Discover the SciOpen Platform and Achieve Your Research Goals with Ease.
Search articles, authors, keywords, DOl and etc.
Photocatalytic methane conversion to high value-added chemicals under mild conditions acts as a promising approach to utilize natural gas and renewable energy. Specifically, aerobic photocatalytic methane conversion that uses molecular oxygen as oxidant has attracted much attention because it is thermodynamic favorable and could generate various reactive oxygen species, resulting in many value-added products like methanol, formaldehyde, ethane, and ethylene. In this review, we classify the aerobic photocatalytic methane conversion into aerobic photocatalytic partial oxidation of methane (APPOM) and aerobic photocatalytic coupling of methane (APCM). We particularly focus on the fundamentals of oxygen activation and methane reaction modes in these conversions. Finally, we provide a brief summary for current challenges and future prospects towards aerobic photocatalytic methane conversion.
Saha, D.; Grappe, H. A.; Chakraborty, A.; Orkoulas, G. Postextraction separation, on-board storage, and catalytic conversion of methane in natural gas: A review. Chem. Rev. 2016, 116, 11436–11499.
Schwach, P.; Pan, X. L.; Bao, X. H. Direct conversion of methane to value-added chemicals over heterogeneous catalysts: Challenges and prospects. Chem. Rev. 2017, 117, 8497–8520.
Zhao, Y. F.; Gao, W.; Li, S. W.; Williams, G. R.; Mahadi, A. H.; Ma, D. Solar-versus thermal-driven catalysis for energy conversion. Joule 2019, 3, 920–937.
Zhang, C. C.; Wang, J.; Ouyang, S. S.; Song, H.; Ye, J. H.; Shi, L. Cocatalysts in photocatalytic methane conversion: Recent achievements and prospects. Sci. China Chem. 2023, 66, 2532–2557.
Yuliati, L.; Yoshida, H. Photocatalytic conversion of methane. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2008, 37, 1592–1602.
Meng, X. G.; Cui, X. J.; Rajan, N. P.; Yu, L.; Deng, D. H.; Bao, X. H. Direct methane conversion under mild condition by thermo-, electro-, or photocatalysis. Chem 2019, 5, 2296–2325.
Song, H.; Ye, J. H. Direct photocatalytic conversion of methane to value-added chemicals. Trends Chem. 2022, 4, 1094–1105.
Qi, G. D.; Davies, T. E.; Nasrallah, A.; Sainna, M. A.; Howe, A. G. R.; Lewis, R. J.; Quesne, M.; Catlow, C. R. A.; Willock, D. J.; He, Q. et al. Au-ZSM-5 catalyses the selective oxidation of CH4 to CH3OH and CH3COOH using O2. Nat. Catal. 2022, 5, 45–54.
Liu, J.; Yue, J. R.; Lv, M.; Wang, F.; Cui, Y. B.; Zhang, Z. G.; Xu, G. W. From fundamentals to chemical engineering on oxidative coupling of methane for ethylene production: A review. Carbon Resources Convers. 2022, 5, 1–14.
Jiang, Y. H.; Fan, Y. Y.; Li, S. Y.; Tang, Z. Y. Photocatalytic methane conversion: Insight into the mechanism of C(sp3)-H bond activation. CCS Chem. 2023, 5, 30–54.
Liu, M. X.; Wu, Z. W.; Kong, X. H.; Zhang, X.; Tan, L. D.; Guo, H.; Li, C. J. One-pot synthesis of toluene from methane and methanol catalyzed by GaN nanowire. Nano Res. 2023, 16, 6512–6516.
Wu, X. Y.; Zeng, Y.; Liu, H. C.; Zhao, J. Q.; Zhang, T. R.; Wang, S. L. Noble-metal-free dye-sensitized selective oxidation of methane to methanol with green light (550 nm). Nano Res. 2021, 14, 4584–4590.
Fan, Y. Y.; Zhou, W. C.; Qiu, X. Y.; Li, H. D.; Jiang, Y. H.; Sun, Z. H.; Han, D. X.; Niu, L.; Tang, Z. Y. Selective photocatalytic oxidation of methane by quantum-sized bismuth vanadate. Nat. Sustain. 2021, 4, 509–515.
