AI Chat Paper
Note: Please note that the following content is generated by AMiner AI. SciOpen does not take any responsibility related to this content.
{{lang === 'zh_CN' ? '文章概述' : 'Summary'}}
{{lang === 'en_US' ? '中' : 'Eng'}}
Chat more with AI
Powered by AMiner. Clicking this button will take you away from SciOpen.
Home Nano Research Article
Article Link
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Submit Manuscript
Show Outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Review Article

Progress and prospects of Moiré superlattices in twisted TMD heterostructures

Syed Jamal Shah1,2, Junying Chen1,2, Xing Xie1,2, Xinyu Oyang2, Fangping Ouyang1,3, Zongwen Liu4,5, Jian-Tao Wang6,7,8, Jun He1, Yanping Liu1,2 ( )
Institute of Quantum Physics, School of Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
School of Physics and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
Show Author Information

Graphical Abstract

This review highlights the recent advancements in Moiré superlattices formed from twisted transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) heterostructures, emphasizing their unique electronic properties, experimental and theoretical progress, and potential applications in optoelectronics, quantum computing, and energy harvesting. It also addresses key challenges in the field and outlines future research directions

Abstract

Moiré superlattices based on twisted transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) heterostructures have recently emerged as a promising platform for probing novel and distinctive electronic phenomena in two-dimensional (2D) materials. By stacking TMD monolayers with a small twist angle, these superlattices create a periodic modulation of the electronic density of states, leading to the formation of mini bands. These mini bands can exhibit intriguing properties such as flat bands, correlated electron behavior, and unconventional superconductivity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress in Moiré superlattices formed from twisted TMD heterostructures. It covers the theoretical principles and experimental techniques for creating and studying these superlattices, and explores their potential applications in optoelectronics, quantum computing, and energy harvesting. The review also addresses key challenges, such as improving the scalability and reproducibility of the fabrication process, emphasizing the exciting opportunities and ongoing hurdles in this rapidly evolving field.

Keywords

Moiré superlatticestwisted transition metal dichalcogenidesheterostructureselectronic propertiesoptical propertiestransport propertiesvalleytronicsoptoelectronicsquantum information processing

References

[1]

Stansbury, C. H.; Utama, M. I. B.; Fatuzzo, C. G.; Regan, E. C.; Wang, D. Q.; Xiang, Z. Y.; Ding, M. C.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Blei, M. et al. Visualizing electron localization of WS2/WSe2 moiré superlattices in momentum space. Sci. Adv. 2021, 7, eabf4387.
Crossref Google Scholar
[2]

Wang, T. G.; Yuan, N. F. Q.; