AI Chat Paper
Note: Please note that the following content is generated by AMiner AI. SciOpen does not take any responsibility related to this content.
{{lang === 'zh_CN' ? '文章概述' : 'Summary'}}
{{lang === 'en_US' ? '中' : 'Eng'}}
Chat more with AI
Powered by AMiner. Clicking this button will take you away from SciOpen.
Home Nano Research Article
Article Link
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Submit Manuscript
Show Outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Research Article

Modulator-directed assembly of hybrid composites based on metal-organic frameworks and upconversion nanoparticles

Yanhui Feng1,2, Xingjun Li1,2( ), Shan Lu1, Renfu Li1, Zhongliang Gong1, Xiaoying Shang1, Yifan Pei1,4, Wei Zheng1, Datao Tu1, Xueyuan Chen1,2,3,4( )
CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, and State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
College of chemistry, Fuzhou university, Fuzhou 350108, China
Fujian Science and Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350108, China
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
Show Author Information

Graphical Abstract

A strategy has been developed to synthesize a series of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8@upconversion nanoparticle (ZIF-8@UCNP) composites via a modulator-directed in situ assembly. Ethylenediamine was firstly used as a modulator to fine-tune the predominant metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) facets and realize distinct morphologies of the composites.

Abstract

Hybrid composites made of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have attracted considerable interest for their synergistically enhanced functions in various applications such as chemical sensing, photocatalysis, anticounterfeiting and nanomedicine. However, precise assembly of MOF/UCNP hybrid composites with tunable morphologies remains a challenge due to the lack of effective synthetic methods and fundamental understanding of the growth mechanisms. Herein, we propose a modulator-directed assembly strategy to synthesize a series of ZIF-8@UCNP composites (ZIF-8 = zeolitic imidazolate framework-8). The UCNPs densely paved on the surface of ZIF-8 microcrystals and endowed the composites with intense upconversion blue emission, which were verified by steady-state/transient photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and single-particle imaging. Ethylenediamine (EDA) was firstly used as a modulator to fine-tune the predominant MOF facets and realized distinct morphologies of the composites. By adjusting the concentration of EDA from 0 to 25 mmol/L, the morphology of the ZIF-8@UCNP composites was tuned from rhombic dodecahedron (RD) to truncated rhombic dodecahedron (TRD), cube with truncated edges (CTE), cube, and finally a unique form of interpenetration twins (IT). The nucleation and growth process of the ZIF-8@UCNP composites was monitored by time-dependent scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and the formation mechanism was thoroughly revealed. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the strategy for assembly of morphology-controllable ZIF-8@UCNP composites was generally applicable to various UCNPs with different sizes and shapes. The proposed strategy is expected to open up new avenues for the controllable synthesis of MOF/UCNP composites toward diverse applications.

Keywords

metal-organic frameworksupconversion nanoparticleshybrid compositesethylenediaminemodulator

Electronic Supplementary Material

Video
12274_2022_4684_MOESM2.mp4
Download File(s)
12274_2022_4684_MOESM1_ESM.pdf (5.6 MB)

References

[1]

Kitagawa, S.; Matsuda, R. Chemistry of coordination space of porous coordination polymers. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2007, 251, 2490–2509.
Crossref Google Scholar
[2]

Yaghi, O. M.; Li, G. M.; Li, H. L. Selective binding and removal of guests in a microporous metal-organic framework. Nature 1995, 378, 703–706.
Crossref Google Scholar
[3]

Jaramillo, D. E.; Reed, D. A.; Jiang, H. Z. H.; Oktawiec, J.; Mara, M. W.; Forse, A. C.; Lussier, D. J.; Murphy, R. A.; Cunningham, M.; Colombo, V. et al. Selective nitrogen adsorption via backbonding in a metal-organic framework with exposed vanadium sites. Nat. Mater. 2020, 19, 517–521.
Crossref Google Scholar
[4]

Adil, K.; Belmabkhout, Y.; Pillai, R. S.; Cadiau, A.; Bhatt, P. M.; Assen, A. H.; Maurin, G.; Eddaoudi, M. Gas/vapour separation using ultra-microporous metal-organic frameworks: Insights into the structure/separation relationship. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017, 46, 3402–3430.
Crossref Google Scholar
[5]

