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Research Article

Glycerol solutions of highly concentrated biomineral counter-ions towards water-responsive mineralization: Demonstration on bacterial cellulose and its application in hard tissue repair

Yunfei Zhao1, Xiaohao Liu1, Zhi Zhou1, Chaobo Feng1, Nan Luo2, Jiajun Yan1, Shuo Tan1, Yang Lu1, Feng Chen1( ), Bing-Qiang Lu1( ), Shisheng He1( )
Department of Orthopedic, Spinal Pain Research Institute, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
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Graphical Abstract

The mineralizing solution of highly concentrated counter-ions (MSCIs), which is an organic mineralizing solution, can hold different kinds of highly concentrated mineral counter-ions in stable state at room temperature for a long time (more than one week) without any stabilizer. Through mineralization of bacterial cellulose membrane, MSCI exhibits high infiltrability, high mineralizing efficacy, and provides feasible regulations over mineralization rate, mineral content, phase, and ion dopants. The mineralized bacterial cellulose (BC) membranes made by MSCI show potentials in hard tissue repair as demonstrated in a rabbit median sternotomy model.

Abstract

Mineralization has found widespread use in the fabrication of composite biomaterials for hard tissue regeneration. The current mineralization processes are mainly carried out in neutral aqueous solutions of biomineral counter-ions (a pair of cation and anion that form the corresponding minerals at certain conditions), which are stable only at very low concentrations. This typically results in inefficient mineralization and weak control over biomineral formation. Here, we find that, in the organic solvent glycerol, a variety of biomineral counter-ions (e.g., Ca/PO4, Ca/CO3, Ca/SO4, Mg/PO4, or Fe/OH) corresponding to distinct biominerals at significantly high concentrations (up to hundreds-fold greater than those of simulated body fluid (SBF)) are able to form translucent and stable solutions (mineralizing solution of highly concentrated counter-ions (MSCIs)), and mineralization can be triggered upon them with external solvents (e.g., water or ethanol). Furthermore, with pristine bacterial cellulose (BC) membrane as a model, we demonstrate an effective and controllable mineralization performance of MSCIs on organic substrates. This approach not only forms the homogeneous biominerals on the BC fibers and in the interspaces, but also provides regulations over mineralization rate, mineral content, phase, and dopants. The resulting mineralized BC membranes (MBCs) exhibit high cytocompatibility and favor the proliferation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSC). Following this, we prepare a mineralized bone suture (MBS) from MBC for non-weight bearing bone fixation, which then is tested on a rabbit median sternotomy model. It shows firm fixation of the rabbit sternum without causing discernible toxicity or inflammatory response. This study, by extending the mineralization to the organic solution system of highly concentrated counter-ions, develops a promising strategy to design and build targeted mineral-based composites.

Keywords

biomineralizationorganic solventbacterial cellulose (BC)hard tissue repair

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Nano Research
Volume 17 Issue 3,
March 2024
Pages 2154-2163
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-023-5897-2
Cite this article:
Zhao Y, Liu X, Zhou Z, et al. Glycerol solutions of highly concentrated biomineral counter-ions towards water-responsive mineralization: Demonstration on bacterial cellulose and its application in hard tissue repair. Nano Research, 2024, 17(3): 2154-2163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-5897-2
Topics:
Biomimetic materials

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Received: 03 March 2023
Revised: 31 May 2023
Accepted: 05 June 2023
Published: 26 July 2023
© Tsinghua University Press 2023
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