AI Chat Paper
Note: Please note that the following content is generated by AMiner AI. SciOpen does not take any responsibility related to this content.
{{lang === 'zh_CN' ? '文章概述' : 'Summary'}}
{{lang === 'en_US' ? '中' : 'Eng'}}
Chat more with AI
Powered by AMiner. Clicking this button will take you away from SciOpen.
Home Nano Research Article
Article Link
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Submit Manuscript
Show Outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Research Article

Plasmonic nanostructures acting as a light-driven O2-sensitive nitroreductase mimic for enhanced photochemical oxidation of para-aminothiophenol

Xinshuang Gao1,3, Jia-jia Zheng2,3, Hanbo Li1,3, Rui Cai1,3, Xingfa Gao2,3( ), Xiaochun Wu1,3( )
CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Show Author Information

Graphical Abstract

Helical plasmonic nanorods modified with para-nitrothiophenol (HPNR@4-NTP) were shown to function as a light-driven oxygen-sensitive nitroreductase (NTR) mimic, leading to significant enhancement in the oxidative coupling of para-aminothiophenol (4-ATP).

Abstract

Nanozymes, as a novel form of enzyme mimics, have garnered considerable interest. Despite overcoming the main disadvantages of their natural analogs, they still face challenges such as restricted mimic types and low substrate specificity. Herein, we introduce a reactive ligand modification strategy to diversify enzyme mimic types. Specifically, we have utilized helical plasmonic nanorods (HPNRs) modified with para-nitrothiophenol (4-NTP) to create an oxygen-sensitive nitroreductase (NTR) with light-controllability. HPNRs act as a light-adjustable source of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H), providing photon-generated energetic electrons to adsorbed 4-NTP molecules. In the presence of O2, the activated 4-NTP transfers the captured electron to the adsorbed O2, mimicking the electron transfer process in its natural counterpart. This enhanced O2 activation notably boosts the oxidative coupling of para-aminothiophenol (4-ATP). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that hot electrons injected into the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of 4-NTP can be transferred to that of molecular oxygen. In conclusion, our findings underline the potential of the reactive ligand modification strategy in developing new types of enzyme reactions, which opens up promising avenues for the enhancement and diversification of nanozyme functionalities.

Keywords

plasmonic nanostructurenanozymenitroreductasepara-nitrothiolphenolhot electron injectionpara-aminothiolphenol

Electronic Supplementary Material

Download File(s)
12274_2023_6110_MOESM1_ESM.pdf (3.1 MB)

References

[1]

Huang, Y. Y.; Ren, J. S.; Qu, X. G. Nanozymes: Classification, catalytic mechanisms, activity Regulation, and applications. Chem. Rev. 2019, 119, 4357–4412.
Crossref Google Scholar
[2]

Liu, Q. W.; Zhang, A. M.; Wang, R. H.; Zhang, Q.; Cui, D. X. A Review on metal- and metal oxide-based nanozymes: Properties, mechanisms, and applications. Nano-Micro Lett. 2021, 13, 154.
Crossref Google Scholar
[3]

Liu, K. J.; Niu, J. X.; Liu, L.; Tian, F. Z.; Nie, H. M.; Liu, X. Y.; Chen, K.; Zhao, R. L.; Sun, S.; Jiao, M. L. et al. LUMO-mediated Se and HOMO-mediated Te nanozymes for selective redox biocatalysis. Nano Lett. 2023, 23, 5131–5140.
Crossref Google Scholar
[4]

Liu, J. B.; Jiang, X. M.; Wang, L. M.; Hu, Z. J.; Wen, T.; Liu, W. Q.; Yin, J. J.; Chen, C. Y.; Wu, X. C. Ferroxidase-like activity of Au nanorod/Pt nanodot structures and implications for cellular oxidative stress. Nano Res. 2015, 8, 4024–4037.
Crossref Google Scholar
[5]