Chen, Z. J.; Li, P. H.; Anderson, R.; Wang, X. J.; Zhang, X.; Robison, L.; Redfern, L. R.; Moribe, S.; Islamoglu, T.; Gómez-Gualdrón, D. A. et al. Balancing volumetric and gravimetric uptake in highly porous materials for clean energy. Science 2020, 368, 297–303.
Crossref Google Scholar
[6]

Hu, Y. H.; Zhang, L. Hydrogen storage in metal-organic frameworks. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, E117–E130.
Crossref Google Scholar
[7]

Jiao, L.; Wang, Y.; Jiang, H. L.; Xu, Q. Metal-organic frameworks as platforms for catalytic applications. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1703663.
Crossref Google Scholar
[8]

Li, R.; Zhang, W.; Zhou, K. Metal-organic-framework-based catalysts for photoreduction of CO2. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, e1705512.
Crossref Google Scholar
[9]

Cui, Y. J.; Yue, Y. F.; Qian, G. D.; Chen, B. L. Luminescent functional metal-organic frameworks. Chem. Rev. 2012, 112, 1126–1162.
Crossref Google Scholar
[10]

Chen, L.; Ye, J. W.; Wang, H. P.; Pan, M.; Yin, S. Y.; Wei, Z. W.; Zhang, L. Y.; Wu, K.; Fan, Y. N.; Su, C. Y. Ultrafast water sensing and thermal imaging by a metal-organic framework with switchable luminescence. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 15985.
Crossref Google Scholar
[11]

Wu, M. X.; Yang, Y. W. Metal-organic framework (MOF)-based drug/cargo delivery and cancer therapy. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1606134.
Crossref Google Scholar
[12]

Sun, Y. J.; Zheng, L. W.; Yang, Y.; Qian, X.; Fu, T.; Li, X. W.; Yang, Z. Y.; Yan, H.; Cui, C.; Tan, W. H. Metal-organic framework nanocarriers for drug delivery in biomedical applications. Nano-Micro Lett. 2020, 12, 103.
Crossref Google Scholar
[13]

Sindoro, M.; Yanai, N.; Jee, A. Y.; Granick, S. Colloidal-sized metal-organic frameworks: Synthesis and applications. Acc. Chem. Res. 2014, 47, 459–469.
Crossref Google Scholar
[14]

Feng, L.; Wang, K. Y.; Powell, J.; Zhou, H. C. Controllable synthesis of metal-organic frameworks and their hierarchical assemblies. Matter 2019, 1, 801–824.
Crossref Google Scholar
[15]

Park, J.; Jiang, Q.; Feng, D. W.; Mao, L. Q.; Zhou, H. C. Size-controlled synthesis of porphyrinic metal-organic framework and functionalization for targeted photodynamic therapy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 3518–3525.
Crossref Google Scholar
[16]

Yanai, N.; Sindoro, M.; Yan, J.; Granick, S. Electric field-induced assembly of monodisperse polyhedral metal-organic framework crystals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 34–37.
Crossref Google Scholar
[17]

Pham, M. H.; Vuong, G. T.; Vu, A. T.; Do, T. O. Novel route to size-controlled Fe-MIL-88B-NH2 metal-organic framework nanocrystals. Langmuir 2011, 27, 15261–15267.
Crossref Google Scholar
[18]

Pan, Y. C.; Heryadi, D.; Zhou, F.; Zhao, L.; Lestari, G.; Su, H. B.; Lai, Z. P. Tuning the crystal morphology and size of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 in aqueous solution by surfactants. CrystEngComm 2011, 13, 6937–6940.
Crossref Google Scholar
[19]

Tsai, H.; Shrestha, S.; Vilá, R. A.; Huang, W. X.; Liu, C. M.; Hou, C. H.; Huang, H. H.; Wen, X. W.; Li, M. X.; Wiederrecht, G. et al. Bright and stable light-emitting diodes made with perovskite nanocrystals stabilized in metal-organic frameworks. Nat. Photon. 2021, 15, 843–849.
Crossref Google Scholar
[20]

