Recent advances and applications of single atom catalysts based electrochemical sensors

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Wu, T.; Li, S.; Liu, S. J.; Cheong, W. C.; Peng, C.; Yao, K.; Li, Y. P.; Wang, J. Y.; Jiang, B. B.; Chen, Z. et al. Biomass-assisted approach for large-scale construction of multi-functional isolated single-atom site catalysts. Nano Res. 2022, 15, 3980–3990.

Wang, G.; Wu, Y.; Li, Z. Z.; Lou, Z. Z.; Chen, Q. Q.; Li, Y. F.; Wang, D. S.; Mao, J. J. Engineering a copper single-atom electron bridge to achieve efficient photocatalytic CO₂ conversion. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202218460.

Wang, Y.; Wu, J.; Tang, S. H.; Yang, J. R.; Ye, C. L.; Chen, J.; Lei, Y. P.; Wang, D. S. Synergistic Fe-Se atom pairs as bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts boost low-temperature rechargeable Zn-air battery. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202219191.

Ye, C. L.; Zheng, M.; Li, Z. M.; Fan, Q. K.; Ma, H. Q.; Fu, X. Z.; Wang, D. S.; Wang, J.; Li, Y. D. Electrical pulse induced one-step formation of atomically dispersed Pt on oxide clusters for ultra-low-temperature zinc-air battery. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202213366.

Zhang, Z. D.; Zhu, J. X.; Chen, S. H.; Sun, W. M.; Wang, D. S. Liquid fluxional Ga single atom catalysts for efficient electrochemical CO₂ reduction. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202215136.

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Zhang, Z. D.; Wang, D. S. Single-atom catalysts: Stimulating electrochemical CO₂ reduction reaction in the industrial era. J. Mater. Chem. A 2022, 10, 5863–5877.

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Liang, X.; Wang, D. S. Activity regulation of Fenton/Fenton-like reactions in single-atom catalysis. ChemCatChem 2023, 15, e202201579.

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Liu, Z. H.; Du, Y.; Yu, R. H.; Zheng, M. B.; Hu, R.; Wu, J. S.; Xia, Y. Y.; Zhuang, Z. C.; Wang, D. S. Tuning mass transport in electrocatalysis down to sub-5 nm through nanoscale grade separation. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2022, 62, e202212653.

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Wang, Q. P.; Liu, T. Y.; Chen, K.; Wu, D.; Chen, C.; Chen, M.; Ma, X. H.; Xu, J.; Yao, T.; Li, Y. F. et al. Precise regulation of iron spin states in single Fe-N₄ sites for efficient peroxidase-mimicking catalysis. Small 2022, 18, 2204015.

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Chu, T. S.; Rong, C.; Zhou, L.; Mao, X. Y.; Zhang, B. W.; Xuan, F. Z. Progress and perspectives of single-atom catalysts for gas sensing. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2206783.

Hou, H. F.; Mao, J. J.; Han, Y. H.; Wu, F.; Zhang, M. N.; Wang, D. S.; Mao, L. Q.; Li, Y. D. Single-atom electrocatalysis: A new approach to in vivo electrochemical biosensing. Sci. China Chem. 2019, 62, 1720–1724.

Gao, Y.; Liu, B. Z.; Wang, D. S. Microenvironment engineering of single/dual-atom catalysts for electrocatalytic application. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2209654.

Wang, Z. W.; Wang, W. L.; Wang, J.; Wang, D. S.; Liu, M. L.; Wu, Q. Y.; Hu, H. Y. Single-atom catalysts with ultrahigh catalase-like activity through electron filling and orbital energy regulation. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 33, 2209560.

Yang, Y.; Wu, J. S.; Cheng, B.; Zhang, L. Y.; Al-Ghamdi, A. A.; Wageh, S.; Li, Y. J. Enhanced photocatalytic H₂-production activity of CdS nanoflower using single atom Pt and graphene quantum dot as dual cocatalysts. Chin. J. Struct. Chem. 2022, 41, 2206006–2206014.

Jiao, L.; Xu, W. Q.; Wu, Y.; Yan, H. Y.; Gu, W. L.; Du, D.; Lin, Y. H.; Zhu, C. Z. Single-atom catalysts boost signal amplification for biosensing. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2021, 50, 750–765.

Jiao, L.; Xu, W. Q.; Wu, Y.; Wang, H. J.; Hu, L. Y.; Gu, W. L.; Zhu, C. Z. On the road from single-atom materials to highly sensitive electrochemical sensing and biosensing. Anal. Chem. 2023, 95, 433–443.