Qiao, B. T.; Wang, A. Q.; Yang, X. F.; Allard, L. F.; Jiang, Z.; Cui, Y. T.; Liu, J. Y.; Li, J.; Zhang, T. Single-atom catalysis of CO oxidation using Pt1/FeOx. Nat. Chem. 2011, 3, 634–641.
Crossref Google Scholar
[6]

Jiang, B.; Guo, Z. J.; Liang, M. M. Recent progress in single-atom nanozymes research. Nano Res. 2023, 16, 1878–1889.
Crossref Google Scholar
[7]

Liang, M. M.; Yan, X. Y. Nanozymes: From new concepts, mechanisms, and standards to applications. Acc. Chem. Res. 2019, 52, 2190–2200.
Crossref Google Scholar
[8]

Xu, Y.; Zhou, Z. X.; Deng, N. K.; Fu, K. C.; Zhu, C. X.; Hong, Q.; Shen, Y. F.; Liu, S. Q.; Zhang, Y. J. Molecular insights of nanozymes from design to catalytic mechanism. Sci. China Chem. 2023, 66, 1318–1335.
Crossref Google Scholar
[9]

Brongersma, M. L.; Halas, N. J.; Nordlander, P. Plasmon-induced hot carrier science and technology. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2015, 10, 25–34.
Crossref Google Scholar
[10]

Clavero, C. Plasmon-induced hot-electron generation at nanoparticle/metal-oxide interfaces for photovoltaic and photocatalytic devices. Nat. Photonics 2014, 8, 95–103.
Crossref Google Scholar
[11]

Boerigter, C.; Aslam, U.; Linic, S. Mechanism of charge transfer from plasmonic nanostructures to chemically attached materials. ACS Nano 2016, 10, 6108–6115.
Crossref Google Scholar
[12]

DuChene, J. S.; Tagliabue, G.; Welch, A. J.; Cheng, W. H.; Atwater, H. A. Hot hole collection and photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction with plasmonic Au/p-GaN photocathodes. Nano Lett. 2018, 18, 2545–2550.
Crossref Google Scholar
[13]

Wang, Z. J.; Song, H.; Pang, H.; Ning, Y. X.; Dao, T. D.; Wang, Z.; Chen, H. L.; Weng, Y. X.; Fu, Q.; Nagao, T. et al. Photo-assisted methanol synthesis via CO2 reduction under ambient pressure over plasmonic Cu/ZnO catalysts. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2019, 250, 10–16.
Crossref Google Scholar
[14]

Jia, H. L.; Du, A. X.; Zhang, H.; Yang, J. H.; Jiang, R. B.; Wang, J. F.; Zhang, C. Y. Site-selective growth of crystalline ceria with oxygen vacancies on gold nanocrystals for near-infrared nitrogen photofixation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 5083–5086.
Crossref Google Scholar
[15]

Ingram, D. B.; Linic, S. Water splitting on composite plasmonic-metal/semiconductor photoelectrodes: Evidence for selective plasmon-induced formation of charge carriers near the semiconductor surface. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 5202–5205.
Crossref Google Scholar
[16]

Haider, R. S.; Wang, S. Y.; Gao, Y. Y.; Malik, A. S.; Ta, N.; Li, H.; Zeng, B.; Dupuis, M.; Fan, F. T.; Li, C. Boosting photocatalytic water oxidation by surface plasmon resonance of AgxAu1−x alloy nanoparticles. Nano Energy 2021, 87, 106189.
Crossref Google Scholar
[17]

Shi, R.; Cao, Y. H.; Bao, Y. J.; Zhao, Y. F.; Waterhouse, G. I. N.; Fang, Z. Y.; Wu, L. Z.; Tung, C. H.; Yin, Y. D.; Zhang, T. R. Self-assembled Au/CdSe nanocrystal clusters for plasmon-mediated photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1700803.
Crossref Google Scholar
[18]

Erzina, M.; Guselnikova, O.; Miliutina, E.; Trelin, A.; Postnikov, P.; Svorcik, V.; Lyutakov, O. Plasmon-assisted transfer hydrogenation: Kinetic control of reaction chemoselectivity through a light illumination mode. J. Phys. Chem. C 2021, 125, 10318–10325.
Crossref Google Scholar
[19]