Zhang, M. Y.; Li, J. K.; Wang, R.; Zhao, S. N.; Zang, S. Q.; Mak, T. C. W. Construction of core–shell MOF@COF hybrids with controllable morphology adjustment of COF shell as a novel platform for photocatalytic cascade reactions. Adv. Sci. (Weinh) 2021, 8, 2101884.
Crossref Google Scholar
[21]

Wang, Z.; Zhu, C. Y.; Mo, J. T.; Fu, P. Y.; Zhao, Y. W.; Yin, S. Y.; Jiang, J. J.; Pan, M.; Su, C. Y. White-light emission from dual-way photon energy conversion in a dye-encapsulated metal-organic framework. Angew. Chem. , Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 9752–9757.
Crossref Google Scholar
[22]

Goldschmidt, J. C.; Fischer, S. Upconversion for photovoltaics—A review of materials, devices and concepts for performance enhancement. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2015, 3, 510–535.
Crossref Google Scholar
[23]

Wen, S. H.; Zhou, J. J.; Zheng, K. Z.; Bednarkiewicz, A.; Liu, X. G.; Jin, D. Y. Advances in highly doped upconversion nanoparticles. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 2415.
Crossref Google Scholar
[24]

Wang, F.; Han, Y.; Lim, C. S.; Lu, Y. H.; Wang, J.; Xu, J.; Chen, H. Y.; Zhang, C.; Hong, M. H.; Liu, X. G. Simultaneous phase and size control of upconversion nanocrystals through lanthanide doping. Nature 2010, 463, 1061–1065.
Crossref Google Scholar
[25]

Zhu, X. H.; Zhang, J.; Liu, J. L.; Zhang, Y. Recent progress of rare-earth doped upconversion nanoparticles: Synthesis, optimization, and applications. Adv. Sci. 2019, 6, 1901358.
Crossref Google Scholar
[26]

Liu, Y. J.; Lu, Y. Q.; Yang, X. S.; Zheng, X. L.; Wen, S. H.; Wang, F.; Vidal, X.; Zhao, J. B.; Liu, D. M.; Zhou, Z. G. et al. Amplified stimulated emission in upconversion nanoparticles for super-resolution nanoscopy. Nature 2017, 543, 229–233.
Crossref Google Scholar
[27]

Zhan, Q. Q.; Liu, H. C.; Wang, B. J.; Wu, Q. S.; Pu, R.; Zhou, C.; Huang, B. R.; Peng, X. Y.; Ågren, H.; He, S. L. Achieving high-efficiency emission depletion nanoscopy by employing cross relaxation in upconversion nanoparticles. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 1058.
Crossref Google Scholar
[28]

Ke, J. X.; Lu, S.; Li, Z.; Shang, X. Y.; Li, X. J.; Li, R. F.; Tu, D. T.; Chen, Z.; Chen, X. Y. Multiplexed intracellular detection based on dual-excitation/dual-emission upconversion nanoprobes. Nano Res. 2020, 13, 1955–1961.
Crossref Google Scholar
[29]

Lu, S.; Tu, D. T.; Li, X. J.; Li, R. F.; Chen, X. Y. A facile "ship-in-a-bottle" approach to construct nanorattles based on upconverting lanthanide-doped fluorides. Nano Res. 2016, 9, 187–197.
Crossref Google Scholar
[30]

Li, Y. T.; Tang, J. L.; He, L. C.; Liu, Y.; Liu, Y. L.; Chen, C. Y.; Tang, Z. Y. Core–shell upconversion nanoparticle@metal-organic framework nanoprobes for luminescent/magnetic dual-mode targeted imaging. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 4075–4080.
Crossref Google Scholar
[31]

Li, Y. F.; Di, Z. H.; Gao, J. H.; Cheng, P.; Di, C. Z.; Zhang, G.; Liu, B.; Shi, X. H.; Sun, L. D.; Li, L. L. et al. Heterodimers made of upconversion nanoparticles and metal-organic frameworks. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 13804–13810.
Crossref Google Scholar
[32]

