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Research Article

Probing cell membrane integrity using a histone-targeting protein nanocage displaying precisely positioned fluorophores

Ti Fang1,2Chaoqun Li2,5Ao Liang2,5Hui Zhang2Fan Zhang2Xian-En Zhang3,4,5Yi-Yu Yang1( )Feng Li2,5( )
Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Graphical Abstract

A nanoprobe has been developed from a bacterial protein nanocage via spatially precise fluorophore labeling to avoid self-quenching. The nanoprobe has an unexpected binding capacity to histones rather than DNA and can serve as a new general tool for cellular analysis based on cell membrane integrity.

Abstract

Cell membrane integrity is fundamental to the normal activities of cells and is involved in both acute and chronic pathologies. Here, we report a probe for analyzing cell membrane integrity developed from a 9 nm-sized protein nanocage named Dps via fluorophore conjugation with high spatial precision to avoid self-quenching. The probe cannot enter normal live cells but can accumulate in dead or live cells with damaged membranes, which, interestingly, leads to weak cytoplasmic and strong nuclear staining. This differential staining is found attributed to the high affinity of Dps for histones rather than DNA, providing a staining mechanism different from those of known membrane exclusion probes (MEPs). Moreover, the Dps nanoprobe is larger in size and thus applies a more stringent criterion for identifying severe membrane damage than currently available MEPs. This study shows the potential of Dps as a new bioimaging platform for biological and medical analyses.

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Nano Research
Pages 894-904
Cite this article:
Fang T, Li C, Liang A, et al. Probing cell membrane integrity using a histone-targeting protein nanocage displaying precisely positioned fluorophores. Nano Research, 2023, 16(1): 894-904. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-4785-5
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Received: 07 May 2022
Revised: 13 July 2022
Accepted: 18 July 2022
Published: 02 September 2022
© Tsinghua University Press 2022
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