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Research Article

N-doped carbon nanocube with zinc oxide sodiophilic sites enables a superior sodium metal anode

Yijuan Li1,§( ), Pan Xu2,§, Hongbin Ni2,§, Jirong Mou3, Tangchao Xie1, Hong Xiao1, Hengji Zhu1, Quanfeng Dong2( ), Shaoming Huang1( )
Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Energy Storage Devices, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Engineering Research Centre of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China

§ Yijuan Li, Pan Xu, and Hongbin Ni contributed equally to this work.

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Graphical Abstract

A sub-nano zinc oxide uniformly-decorated porous nitrogen-doped carbon nanocube (ZnO@NC) has been designed and applied as a sodium metal substrate. Through in-situ alloy reaction between sodiphilic ZnO and metallic Na, the formed sodiphilic NaZn13 alloy can act as nucleation site to markedly decrease the Na nucleation barrier and finally lead to dendrite-free sodium plating during cycling.

Abstract

The metallic Na has been regarded as the most promising anode for next-generation sodium metal batteries (SMBs) owing to its high theoretical specific capacity, low redox potential, and low cost. The practical applications of Na metal, however, have still been severely hindered by the uncontrolled sodium dendrites growth during Na deposition and stripping processes, which leads to low Coulombic efficiency and poor cycling stability. In this study, sub-nano zinc oxide (ZnO) uniformly dispersed in three-dimensional (3D) porous nitrogen-doped (N-doped) carbon nanocube (ZnO@NC) was acquired as a stable host for dendrite-free Na metal anode. Benefiting from the in-situ electrochemically formed sodiophilic nucleation site (NaZn13 alloy) and the enriched pore structure, rapid and uniform sodium deposition behavior can be performed. As expected, the ZnO@NC electrode delivers impressive electrochemical performance, an ultra-high areal capacity of 20 mAh·cm−2 in the half-cell can be maintained for 2,000 h. In the symmetrical-cell, it can also exhibit up to 3,000 h at 3 mA·cm−2 and 3 mAh·cm−2 with low polarization potential. Furthermore, in the full-cell that matches with Prussian blue (PB) cathode, the Na@ZnO@NC anode performs the outstanding long-cycling and rate performance. Therefore, this work provides an effective strategy to inhibit the growth of Na dendrites for the development of high-safety and long-cycling SMBs.

Keywords

sub-nano zinc oxideN-doped carbon nanocubesodiophilic siteNaZn13 alloydendrite-free Na metal anode

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Nano Research
Volume 16 Issue 1,
January 2023
Pages 411-419
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-022-4621-y
Cite this article:
Li Y, Xu P, Ni H, et al. N-doped carbon nanocube with zinc oxide sodiophilic sites enables a superior sodium metal anode. Nano Research, 2023, 16(1): 411-419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-4621-y
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Received: 26 April 2022
Revised: 31 May 2022
Accepted: 01 June 2022
Published: 27 July 2022
© Tsinghua University Press 2022
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