Song, S.; Song, H.; Li, L. M.; Wang, S. Y.; Chu, W.; Peng, K.; Meng, X. G.; Wang, Q.; Deng, B. W.; Liu, Q. X. et al. A selective Au-ZnO/TiO2 hybrid photocatalyst for oxidative coupling of methane to ethane with dioxygen. Nat. Catal. 2021, 1032–1042
Wang, Z. T.; Zhang, Z. W.; Wang, Z. L.; Lu, H. J.; Wang, L. Z. Can we achieve efficient photocatalytic partial oxidation of methane to methanol: A perspective on oxygen reaction pathways. Appl. Catal. A General 2023, 654, 119082.
Zhang, C. B.; Li, Y. B.; Wang, Y. F.; He, H. Sodium-promoted Pd/TiO2 for catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde at ambient temperature. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 5816–5822.
Jiang, Y. H.; Li, S. Y.; Wang, S. K.; Zhang, Y.; Long, C.; Xie, J.; Fan, X. Y.; Zhao, W. S.; Xu, P.; Fan, Y. Y. et al. Enabling specific photocatalytic methane oxidation by controlling free radical type. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023, 145, 2698–2707.
Luo, L.; Fu, L.; Liu, H. F.; Xu, Y. X.; Xing, J. L.; Chang, C. R.; Yang, D. Y.; Tang, J. W. Synergy of Pd atoms and oxygen vacancies on In2O3 for methane conversion under visible light. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 2930.
Jiang, Y. H.; Zhao, W. S.; Li, S. Y.; Wang, S. K.; Fan, Y. Y.; Wang, F.; Qiu, X. Y.; Zhu, Y. F.; Zhang, Y.; Long, C. et al. Elevating photooxidation of methane to formaldehyde via TiO2 crystal phase engineering. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144, 15977–15987.
Zhang, W. Q.; Xi, D. W.; Chen, Y. H.; Chen, A. B.; Jiang, Y. W.; Liu, H. J.; Zhou, Z. Y.; Zhang, H.; Liu, Z.; Long, R. et al. Light-driven flow synthesis of acetic acid from methane with chemical looping. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 3047.
Liu, R. S.; Iwamoto, M.; Lunsford, J. H. Partial oxidation of methane by nitrous oxide over molybdenum oxide supported on silica. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1982, 78–79
Liu, H. F.; Liu, R. S.; Liew, K. Y.; Johnson, R. E.; Lunsford, J. H. Partial oxidation of methane by nitrous oxide over molybdenum on silica. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 4117–4121.
Mehandru, S. P.; Anderson, A. B.; Brazdil, J. F.; Grasselli, R. K. Role of oxide surface radicals for methane carbon-hydrogen bond activation and subsequent reactions on molybdena: Molecular orbital theory. J. Phys. Chem. 1987, 91, 2930–2934.
Thampi, K. R.; Kiwi, J.; Grätzel, M. Room temperature photo-activation of methane on TiO2 supported molybdena. Catal. Lett. 1988, 1, 109–116.
Ward, M. D.; Brazdil, J. F.; Mehandru, S. P.; Anderson, A. B. Methane photoactivation on copper molybdate: An experimental and theoretical study. J. Phys. Chem. 1987, 91, 6515–6521.
Anpo, M.; Shioya, Y.; Che, M. Photoinduced methanol formation from methane and no at 275 K on highly dispersed vanadium oxide supported on vycor glass and its reaction intermediate species. Res. Chem. Intermed. 1992, 17, 15–26.
Hu, Y.; Nagai, Y.; Rahmawaty, D.; Wei, C. H.; Anpo, M. Characteristics of the photocatalytic oxidation of methane into methanol on V-containing MCM-41 catalysts. Catal. Lett. 2008, 124, 80–84.
Hu, Y.; Anpo, M.; Wei, C. H. Effect of the local structures of V-oxides in MCM-41 on the photocatalytic properties for the partial oxidation of methane to methanol. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 2013, 264, 48–55.
Yu, X.; De Waele, V.; Löfberg, A.; Ordomsky, V.; Khodakov, A. Y. Selective photocatalytic conversion of methane into carbon monoxide over zinc-heteropolyacid-titania nanocomposites. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 700.
Zhai, J. X.; Zhou, B. W.; Wu, H. H.; Jia, S. Q.; Chu, M. G.; Han, S. T.; Xia, W.; He, M. Y.; Han, B. X. Selective photocatalytic aerobic oxidation of methane into carbon monoxide over Ag/AgCl@SiO2. Chem. Sci. 2022, 13, 4616–4622.