Cui, T. T.; Li, L. X.; Ye, C. L.; Li, X. Y.; Liu, C. X.; Zhu, S. H.; Chen, W.; Wang, D. S. Heterogeneous single atom environmental catalysis: Fundamentals, applications, and opportunities. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2108381.

Li, R. M.; Guo, W. W.; Zhu, Z. J.; Zhai, Y. L.; Wang, G. W.; Liu, Z.; Jiao, L.; Zhu, C. Z.; Lu, X. Q. Single-atom indium boosts electrochemical dopamine sensing. Anal. Chem. 2023, 95, 7195–7201.

Xiong, C.; Tian, L.; Xiao, C. C.; Xue, Z. G.; Zhou, F. Y.; Zhou, H.; Zhao, Y. F.; Chen, M.; Wang, Q. P.; Qu, Y. T. et al. Construction of highly accessible single Co site catalyst for glucose detection. Sci. Bull. 2020, 65, 2100–2106.

Song, Y. Y.; He, T.; Zhang, Y. L.; Yin, C. Y.; Chen, Y.; Liu, Q. M.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, S. W. Cobalt single atom sites in carbon aerogels for ultrasensitive enzyme-free electrochemical detection of glucose. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2022, 906, 116024.

Shu, Y. J.; Li, Z. J.; Yang, Y.; Tan, J. W.; Liu, Z. Y.; Shi, Y. H.; Ye, C. X.; Gao, Q. S. Isolated cobalt atoms on N-doped carbon as nanozymes for hydrogen peroxide and dopamine detection. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2021, 4, 7954–7962.

Hu, F. X.; Hu, T.; Chen, S. H.; Wang, D. P.; Rao, Q. H.; Liu, Y. H.; Dai, F. Y.; Guo, C. X.; Yang, H. B.; Li, C. M. Single-atom cobalt-based electrochemical biomimetic uric acid sensor with wide linear range and ultralow detection limit. Nano-Micro Lett. 2020, 13, 7.

Li, P. H.; Yang, M.; Li, Y. X.; Song, Z. Y.; Liu, J. H.; Lin, C. H.; Zeng, J.; Huang, X. J. Ultra-sensitive and selective detection of arsenic(Ⅲ) via electroanalysis over cobalt single-atom catalysts. Anal. Chem. 2020, 92, 6128–6135.

Hu, G. X.; Rao, Q. H.; Li, G.; Zheng, Y.; Liu, Y. H.; Guo, C. X.; Li, F. H.; Hu, F. X.; Yang, H. B.; Chen, F. Single-atom cobalt integrated flexible sensor for simultaneous detection of dihydroxybenzene isomers. Nanoscale 2023, 15, 9484–9495.

Liu, Y. Y.; Zhao, P.; Liang, Y.; Chen, Y. Y.; Pu, J. Z.; Wu, J. Z.; Yang, Y. Q.; Ma, Y. L.; Huang, Z.; Luo, H. B. et al. Single-atom nanozymes Co-N-C as an electrochemical sensor for detection of bioactive molecules. Talanta 2023, 254, 124171.

Li, Z. H.; Liu, R. J.; Tang, C.; Wang, Z. Y.; Chen, X.; Jiang, Y. H.; Wang, C. Z.; Yuan, Y.; Wang, W. B.; Wang, D. B. et al. Cobalt nanoparticles and atomic sites in nitrogen-doped carbon frameworks for highly sensitive sensing of hydrogen peroxide. Small 2020, 16, 1902860.

Hu, F. X.; Hu, G. X.; Wang, D. P.; Duan, X. X.; Feng, L. R.; Chen, B.; Liu, Y. H.; Ding, J.; Guo, C. X.; Yang, H. B. Integrated biochip-electronic system with single-atom nanozyme for in vivo analysis of nitric oxide. ACS Nano 2023, 17, 8575–8585.

Wu, F.; Pan, C.; He, C. T.; Han, Y. H.; Ma, W. J.; Wei, H.; Ji, W. L.; Chen, W. X.; Mao, J. J.; Yu, P. et al. Single-atom Co-N₄ electrocatalyst enabling four-electron oxygen reduction with enhanced hydrogen peroxide tolerance for selective sensing. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 16861–16867.

Zou, Z.; Shi, Z. Z.; Wu, J. G.; Wu, C.; Zeng, Q. X.; Zhang, Y. Y.; Zhou, G. D.; Wu, X. S.; Li, J.; Chen, H. et al. Atomically dispersed Co to an end-adsorbing molecule for excellent biomimetically and prime sensitively detecting O₂^•- released from living cells. Anal. Chem. 2021, 93, 10789–10797.

