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Research Article

Magneto-mechanical effect of magnetic microhydrogel for improvement of magnetic neuro-stimulation

Le Xue1, Qing Ye1, Linyuan Wu1, Dong Li2, Siyuan Bao1, Qingbo Lu3, Sha Liu1, Dongke Sun2, Zonghai Sheng4, Zhijun Zhang3,5(), Ning Gu6(), Jianfei Sun1()
State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
School of Mechanic Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Institution of Neuropsychiatry, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Multimodality Imaging of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Imaging and Therapy, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
Department of Mental Health and Public Health, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
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Graphical Abstract

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In this study, we fabricated injectable microhydrogels encapsulated with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles, which significantly improved the stability of nanoparticles, increased the magnetic properties, and reinforced the neuro-stimulation effectivity.

Abstract

Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles play an important role in mediating precise and effective magnetic neuro-stimulation and can help overcome limitations related to penetration depth and spatial resolution. However, nanoparticles readily diffuse in vivo, decreasing the spatial resolution and activation efficiency. In this study, we employed a microfluidic means to fabricate injectable microhydrogels encapsulated with SPIO nanoparticles, which significantly improved the stability of nanoparticles, increased the magnetic properties, and reinforced the stimulation effectivity. The fabricated magnetic microhydrogels were highly uniform in size and sphericity, enabling minimally invasive injection into brain tissue. The long-term residency in the cortex up to 22 weeks and the safety of brain tissue were shown using a mouse model. In addition, we quantitatively determined the magneto-mechanical force yielded by only one magnetic microhydrogel using a video-based method. The force was found to be within 7–8 pN under 10 Hz magnetic stimulation by both theoretical simulation and experimental measurement. Lastly, electrophysiological measurement of brain slices showed that the magnetic microhydrogels offer significant advantages in terms of neural activation relative to dissociative SPIO nanoparticles. A universal strategy is thus offered for performing magnetic neuro-stimulation with an improved prospect for biomedical translation.

Keywords

magnetic stimulationsuperparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticlesmagnetic microhydrogellong-term residencymagneto-mechanical effect

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Nano Research
Volume 16 Issue 5,
May 2023
Pages 7393-7404
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-023-5464-x
Cite this article:
Xue L, Ye Q, Wu L, et al. Magneto-mechanical effect of magnetic microhydrogel for improvement of magnetic neuro-stimulation. Nano Research, 2023, 16(5): 7393-7404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-5464-x
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