Chen, Y. M.; Tang, S. S.; Li, L.; Liu, X. M.; Liang, J. Selective photocatalytic conversion of methane induced by lewis acid-base pair on the surface of In2O3/TiO2 heterojunction photocatalyst. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2023, 11, 3568–3575.
Dong, C. Y.; Hu, D.; Ben Tayeb, K.; Simon, P.; Addad, A.; Trentesaux, M.; De Souza, D. O.; Chernyak, S.; Peron, D. V.; Rebai, A. et al. Photocatalytic partial oxidation of methane to carbon monoxide and hydrogen over CIGS solar cell. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2023, 325, 122340.
Song, H.; Meng, X. G.; Wang, S. Y.; Zhou, W.; Wang, X. S.; Kako, T.; Ye, J. H. Direct and selective photocatalytic oxidation of CH4 to oxygenates with O2 on cocatalysts/ZnO at room temperature in water. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 20507–20515.
Zhou, W. C.; Qiu, X. Y.; Jiang, Y. H.; Fan, Y. Y.; Wei, S. L.; Han, D. X.; Niu, L.; Tang, Z. Y. Highly selective aerobic oxidation of methane to methanol over gold decorated zinc oxide via photocatalysis. J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8, 13277–13284.
Latimer, A. A.; Kakekhani, A.; Kulkarni, A. R.; Nørskov, J. K. Direct methane to methanol: The selectivity-conversion limit and design strategies. ACS Catal. 2018, 8, 6894–6907.
Zhu, Y.; Chen, S. Q.; Fang, S. Y.; Li, Z. Y.; Wang, C. L.; Hu, Y. H. Distinct pathways in visible-light driven thermo-photo catalytic methane conversion. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2021, 12, 7459–7465.
Li, Z.; Li, R. G.; Jing, H. J.; Xiao, J. P.; Xie, H. C.; Hong, F.; Ta, N.; Zhang, X. W.; Zhu, J.; Li, C. Blocking the reverse reactions of overall water splitting on a Rh/GaN-ZnO photocatalyst modified with Al2O3. Nat. Catal. 2023, 6, 80–88.
Xie, C. L.; Sun, E.; Wan, G.; Zheng, J.; Gupta, R.; Majumdar, A. Transport mediating core–shell photocatalyst architecture for selective alkane oxidation. Nano Lett. 2023, 23, 2039–2045.
Huang, M.; Zhang, S. Y.; Wu, B.; Yu, X.; Gan, Y. P.; Lin, T. J.; Yu, F.; Sun, Y. H.; Zhong, L. S. Highly selective photocatalytic aerobic oxidation of methane to oxygenates with water over W-doped TiO2. ChemSusChem 2022, 15, e202200548.
Huang, M.; Zhang, S. Y.; Wu, B.; Wei, Y.; Yu, X.; Gan, Y. P.; Lin, T. J.; Yu, F.; Sun, F. F.; Jiang, Z. et al. Selective photocatalytic oxidation of methane to oxygenates over Cu-W-TiO2 with significant carrier traps. ACS Catal. 2022, 12, 9515–9525.
Hu, D.; Addad, A.; Ben Tayeb, K.; Ordomsky, V. V.; Khodakov, A. Y. Thermocatalysis enables photocatalytic oxidation of methane to formic acid at room temperature beyond the selectivity limits. Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. 2023, 4, 101277.
Huang, M.; Zhang, S. Y.; Gan, Y. P.; Liu, J.; He, Z. J.; Lin, T. J.; Yu, F.; Dai, Y. Y.; Niu, Q.; Zhong, L. S. Effective SrWO4/TiO2 heterojunction with enhanced carriers separation and transfer for photocatalytic methane oxidation. Chem.—Eur. J. 2023, 29, e202204031.
Zhang, X. B.; Wang, Y. Q.; Chang, K.; Yang, S. L.; Liu, H. J.; Chen, Q.; Xie, Z. X.; Kuang, Q. Constructing hollow porous Pd/H-TiO2 photocatalyst for highly selective photocatalytic oxidation of methane to methanol with O2. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2023, 320, 121961.
Cai, X. J.; Fang, S. Y.; Hu, Y. H. Unprecedentedly high efficiency for photocatalytic conversion of methane to methanol over Au-Pd/TiO2-what is the role of each component in the system. J. Mater. Chem. A 2021, 9, 10796–10802.
