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Review Article

Hard carbon for sodium storage: Mechanism and performance optimization

Yongxin Wang1, Meng Li1, Yu Zhang2( ), Naiqing Zhang1( )
State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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Graphical Abstract

This paper reviews the microstructure and sodium storage mechanism of hard carbon, and summarizes some performance enhancement strategies of hard carbon for sodium ion battery anodes.

Abstract

Due to the shortage of lithium resource reserves and the pressure of rising prices, sodium-ion batteries have regained the attention of the public, and shown great potential for application in the fields of grid energy storage and low-speed vehicles to achieve the purpose of complementing lithium-ion batteries, so it is imperative to promote the commercial application of sodium-ion batteries. For sodium-ion battery anode materials, hard carbon is the material most likely to be used commercially. However, there is still much work to be done before its commercialization. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current research status from the following three aspects. First, the microstructure and sodium storage active sites of hard carbon are described. Then, the mechanism of sodium storage in hard carbon is investigated, which can be broadly categorized into four model, “insertion–filling”, “adsorption–insertion”, “adsorption–filling”, and “multistage”. Finally, from the perspective of improving the electrochemical performance of hard carbon, the performance improvement strategies proposed in recent years are summarized. Combined with the performance of hard carbon commercial products of some enterprises, the future development goal of hard carbon is prospected, hoping that all sectors of society can work hard for this common goal.

Keywords

sodium-ion batteryhard carbonmechanismperformance optimization

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Nano Research
Volume 17 Issue 7,
July 2024
Pages 6038-6057
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-024-6546-0
Cite this article:
Wang Y, Li M, Zhang Y, et al. Hard carbon for sodium storage: Mechanism and performance optimization. Nano Research, 2024, 17(7): 6038-6057. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-024-6546-0
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Secondary batteries

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Received: 09 January 2024
Revised: 03 February 2024
Accepted: 03 February 2024
Published: 16 March 2024
© Tsinghua University Press 2024
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