Li, D. D.; Yu, S. H.; Jiang, H. L. From UV to near-infrared light-responsive metal-organic framework composites: Plasmon and upconversion enhanced photocatalysis. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1707377.
Crossref Google Scholar
[33]

Li, Z. H.; Gao, H. J.; Shen, R. C.; Zhang, C. X.; Li, L. S.; Lv, Y. W.; Tang, L. M.; Du, Y. P.; Yuan, Q. Facet selectivity guided assembly of nanoarchitectures onto two-dimensional metal-organic framework nanosheets. Angew. Chem. , Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 17564–17569.
Crossref Google Scholar
[34]

Deng, K. R.; Hou, Z. Y.; Li, X. J.; Li, C. X.; Zhang, Y. X.; Deng, X. R.; Cheng, Z. Y.; Lin, J. Aptamer-mediated up-conversion core/MOF shell nanocomposites for targeted drug delivery and cell imaging. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 7851.
Crossref Google Scholar
[35]

Hao, C. L.; Wu, X. L.; Sun, M. Z.; Zhang, H. Y.; Yuan, A. M.; Xu, L. G.; Xu, C. L.; Kuang, H. Chiral core–shell upconversion nanoparticle@MOF nanoassemblies for quantification and bioimaging of reactive oxygen species in vivo. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 19373–19378.
Crossref Google Scholar
[36]
He, L. C. ; Brasino, M. ; Mao, C. C. ; Cho, S. ; Park, W. ; Goodwin, A. P. ; Cha, J. N. DNA-assembled core–satellite upconverting-metal-organic framework nanoparticle superstructures for efficient photodynamic therapy. Small 2017, 13, 1700504.
[37]

Shao, Y. L.; Liu, B.; Di, Z. H.; Zhang, G.; Sun, L. D.; Li, L. L.; Yan, C. H. Engineering of upconverted metal-organic frameworks for near-infrared light-triggered combinational photodynamic/chemo-/immunotherapy against hypoxic tumors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 3939–3946.
Crossref Google Scholar
[38]

Liu, Q.; Wu, B.; Li, M. Y.; Huang, Y. Y.; Li, L. L. Heterostructures made of upconversion nanoparticles and metal-organic frameworks for biomedical applications. Adv. Sci. (Weinh. ) 2022, 9, 2103911.
Google Scholar
[39]

Jena, H. S.; Rijckaert, H.; Krishnaraj, C.; Van Driessche, I.; Van Der Voort, P.; Kaczmarek, A. M. Hybrid nanocomposites formed by lanthanide nanoparticles in Zr-MOF for local temperature measurements during catalytic reactions. Chem. Mater. 2021, 33, 8007–8017.
Crossref Google Scholar
[40]

Lu, G.; Li, S. Z.; Guo, Z.; Farha, O. K.; Hauser, B. G.; Qi, X. Y.; Wang, Y.; Wang, X.; Han, S. Y.; Liu, X. G. et al. Imparting functionality to a metal-organic framework material by controlled nanoparticle encapsulation. Nat. Chem. 2012, 4, 310–316.
Crossref Google Scholar
[41]

Li, Y. T.; Liu, J. M.; Wang, Z. C.; Jin, J.; Liu, Y. L.; Chen, C. Y.; Tang, Z. Y. Optimizing energy transfer in nanostructures enables in vivo cancer lesion tracking via near-infrared excited hypoxia imaging. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1907718.
Crossref Google Scholar
[42]

Liu, Y.; Yang, Y.; Sun, Y. J.; Song, J. B.; Rudawski, N. G.; Chen, X. Y.; Tan, W. H. Ostwald ripening-mediated grafting of metal-organic frameworks on a single colloidal nanocrystal to form uniform and controllable MXF. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 7407–7413.
Crossref Google Scholar
[43]

Yuan, Z.; Zhang, L.; Li, S. Z.; Zhang, W. N.; Lu, M.; Pan, Y.; Xie, X. J.; Huang, L.; Huang, W. Paving metal-organic frameworks with upconversion nanoparticles via self-assembly. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 15507–15515.
Crossref Google Scholar
[44]