Nosaka, Y.; Nosaka, A. Y. Generation and detection of reactive oxygen species in photocatalysis. Chem. Rev. 2017, 117, 11302–11336.
Song, H.; Meng, X. G.; Wang, S. Y.; Zhou, W.; Song, S.; Kako, T.; Ye, J. H. Selective photo-oxidation of methane to methanol with oxygen over dual-cocatalyst-modified titanium dioxide. ACS Catal. 2020, 10, 14318–14326.
Song, H.; Huang, H. M.; Meng, X. G.; Wang, Q.; Hu, H. L.; Wang, S. Y.; Zhang, H. W.; Jewasuwan, W.; Fukata, N.; Feng, N. D. et al. Atomically dispersed nickel anchored on a nitrogen-doped carbon/TiO2 composite for efficient and selective photocatalytic CH4 oxidation to oxygenates. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202215057.
Han, J. T.; Su, H.; Tan, L. D.; Li, C. J. In aqua dual selective photocatalytic conversion of methane to formic acid and methanol with oxygen and water as oxidants without overoxidation. iScience 2023, 26, 105942.
Luo, L.; Gong, Z. Y.; Xu, Y. X.; Ma, J. N.; Liu, H. F.; Xing, J. L.; Tang, J. W. Binary Au-Cu reaction sites decorated ZnO for selective methane oxidation to C1 oxygenates with nearly 100% selectivity at room temperature. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144, 740–750.
Gong, Z. Y.; Luo, L.; Wang, C.; Tang, J. W. Photocatalytic methane conversion to C1 oxygenates over palladium and oxygen vacancies Co-decorated TiO2. Solar RRL 2022, 6, 2200335.
Wang, K. R.; Luo, L.; Wang, C.; Tang, J. W. Photocatalytic methane activation by dual reaction sites co-modified WO3. Chin. J. Catal. 2023, 46, 103–112.
Luo, L.; Han, X. Y.; Wang, K. R.; Xu, Y. X.; Xiong, L. Q.; Ma, J. N.; Guo, Z. X.; Tang, J. W. Nearly 100% selective and visible-light-driven methane conversion to formaldehyde via single-atom Cu and W δ +. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 2690.
Hu, W. G.; Sun, Y. N.; Li, S. H.; Cheng, X. L.; Cai, X.; Chen, M. Y.; Zhu, Y. Visible-light-driven methane conversion with oxygen enabled by atomically precise nickel catalyst. CCS Chem. 2021, 3, 2509–2519.
Zhou, Y. Y.; Zhang, L.; Wang, W. Z. Direct functionalization of methane into ethanol over copper modified polymeric carbon nitride via photocatalysis. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 506.
De Oliveira, J. A.; Da Cruz, J. C.; Nascimento, O. R.; Ribeiro, C. Selective CH4 reform to methanol through partial oxidation over Bi2O3 at room temperature and pressure. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2022, 318, 121827.
Du, H. R.; Li, X. P.; Cao, Z. Y.; Zhang, S.; Yu, W. Z.; Sun, F. Y.; Wang, S. Y.; Zhao, J. J.; Wang, J. Q.; Bai, Y. et al. Photocatalytic O2 oxidation of CH4 to CH3OH on AuFe-ZnO bifunctional catalyst. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2023, 324, 122291.
An, B.; Li, Z.; Wang, Z.; Zeng, X. D.; Han, X.; Cheng, Y. Q.; Sheveleva, A. M.; Zhang, Z. Y.; Tuna, F.; McInnes, E. J. L. et al. Direct photo-oxidation of methane to methanol over a mono-iron hydroxyl site. Nat. Mater. 2022, 21, 932–938.
Du, X. Y.; Yang, Z. S.; Yang, X. M.; Zhang, Q. Q.; Liu, L. Q.; Ye, J. H. Efficient photocatalytic conversion of methane into ethanol over P-doped g-C3N4 under ambient conditions. Energy Fuels 2022, 36, 3929–3937.
Yang, Z. S.; Zhang, Q. Q.; Ren, L. T.; Chen, X.; Wang, D. F.; Liu, L. Q.; Ye, J. H. Efficient photocatalytic conversion of CH4 into ethanol with O2 over nitrogen vacancy-rich carbon nitride at room temperature. Chem. Commun. (Camb.) 2021, 57, 871–874.
