar
[16]

Chmiola, J.; Largeot, C.; Taberna, P. L.; Simon, P.; Gogotsi, Y. Monolithic carbide-derived carbon films for micro-supercapacitors. Science 2010, 328, 480–483.

Crossref Google Scholar
[17]
Cao, Z. Q. ; Hu, H. B. ; Ho, D. Micro-redoxcapacitor: A hybrid architecture out of the notorious energy-power density dilemma. Adv. Funct. Mater., in press, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202111805.
[18]

Hantanasirisakul, K.; Gogotsi, Y. Electronic and optical properties of 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes). Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1804779.

Crossref Google Scholar
[19]

Suss, M. E.; Presser, V. Water desalination with energy storage electrode materials. Joule 2018, 2, 10–15.

Crossref Google Scholar
[20]

Agartan, L.; Hantanasirisakul, K.; Buczek, S.; Akuzum, B.; Mahmoud, K. A.; Anasori, B.; Gogotsi, Y.; Kumbur, E. C. Influence of operating conditions on the desalination performance of a symmetric pre-conditioned Ti3C2Tx-MXene membrane capacitive deionization system. Desalination 2020, 477, 114267.

Crossref Google Scholar
[21]

Srimuk, P.; Kaasik, F.; Krüner, B.; Tolosa, A.; Fleischmann, S.; Jäckel, N.; Tekeli, M. C.; Aslan, M.; Suss, M. E.; Presser, V. MXene as a novel intercalation-type pseudocapacitive cathode and anode for capacitive deionization. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 18265–18271.

Crossref Google Scholar
[22]

Torkamanzadeh, M.; Wang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Budak, Ö.; Srimuk, P.; Presser, V. MXene/activated-carbon hybrid capacitive deionization for permselective ion removal at low and high salinity. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 26013–26025.

Crossref Google Scholar
[23]

Buczek, S.; Barsoum, M. L.; Uzun, S.; Kurra, N.; Andris, R.; Pomerantseva, E.; Mahmoud, K. A.; Gogotsi, Y. Rational design of titanium carbide MXene electrode architectures for hybrid capacitive deionization. Energy Environ. Mater. 2020, 3, 398–404.

Crossref Google Scholar
[24]

Lukatskaya, M. R.; Mashtalir, O.; Ren, C. E.; Dall'Agnese, Y.; Rozier, P.; Taberna, P. L.; Naguib, M.; Simon, P.; Barsoum, M. W.; Gogotsi, Y. Cation intercalation and high volumetric capacitance of two-dimensional titanium carbide. Science 2013, 341, 1502–1505.

Crossref Google Scholar
[25]

Shen, X. J.; Xiong, Y. C.; Hai, R. T.; Yu, F.; Ma, J. All-MXene-based integrated membrane electrode constructed using Ti3C2Tx as an intercalating agent for high-performance desalination. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54, 4554–4563.

Crossref Google Scholar
[26]

Feng, A. H.; Yu, Y.; Mi, L.; Yu, Y.; Song, L. X. Comparative study on electrosorptive behavior of NH4HF2-etched Ti3C2 and HF-etched Ti3C2 for capacitive deionization. Ionics 2019, 25, 727–735.

Crossref Google Scholar
[27]

Elisadiki, J.; King'ondu, C. K. Performance of ion intercalation materials in capacitive deionization/electrochemical deionization: A review. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2020, 878, 114588.

Crossref Google Scholar
[28]

Chen, B. B.; Feng, A. H.; Deng, R. X.; Liu, K.; Yu, Y.; Song, L. X. MXene as a cation-selective cathode material for asymmetric capacitive deionization. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 13750–13758.

Crossref Google Scholar
[29]

Guo, L.; Wang, X. F.; Leong, Z. Y.; Mo, R. W.; Sun, L. F.; Yang, H. Y. Ar plasma modification of 2D MXene Ti3C2Tx nanosheets for efficient capacitive desalination. FlatChem 2018, 8, 17–24.

Crossref Google Scholar
[30]

Ma, J.; Cheng, Y. J.; Wang, L.; Dai, X. H.; Yu, F. Free-standing Ti3C2TxMXene film as binder-free electrode in capacitive deionization with an ultrahigh desalination capacity. Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 384, 123329.

Crossref Google Scholar
[31]

Zheng, T. Y.; Tahmasebi, M. H.; Li, B.; Li, Y.; Ran, S. J.; Glen, T. S.; Lam, K. H.; Choi, I. S.; Boles, S. T. Sputtered titanium nitride films on titanium foam substrates as electrodes for high-power electrochemical capacitors. ChemElectroChem 2018, 5, 2199–2207.

Crossref Google Scholar
[32]

Zhang, C. Y.; He, D.; Ma, J. X.; Tang, W. W.; Waite, T. D. Comparison of faradaic reactions in flow-through and flow-by capacitive deionization (CDI) systems. Electrochim. Acta 2019, 299, 727–735.