He, L. C.; Ni, Q. Q.; Mu, J.; Fan, W. P.; Liu, L.; Wang, Z. T.; Li, L.; Tang, W.; Liu, Y. J.; Cheng, Y. Y. et al. Solvent-assisted self-assembly of a metal-organic framework based biocatalyst for cascade reaction driven photodynamic therapy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 6822–6832.
Crossref Google Scholar
[45]

Cravillon, J.; Münzer, S.; Lohmeier, S. J.; Feldhoff, A.; Huber, K.; Wiebcke, M. Rapid room-temperature synthesis and characterization of nanocrystals of a prototypical zeolitic imidazolate framework. Chem. Mater. 2009, 21, 1410–1412.
Crossref Google Scholar
[46]

You, W. W.; Tu, D. T.; Zheng, W.; Shang, X. Y.; Song, X. R.; Zhou, S. Y.; Liu, Y.; Li, R. F.; Chen, X. Y. Large-scale synthesis of uniform lanthanide-doped NaREF4 upconversion/downshifting nanoprobes for bioapplications. Nanoscale 2018, 10, 11477–11484.
Crossref Google Scholar
[47]

He, H. L.; Liu, J. X.; Li, K.; Yin, Z.; Wang, J. W.; Luo, D.; Liu, Y. J. Linearly polarized emission from shear-induced nematic phase upconversion nanorods. Nano Lett. 2020, 20, 4204–4210.
Crossref Google Scholar
[48]

Ling, D. P.; Li, H. H.; Xi, W. S.; Wang, Z.; Bednarkiewicz, A.; Dibaba, S. T.; Shi, L. Y.; Sun, L. N. Heterodimers made of metal-organic frameworks and upconversion nanoparticles for bioimaging and pH-responsive dual-drug delivery. J. Mater. Chem. B 2020, 8, 1316–1325.
Crossref Google Scholar
[49]

Park, K. S.; Ni, Z.; Côté, A. P.; Choi, J. Y.; Huang, R. D.; Uribe-Romo, F. J.; Chae, H. K.; O'Keeffe, M.; Yaghi, O. M. Exceptional chemical and thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103, 10186–10191.
Crossref Google Scholar
[50]

Phan, A.; Doonan, C. J.; Uribe-Romo, F. J.; Knobler, C. B.; O'Keeffe, M.; Yaghi, O. M. Synthesis, structure, and carbon dioxide capture properties of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks. Acc. Chem. Res. 2010, 43, 58–67.
Crossref Google Scholar
[51]

Zhou, W.; Wu, H.; Udovic, T. J.; Rush, J. J.; Yildirim, T. Quasi-free methyl rotation in zeolitic imidazolate framework-8. J. Phys. Chem. A 2008, 112, 12602–12606.
Crossref Google Scholar
[52]

Zhao, X. J.; Fang, X. L.; Wu, B. H.; Zheng, L. S.; Zheng, N. F. Facile synthesis of size-tunable ZIF-8 nanocrystals using reverse micelles as nanoreactors. Sci. China Chem. 2014, 57, 141–146.
Crossref Google Scholar
[53]

Cravillon, J.; Schröder, C. A.; Bux, H.; Rothkirch, A.; Caro, J.; Wiebcke, M. Formate modulated solvothermal synthesis of ZIF-8 investigated using time-resolved in situ X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. CrystEngComm 2012, 14, 492–498.
Crossref Google Scholar
[54]

Cravillon, J.; Nayuk, R.; Springer, S.; Feldhoff, A.; Huber, K.; Wiebcke, M. Controlling zeolitic imidazolate framework nano- and microcrystal formation: Insight into crystal growth by time-resolved in situ static light scattering. Chem. Mater. 2011, 23, 2130–2141.
Crossref Google Scholar
[55]