An, B.; Zhang, Q. H.; Zheng, B. S.; Li, M.; Xi, Y. Y.; Jin, X.; Xue, S.; Li, Z. T.; Wu, M. B.; Wu, W. T. Sulfone-decorated conjugated organic polymers activate oxygen for photocatalytic methane conversion. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202204661.
Luo, P. P.; Zhou, X. K.; Li, Y.; Lu, T. B. Simultaneously accelerating carrier transfer and enhancing O2/CH4 activation via tailoring the oxygen-vacancy-rich surface layer for cocatalyst-free selective photocatalytic CH4 conversion. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 21069–21078.
Fan, Y. Y.; Zhang, P. Y.; Lu, R. X.; Jiang, Y. H.; Pan, G. L.; Wang, W.; Zhu, X. L.; Wei, S. L.; Han, D. X.; Niu, L. Highly selective oxidation of methane to formaldehyde on tungsten trioxide by lattice oxygen. Catal. Commun. 2021, 161, 106365.
Wei, S. L.; Zhu, X. L.; Zhang, P. Y.; Fan, Y. Y.; Sun, Z. H.; Zhao, X.; Han, D. X.; Niu, L. Aerobic oxidation of methane to formaldehyde mediated by crystal-O over gold modified tungsten trioxide via photocatalysis. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2021, 283, 119661.
Feng, N. D.; Lin, H. W.; Song, H.; Yang, L. X.; Tang, D. M.; Deng, F.; Ye, J. H. Efficient and selective photocatalytic CH4 conversion to CH3OH with O2 by controlling overoxidation on TiO2. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 4652.
Li, D. Y.; Xu, R. D.; Gu, Z. H.; Zhu, X.; Qing, S.; Li, K. Z. Chemical-looping conversion of methane: A review. Energy Technol. 2020, 8, 1900925.
Li, Z. H.; Pan, X. Y.; Yi, Z. G. Photocatalytic oxidation of methane over CuO-decorated ZnO nanocatalysts. J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 469–475.
Meng, L. S.; Chen, Z. Y.; Ma, Z. Y.; He, S.; Hou, Y. D.; Li, H. H.; Yuan, R. S.; Huang, X. H.; Wang, X. X.; Wang, X. C. et al. Gold plasmon-induced photocatalytic dehydrogenative coupling of methane to ethane on polar oxide surfaces. Energy Environ. Sci. 2018, 11, 294–298.
Wang, P.; Shi, R.; Zhao, Y. X.; Li, Z. H.; Zhao, J. Q.; Zhao, J. Q.; Waterhouse, G. I. N.; Wu, L. Z.; Zhang, T. R. Selective photocatalytic oxidative coupling of methane via regulating methyl intermediates over metal/ZnO nanoparticles. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202304301.
Li, X. Y.; Xie, J. J.; Rao, H.; Wang, C.; Tang, J. W. Platinum- and CuO x -decorated TiO2 photocatalyst for oxidative coupling of methane to C2 hydrocarbons in a flow reactor. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 19702–19707.
Wang, C.; Li, X. Y.; Ren, Y. F.; Jiao, H. M.; Wang, F. R.; Tang, J. W. Synergy of Ag and AgBr in a pressurized flow reactor for selective photocatalytic oxidative coupling of methane. ACS Catal. 2023, 13, 3768–3774.
Swearer, D. F.; Knowles, N. R.; Everitt, H. O.; Halas, N. J. Light-driven chemical looping for ammonia synthesis. ACS Energy Lett. 2019, 4, 1505–1512.
Yu, X.; Zholobenko, V. L.; Moldovan, S.; Hu, D.; Wu, D.; Ordomsky, V. V.; Khodakov, A. Y. Stoichiometric methane conversion to ethane using photochemical looping at ambient temperature. Nat. Energy 2020, 5, 511–519.
Zhang, W. Q.; Fu, C. F.; Low, J.; Duan, D. L.; Ma, J.; Jiang, W. B.; Chen, Y. H.; Liu, H. J.; Qi, Z. M.; Long, R. et al. High-performance photocatalytic nonoxidative conversion of methane to ethane and hydrogen by heteroatoms-engineered TiO2. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 2806.
Liu, Y. D.; Chen, Y. H.; Jiang, W. B.; Kong, T. T.; Camargo, P. H. C.; Gao, C.; Xiong, Y. J. Highly efficient and selective photocatalytic nonoxidative coupling of methane to ethylene over Pd-Zn synergistic catalytic sites. Research 2022, 2022, 9831340.