Hu, Y.; Bai, C.; Li, M.; Hojamberdiev, M.; Geng, D. S.; Li, X. G. Tailoring atomically dispersed cobalt-nitrogen active sites in wrinkled carbon nanosheets via “fence” isolation for highly sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide. J. Mater. Chem. A 2022, 10, 3190–3200.

Gao, X. L.; Ma, W. J.; Mao, J. J.; He, C. T.; Ji, W. L.; Chen, Z.; Chen, W. X.; Wu, W. J.; Yu, P.; Mao, L. Q. A single-atom Cu-N₂ catalyst eliminates oxygen interference for electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide in a living animal brain. Chem. Sci. 2021, 12, 15045–15053.

Shetty, S. S.; El-Demellawi, J. K.; Khan, Y.; Hedhili, M. N.; Arul, P.; Mani, V.; Alshareef, H. N.; Salama, K. N. Iron single-atom catalysts on MXenes for ultrasensitive monitoring of adrenal tumor markers and cellular dopamine. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2023, 8, 2202069.

Bushira, F. A.; Kitte, S. A.; Li, H. J.; Zheng, L. R.; Wang, P.; Jin, Y. D. Enzyme-like Fe-N₅ single atom catalyst for simultaneous electrochemical detection of dopamine and uric acid. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2022, 904, 115956.

Li, P. H.; Song, Z. Y.; Xiao, X. Y.; Liang, B.; Yang, M.; Chen, S. H.; Liu, W. Q.; Huang, X. J. Coordination engineering strategy of iron single-atom catalysts boosts anti-Cu(Ⅱ) interference detection of As(Ⅲ) with a high sensitivity. J. Hazard. Mater. 2023, 442, 130122.

Yao, L. L.; Gao, S. J.; Liu, S.; Bi, Y. L.; Wang, R. R.; Qu, H.; Wu, Y.; Mao, Y. E.; Zheng, L. Single-atom enzyme-functionalized solution-gated graphene transistor for real-time detection of mercury ion. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 6268–6275.

Ding, S. C.; Lyu, Z.; Fang, L. Z.; Li, T.; Zhu, W. L.; Li, S. Q.; Li, X.; Li, J. C.; Du, D.; Lin, Y. H. Single-atomic site catalyst with heme enzymes-like active sites for electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide. Small 2021, 17, 2100664.

Wei, X. Q.; Song, S. J.; Song, W. Y.; Xu, W. Q.; Jiao, L.; Luo, X.; Wu, N. N.; Yan, H. Y.; Wang, X. S.; Gu, W. L. et al. Fe₃C-assisted single atomic Fe sites for sensitive electrochemical biosensing. Anal. Chem. 2021, 93, 5334–5342.

Li, J.; Wu, C.; Yuan, C. S.; Shi, Z. Z.; Zhang, K. Y.; Zou, Z.; Xiong, L. L.; Chen, J.; Jiang, Y. L.; Sun, W. et al. Single-atom iron anchored on 2-D graphene carbon to realize bridge-adsorption of O-O as biomimetic enzyme for remarkably sensitive electrochemical detection of H₂O₂. Anal. Chem. 2022, 94, 14109–14117.

Liang, Y.; Zhao, P.; Zheng, J. L.; Chen, Y. Y.; Liu, Y. Y.; Zheng, J.; Luo, X. G.; Huo, D. Q.; Hou, C. J. Fe single-atom electrochemical sensors for H₂O₂ produced by living cells. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2022, 5, 11852–11863.

Luo, X.; Luo, Z.; Wei, X. Q.; Jiao, L.; Fang, Q.; Wang, H. J.; Wang, J. H.; Gu, W. L.; Hu, L. Y.; Zhu, C. Z. Iridium single-atomic site catalysts with superior oxygen reduction reaction activity for sensitive monitoring of organophosphorus pesticides. Anal. Chem. 2022, 94, 1390–1396.

Lei, Y.; Butler, D.; Lucking, M. C.; Zhang, F.; Xia, T. N.; Fujisawa, K.; Granzier-Nakajima, T.; Cruz-Silva, R.; Endo, M.; Terrones, H. et al. Single-atom doping of MoS₂ with manganese enables ultrasensitive detection of dopamine: Experimental and computational approach. Sci. Adv. 2020, 6, eabc4250.

Li, Y. Y.; Song, Z. Y.; Xiao, X. Y.; Zhang, L. K.; Huang, H. Q.; Liu, W. Q.; Huang, X. J. In-situ electronic structure redistribution tuning of single-atom Mn/g-C₃N₄ catalyst to trap atomic-scale lead(Ⅱ) for highly stable and accurate electroanalysis. J. Hazard. Mater. 2022, 435, 129009.