Poulose, A. C.; Zoppellaro, G.; Konidakis, I.; Serpetzoglou, E.; Stratakis, E.; Tomanec, O.; Beller, M.; Bakandritsos, A.; Zbořil, R. Fast and selective reduction of nitroarenes under visible light with an earth-abundant plasmonic photocatalyst. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2022, 17, 485–492.
Crossref Google Scholar
[20]

Wang, C.; Shi, Y.; Dan, Y. Y.; Nie, X. G.; Li, J.; Xia, X. H. Enhanced peroxidase-like performance of gold nanoparticles by hot electrons. Chem.—Eur. J. 2017, 23, 6717–6723.
Crossref Google Scholar
[21]

Wu, D.; Hu, N.; Liu, J. C.; Fan, G. S.; Li, X. T.; Sun, J.; Dai, C. J.; Suo, Y. R.; Li, G. L.; Wu, Y. N. Ultrasensitive colorimetric sensing strategy based on ascorbic acid triggered remarkable photoactive-nanoperoxidase for signal amplification and its application to α-glucosidase activity detection. Talanta 2018, 190, 103–109.
Crossref Google Scholar
[22]

Sun, Y.; Wang, R. X.; Liu, X.; Shan, G. Y.; Chen, Y. W.; Tong, T.; Liu, Y. C. Laser-induced formation of Au/Pt nanorods with peroxidase mimicking and SERS enhancement properties for application to the colorimetric determination of H2O2. Microchim. Acta 2018, 185, 445.
Crossref Google Scholar
[23]

Jiang, G. H.; Liu, H. M.; Liu, J.; Liu, L. E.; Li, Y. L.; Xue, L. S.; Wu, Y. J.; Yang, R. Y. Engineering of multifunctional carbon nanodots-decorated plasmonic Au@Ag nanoenzymes for photoelectrochemical biosensing of microRNA-155. Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 2022, 360, 131653.
Crossref Google Scholar
[24]

Maji, S. K.; Yu, S. B.; Chung, K.; Ramasamy, M. S.; Lim, J. W.; Wang, J. F.; Lee, H.; Kim, D. H. Synergistic nanozymetic activity of hybrid gold bipyramid-molybdenum disulfide core@shell nanostructures for two-photon imaging and anticancer therapy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 42068–42076.
Crossref Google Scholar
[25]

Liang, S.; Deng, X. R.; Chang, Y.; Sun, C. Q.; Shao, S.; Xie, Z. X.; Xiao, X.; Ma, P. A.; Zhang, H. Y.; Cheng, Z. Y. et al. Intelligent hollow Pt-CuS Janus architecture for synergistic catalysis-enhanced sonodynamic and photothermal cancer therapy. Nano Lett. 2019, 19, 4134–4145.
Crossref Google Scholar
[26]

Zhu, Y. L.; Wang, Z.; Zhao, R. X.; Zhou, Y. H.; Feng, L. L.; Gai, S. L.; Yang, P. P. Pt decorated Ti3C2Tx MXene with NIR-II light amplified nanozyme catalytic activity for efficient phototheranostics. ACS Nano 2022, 16, 3105–3118.
Crossref Google Scholar
[27]

Gu, W. X.; Hua, Z. Y.; Li, Z.; Cai, Z. H.; Wang, W. D.; Guo, K. J.; Yuan, F.; Gao, F. L.; Chen, H. L. Palladium cubes with Pt shell deposition for localized surface Plasmon resonance enhanced photodynamic and photothermal therapy of hypoxic tumors. Biomater. Sci. 2022, 10, 216–226.
Crossref Google Scholar
[28]

Liao, X. W.; Xu, Q. Y.; Sun, H. J.; Liu, W. Y.; Chen, Y. M.; Xia, X. H.; Wang, C. Plasmonic nanozymes: Localized surface plasmonic resonance regulates reaction kinetics and antibacterial performance. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2022, 13, 312–323.
Crossref Google Scholar
[29]