Crossref Google Scholar
[33]

Hawks, S. A.; Ramachandran, A.; Porada, S.; Campbell, P. G.; Suss, M. E.; Biesheuvel, P. M.; Santiago, J. G.; Stadermann, M. Performance metrics for the objective assessment of capacitive deionization systems. Water Res. 2019, 152, 126–137.

Crossref Google Scholar
[34]

Wang, L.; Dykstra, J. E.; Lin, S. H. Energy efficiency of capacitive deionization. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 3366–3378.

Crossref Google Scholar
[35]

Jiao, S. Q.; Zhou, A. G.; Wu, M. Z.; Hu, H. B. Kirigami patterning of MXene/bacterial cellulose composite paper for all-solid-state stretchable micro-supercapacitor arrays. Adv. Sci. 2019, 6, 1900529.

Crossref Google Scholar
[36]

Zheng, S. H.; Zhang, C. F.; Zhou, F.; Dong, Y. F.; Shi, X. Y.; Nicolosi, V.; Wu, Z. S.; Bao, X. H. Ionic liquid pre-intercalated MXene films for ionogel-based flexible micro-supercapacitors with high volumetric energy density. J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 9478–9485.

Crossref Google Scholar
[37]

Dai, Y.; Wu, X. Y.; Liu, Z. S.; Zhang, H. B.; Yu, Z. Z. Highly sensitive, robust and anisotropic MXene aerogels for efficient broadband microwave absorption. Compos. Part B Eng. 2020, 200, 108263.

Crossref Google Scholar
[38]

Ling, Z.; Harvey, A.; McAteer, D.; Godwin, I. J.; Szydłowska, B.; Griffin, A.; Vega-Mayoral, V.; Song, Y. C.; Seral-Ascaso, A.; Nicolosi, V. et al. Quantifying the role of nanotubes in nano: Nano composite supercapacitor electrodes. Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8, 1702364.

Crossref Google Scholar
[39]
Khazaei, M.; Ranjbar, A.; Liang, Y.; Yunoki, S. Electronic properties and applications of MXenes from Ab Initio calculations perspective. In 2D Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes): Structure, Properties and Applications. Anasori, B.; Gogotsi, Y., Eds.; Springer: Cham, 2019; pp 255–289.
[40]

Halim, J.; Cook, K. M.; Naguib, M.; Eklund, P.; Gogotsi, Y.; Rosen, J.; Barsoum, M. W. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of select multi-layered transition metal carbides (MXenes). Appl. Surf. Sci. 2016, 362, 406–417.

Crossref Google Scholar
[41]

Wang, S. Y.; Li, Z. L.; Wang, G.; Wang, Y. W.; Ling, Z.; Li, C. P. Freestanding Ti3C2Tx MXene/prussian blue analogues films with superior ion uptake for efficient capacitive deionization by a dual pseudocapacitance effect. ACS Nano 2022, 16, 1239–1249.

Crossref Google Scholar
[42]

Ghidiu, M.; Halim, J.; Kota, S.; Bish, D.; Gogotsi, Y.; Barsoum, M. W. Ion-exchange and cation solvation reactions in Ti3C2 MXene. Chem. Mater. 2016, 28, 3507–3514.

Crossref Google Scholar
[43]

Lukatskaya, M. R.; Bak, S. M.; Yu, X. Q.; Yang, X. Q.; Barsoum, M. W.; Gogotsi, Y. Probing the mechanism of high capacitance in 2D titanium carbide using in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Adv. Energy Mater. 2015, 5, 1500589.

Crossref Google Scholar
[44]

Xu, L. Q.; Mao, Y. F.; Zong, Y.; Peng, S.; Zhang, X. M.; Wu, D. L. Membrane-current collector-based flow-electrode capacitive deionization system: A novel stack configuration for scale-up desalination. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2021, 55, 13286–13296.

Crossref Google Scholar
[45]

Zhao, R.; Biesheuvel, P. M.; van der Wal, A. Energy consumption and constant current operation in membrane capacitive deionization. Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 9520–9527.

Crossref Google Scholar
[46]

Porada, S.; Weinstein, L.; Dash, R.; van der Wal, A.; Bryjak, M.; Gogotsi, Y.; Biesheuvel, P. M. Water desalination using capacitive deionization with microporous carbon electrodes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2012, 4, 1194–1199.

Crossref Google Scholar
Nano Research
Volume 16 Issue 5,
May 2023
Pages 6039-6047
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-022-4491-3
Cite this article:
Li B, Sun K, Xu W, et al. Tailoring interlayer spacing in MXene cathodes to boost the desalination performance of hybrid capacitive deionization systems. Nano Research, 2023, 16(5): 6039-6047. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-4491-3
Topics:
Structural design
Part of a topical collection:
Key Nanomaterials for Industrial Chemical Process
Metrics & Citations  
Article History
Copyright
Return