Yang, F.; Mu, H.; Wang, C. Q.; Xiang, L.; Yao, K. X.; Liu, L. M.; Yang, Y.; Han, Y.; Li, Y. S.; Pan, Y. C. Morphological map of ZIF-8 crystals with five distinctive shapes: Feature of filler in mixed-matrix membranes on C3H6/C3H8 separation. Chem. Mater. 2018, 30, 3467–3473.
Crossref Google Scholar
[56]

Xu, J. T.; Yang, P. P.; Sun, M. D.; Bi, H. T.; Liu, B.; Yang, D.; Gai, S. L.; He, F.; Lin, J. Highly emissive dye-sensitized upconversion nanostructure for dual-photosensitizer photodynamic therapy and bioimaging. ACS Nano 2017, 11, 4133–4144.
Crossref Google Scholar
[57]

Li, Z. K.; Qiao, X.; He, G. H.; Sun, X.; Feng, D. H.; Hu, L. F.; Xu, H.; Xu, H. B.; Ma, S. Q.; Tian, J. Core–satellite metal-organic framework@upconversion nanoparticle superstructures via electrostatic self-assembly for efficient photodynamic theranostics. Nano Res. 2020, 13, 3377–3386.
Crossref Google Scholar
[58]

Zhang, D. L.; Peng, R. Z.; Liu, W. F.; Donovan, M. J.; Wang, L. L.; Ismail, I.; Li, J.; Li, J.; Qu, F. L.; Tan, W. H. Engineering DNA on the surface of upconversion nanoparticles for bioanalysis and therapeutics. ACS Nano 2021, 15, 17257–17274.
Crossref Google Scholar
[59]

Qiao, C. Q.; Zhang, R. L.; Wang, Y. D.; Jia, Q.; Wang, X. F.; Yang, Z.; Xie, T. F.; Ji, R. C.; Cui, X. F.; Wang, Z. L. Rabies virus-inspired metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for targeted imaging and chemotherapy of Glioma. Angew. Chem. , Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 16982–16988.
Crossref Google Scholar
[60]

Zhu, W. J.; Yang, Y.; Jin, Q. T.; Chao, Y.; Tian, L. L.; Liu, J. J.; Dong, Z. L.; Liu, Z. Two-dimensional metal-organic-framework as a unique theranostic nano-platform for nuclear imaging and chemo-photodynamic cancer therapy. Nano Res. 2019, 12, 1307–1312.
Crossref Google Scholar
[61]

Liu, X. Y.; Lo, W. S.; Wu, C. H.; Williams, B. P.; Luo, L. S.; Li, Y.; Chou, L. Y.; Lee, Y.; Tsung, C. K. Tuning metal-organic framework nanocrystal shape through facet-dependent coordination. Nano Lett. 2020, 20, 1774–1780.
Crossref Google Scholar
[62]

Liang, Z. Z.; Zhang, C. C.; Yuan, H. T.; Zhang, W.; Zheng, H. Q.; Cao, R. PVP-assisted transformation of a metal-organic framework into Co-embedded N-enriched meso/microporous carbon materials as bifunctional electrocatalysts. Chem. Commun. 2018, 54, 7519–7522.
Google Scholar
[63]

Graf, C.; Dembski, S.; Hofmann, A.; Rühl, E. A general method for the controlled embedding of nanoparticles in silica colloids. Langmuir 2006, 22, 5604–5610.
Crossref Google Scholar
[64]

Al-Saidi, W. A.; Feng, H. J.; Fichthorn, K. A. Adsorption of polyvinylpyrrolidone on Ag surfaces: Insight into a structure-directing agent. Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 997–1001.
Crossref Google Scholar
Nano Research
Volume 16 Issue 1,
January 2023
Pages 1482-1490
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-022-4684-9
Cite this article:
Feng Y, Li X, Lu S, et al. Modulator-directed assembly of hybrid composites based on metal-organic frameworks and upconversion nanoparticles. Nano Research, 2023, 16(1): 1482-1490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-4684-9
Topics:
NanocompositesStructural design

1381

Views

6

Crossref

5

Web of Science

6

Scopus

0

CSCD

Altmetrics
Received: 17 March 2022
Revised: 17 May 2022
Accepted: 21 June 2022
Published: 06 August 2022
© Tsinghua University Press 2022
Return