Zhu, Z. L.; Luo, H. Y.; Wang, T.; Zhang, C. H.; Liang, M. M.; Yang, D. Q.; Liu, M. H.; Yu, W. W.; Bai, Q.; Wang, L. N. et al. Plasmon-enhanced peroxidase-like activity of nitrogen-doped graphdiyne oxide quantum dots/gold-silver nanocage heterostructures for antimicrobial applications. Chem. Mater. 2022, 34, 1356–1368.
Crossref Google Scholar
[30]

Xu, G. P.; Du, X. C.; Wang, W. J.; Qu, Y. Y.; Liu, X. D.; Zhao, M. W.; Li, W. F.; Li, Y. Q. Plasmonic nanozymes: Leveraging localized surface Plasmon resonance to boost the enzyme-mimicking activity of nanomaterials. Small 2022, 18, 2204131.
Crossref Google Scholar
[31]

Cellier, M.; Fabrega, O. J.; Fazackerley, E.; James, A. L.; Orenga, S.; Perry, J. D.; Salwatura, V. L.; Stanforth, S. P. 2-Arylbenzothiazole, benzoxazole and benzimidazole derivatives as fluorogenic substrates for the detection of nitroreductase and aminopeptidase activity in clinically important bacteria. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2011, 19, 2903–2910.
Crossref Google Scholar
[32]

Chevalier, A.; Zhang, Y. M.; Khdour, O. M.; Kaye, J. B.; Hecht, S. M. Mitochondrial nitroreductase activity enables selective imaging and therapeutic targeting. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 12009–12012.
Crossref Google Scholar
[33]

Wang, S. Y.; Tan, W.; Lang, W. J.; Qian, H. J.; Guo, S. H.; Zhu, L. Q.; Ge, J. Y. Fluorogenic and mitochondria-localizable probe enables selective labeling and imaging of nitroreductase. Anal. Chem. 2022, 94, 7272–7277.
Crossref Google Scholar
[34]

Shi, S.; Du, Y.; Zou, Y.; Niu, J.; Cai, Z. Y.; Wang, X. N.; Qiu, F. H.; Ding, Y.; Yang, G. C.; Wu, Y. Z. et al. Rational design for nitroreductase (NTR)-responsive proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) selectively targeting tumor tissues. J. Med. Chem. 2022, 65, 5057–5071.
Crossref Google Scholar
[35]

Chen, Y.; Zhang, X.; Lu, X. Y.; Wu, H. W.; Zhang, D. S.; Zhu, B. C.; Huang, S. Y. Ultra-sensitive responsive near-infrared fluorescent nitroreductase probe with strong specificity for imaging tumor and detecting the invasiveness of tumor cells. Spectrochim. Acta Part A: Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2022, 268, 120634.
Crossref Google Scholar
[36]

Roldán, M. D.; Pérez-Reinado, E.; Castillo, F.; Moreno-Vivián, C. Reduction of polynitroaromatic compounds: The bacterial nitroreductases. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2008, 32, 474–500.
Crossref Google Scholar
[37]

Li, J. F.; Zhang, Y. J.; Ding, S. Y.; Panneerselvam, R.; Tian, Z. Q. Core–shell nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Chem. Rev. 2017, 117, 5002–5069.
Crossref Google Scholar
[38]

Pham, X. H.; Hahm, E.; Kim, T. H.; Kim, H. M.; Lee, S. H.; Lee, S. C.; Kang, H.; Lee, H. Y.; Jeong, D. H.; Choi, H. S. et al. Enzyme-amplified SERS immunoassay with Ag-Au bimetallic SERS hot spots. Nano Res. 2020, 13, 3338–3346.
Crossref Google Scholar
[39]