Cong, W. H.; Song, P.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, S.; Liu, W. F.; Zhang, T. Y.; Zhou, J. D.; Wang, M. L.; Liu, X. G. Supramolecular confinement pyrolysis to carbon-supported Mo nanostructures spanning four scales for hydroquinone determination. J. Hazard. Mater. 2022, 437, 129327.

Li, M.; Peng, X. Y.; Liu, X. J.; Wang, H. S.; Zhang, S. S.; Hu, G. Z. Single-atom niobium doped BCN nanotubes for highly sensitive electrochemical detection of nitrobenzene. RSC Adv. 2021, 11, 28988–28995.

Sun, X. J.; Chen, C.; Xiong, C.; Zhang, C. M.; Zheng, X. S.; Wang, J.; Gao, X. P.; Yu, Z. Q.; Wu, Y. E. Surface modification of MoS₂ nanosheets by single Ni atom for ultrasensitive dopamine detection. Nano Res. 2023, 16, 917–924.

Li, Z.; Li, Y. T.; Chen, S. Y.; Zha, Q.; Zhu, M. S. In-situ monitoring of hydrogen peroxide production at nickel single-atom electrocatalyst. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 460, 141657.

Zhou, M.; Jiang, Y.; Wang, G.; Wu, W. J.; Chen, W. X.; Yu, P.; Lin, Y. Q.; Mao, J. J.; Mao, L. Q. Single-atom Ni-N₄ provides a robust cellular no sensor. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 3188.

Han, C. X.; Yi, W. W.; Li, Z. P.; Dong, C.; Zhao, H. Z.; Liu, M. Single-atom palladium anchored N-doped carbon enhanced electrochemical detection of furazolidone. Electrochim. Acta 2023, 447, 142083.

Long, B. J.; Zhao, Y. M.; Cao, P. Y.; Wei, W.; Mo, Y.; Liu, J. J.; Sun, C. J.; Guo, X. F.; Shan, C. S.; Zeng, M. H. Single-atom Pt boosting electrochemical nonenzymatic glucose sensing on Ni(OH)₂/N-doped graphene. Anal. Chem. 2022, 94, 1919–1924.

Long, B. J.; Cao, P. Y.; Zhao, Y. M.; Fu, Q. Q.; Mo, Y.; Zhai, Y. M.; Liu, J. J.; Lyu, X.; Li, T.; Guo, X. F. et al. Pt₁/Ni₆Co₁ layered double hydroxides/N-doped graphene for electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensing by synergistic enhancement of single atoms and doping. Nano Res. 2023, 16, 318–324.

Liu, L. Q.; Li, F. F.; Liu, T. T.; Chen, S. H.; Zhang, M. X. Porphyrin zirconium-based MOF dispersed single Pt atom for electrocatalytic sensing levodopa. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2022, 921, 116701.

Li, P. H.; Yang, M.; Song, Z. Y.; Chen, S. H.; Xiao, X. Y.; Lin, C. H.; Huang, X. J. Highly sensitive and stable determination of As(Ⅲ) under near-neutral conditions: Benefit from the synergetic catalysis of Pt single atoms and active s atoms over Pt₁/MoS₂. Anal. Chem. 2021, 93, 15115–15123.

Shi, X. Y.; Li, J.; Xiong, Y.; Liu, Z. Y.; Zhan, J. H.; Cai, B. Rh single-atom nanozymes for efficient ascorbic acid oxidation and detection. Nanoscale 2023, 15, 6629–6635.

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Zhang, Z. D.; Zhou, M.; Chen, Y. J.; Liu, S. J.; Wang, H. F.; Zhang, J.; Ji, S. F.; Wang, D. S.; Li, Y. D. Pd single-atom monolithic catalyst: Functional 3D structure and unique chemical selectivity in hydrogenation reaction. Sci. China Mater. 2021, 64, 1919–1929.

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Wu, Z. Z.; Bai, J.; Lai, F. L.; Zheng, H.; Zhang, Y. Z.; Zhang, N.; Wang, C. X.; Wang, Z. Y.; Zhang, L. S.; Liu, T. X. Atomically dispersed platinum supported onto nanoneedle-shaped protonated polyaniline for efficient hydrogen production in acidic water electrolysis. Sci. China Mater. 2023, 66, 2680–2688.

Zheng, X. B.; Li, P.; Dou, S. X.; Sun, W. P.; Pan, H. G.; Wang, D. S.; Li, Y. D. Non-carbon-supported single-atom site catalysts for electrocatalysis. Energy Environ. Sci. 2021, 14, 2809–2858.

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