Peng, J. P.; Liu, P. J.; Chen, Y. T.; Guo, Z. H.; Liu, Y. H.; Yue, K. Templated synthesis of patterned gold nanoparticle assemblies for highly sensitive and reliable SERS substrates. Nano Res. 2022, 16, 5056–5064.
Crossref Google Scholar
[40]

Chen, J. Q.; Gao, X. S.; Zheng, Q.; Liu, J. B.; Meng, D. J.; Li, H. Y.; Cai, R.; Fan, H. Z.; Ji, Y. L.; Wu, X. C. Bottom-up synthesis of helical plasmonic nanorods and their application in generating circularly polarized luminescence. ACS Nano 2021, 15, 15114–15122.
Crossref Google Scholar
[41]

Vigderman, L.; Zubarev, E. R. High-yield synthesis of gold nanorods with longitudinal SPR peak greater than 1200 nm using hydroquinone as a reducing agent. Chem. Mater. 2013, 25, 1450–1457.
Crossref Google Scholar
[42]

Xie, J. N.; Wang, N.; Dong, X. H.; Wang, C. Y.; Du, Z.; Mei, L. Q.; Yong, Y.; Huang, C. S.; Li, Y. L.; Gu, Z. J. et al. Graphdiyne nanoparticles with high free radical scavenging activity for radiation protection. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 2579–2590.
Crossref Google Scholar
[43]

Joseph, V.; Engelbrekt, C.; Zhang, J. D.; Gernert, U.; Ulstrup, J.; Kneipp, J. Characterizing the kinetics of nanoparticle-catalyzed reactions by surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 7592–7596.
Crossref Google Scholar
[44]

Lee, S.; Hwang, H.; Lee, W.; Schebarchov, D.; Wy, Y.; Grand, J.; Auguié, B.; Wi, D. H.; Cortés, E.; Han, S. W. Core–shell bimetallic nanoparticle trimers for efficient light-to-chemical energy conversion. ACS Energy Lett. 2020, 5, 3881–3890.
Crossref Google Scholar
[45]

Sheng, S. X.; Ji, Y. F.; Yan, X. H.; Wei, H.; Luo, Y.; Xu, H. X. Azo-dimerization mechanisms of p-aminothiophenol and p-nitrothiophenol molecules on plasmonic metal surfaces revealed by tip-/surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. C 2020, 124, 11586–11594.
Crossref Google Scholar
[46]

Zhang, Z. Y.; Kneipp, J. Mapping the inhomogeneity in plasmonic catalysis on supported gold nanoparticles using surface-enhanced Raman scattering microspectroscopy. Anal. Chem. 2018, 90, 9199–9205.
Crossref Google Scholar
[47]

Li, H. H.; Si, M. T.; Liu, L. H.; Chu, X. Q.; Wang, S.; Wan, L.; Yan, R.; Sun, M. T.; Fang, Y. C. Ag nanoparticle-induced oxidative dimerization of thiophenols: Efficiency and mechanism. Langmuir 2018, 34, 11347–11353.
Crossref Google Scholar
[48]

Huang, Y. F.; Zhu, H. P.; Liu, G. K.; Wu, D. Y.; Ren, B.; Tian, Z. Q. When the signal is not from the original molecule to be detected: Chemical transformation of para-aminothiophenol on Ag during the SERS measurement. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 9244–9246.
Crossref Google Scholar
[49]

Gabudean, A. M.; Biro, D.; Astilean, S. Localized surface Plasmon resonance (LSPR) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) studies of 4-aminothiophenol adsorption on gold nanorods. J. Mol. Struct. 2011, 993, 420–424.
Crossref Google Scholar
[50]

Osawa, M.; Matsuda, N.; Yoshii, K.; Uchida, I. Charge transfer resonance Raman process in surface-enhanced Raman scattering from p-aminothiophenol adsorbed on silver: Herzberg-Teller contribution. J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 12702–12707.
Crossref Google Scholar
[51]

Sun, Z. H.; Wang, C. X.; Yang, J. X.; Zhao, B.; Lombardi, J. R. Nanoparticle metal-semiconductor charge transfer in ZnO/PATP/Ag assemblies by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 6093–6098.
Crossref Google Scholar
[52]

Dong, B.; Fang, Y. R.; Chen, X. W.; Xu, H. X.; Sun, M. T. Substrate-, wavelength-, and time-dependent plasmon-assisted surface catalysis reaction of 4-nitrobenzenethiol dimerizing to p,p'-dimercaptoazobenzene on Au, Ag, and Cu films. Langmuir 2011, 27, 10677–10682.
Crossref Google Scholar
[53]

Zhao, L. B.; Huang, Y. F.; Liu, X. M.; Anema, J. R.; Wu, D. Y.; Ren, B.; Tian, Z. Q. A DFT study on photoinduced surface catalytic coupling reactions on nanostructured silver: Selective formation of azobenzene derivatives from para-substituted nitrobenzene and aniline. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2012, 14, 12919–12929.
Crossref Google Scholar
[54]

Li, Z. D.; Kurouski, D. Elucidation of photocatalytic properties of gold-platinum bimetallic nanoplates using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. C 2020, 124, 12850–12854.
Crossref Google Scholar
[55]

Li, Z. D.; El-Khoury, P. Z.; Kurouski, D. Tip-enhanced Raman imaging of photocatalytic reactions on thermally-reshaped gold and gold-palladium microplates. Chem. Commun. 2021, 57, 891–894.
Crossref Google Scholar
[56]

Madzharova, F.; Heiner, Z.; Kneipp, J. Surface-enhanced hyper Raman spectra of aromatic thiols on gold and silver nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. C 2020, 124, 6233–6241.
Crossref Google Scholar
[57]

Tiwari, N. R.; Liu, M. Y.; Kulkarni, S.; Fang, Y. Study of adsorption behavior of aminothiophenols on gold nanorods using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J. Nanophotonics 2011, 5, 053513.
Crossref Google Scholar
[58]

Lindquist, N. C.; de Albuquerque, C. D. L.; Sobral-Filho, R. G.; Paci, I.; Brolo, A. G. High-speed imaging of surface-enhanced Raman scattering fluctuations from individual nanoparticles. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2019, 14, 981–987.
Crossref Google Scholar
[59]

Gao, X. S.; Zheng, Q.; Li, H. B.; Zhang, C. Q.; Cai, R.; Ji, Y. L.; Hu, Z. J.; Wu, X. C. Modulation of plasmonic chiral shell growth on gold nanorods via nonchiral surfactants. Nanoscale 2023, 15, 10651–10660.
Crossref Google Scholar
[60]

Chen, J. Q.; Meng, D. J.; Wang, H.; Li, H. Y.; Ji, Y. L.; Shi, X. H.; Wu, X. C. Aromatic thiol-modulated Ag overgrowth on gold nanoparticles: Tracking the thiol's position in the core–shell nanoparticles. Nanoscale 2019, 11, 17471–17477.
Crossref Google Scholar
[61]

Xie, W.; Schlücker, S. Hot electron-induced reduction of small molecules on photorecycling metal surfaces. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 7570.
Crossref Google Scholar
[62]

Kafle, B.; Poveda, M.; Habteyes, T. G. Surface ligand-mediated plasmon-driven photochemical reactions. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2017, 8, 890–894.
Crossref Google Scholar
Nano Research
Volume 16 Issue 11,
November 2023
Pages 12697-12705
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-023-6110-3
Cite this article:
Gao X, Zheng J-j, Li H, et al. Plasmonic nanostructures acting as a light-driven O2-sensitive nitroreductase mimic for enhanced photochemical oxidation of para-aminothiophenol. Nano Research, 2023, 16(11): 12697-12705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-6110-3
Topics:
NanocatalystsPhotocatalysis

807

Views

1

Crossref

2

Web of Science

1

Scopus

0

CSCD

Altmetrics
Received: 03 July 2023
Revised: 18 August 2023
Accepted: 20 August 2023
Published: 30 September 2023
© Tsinghua University Press 2023
Return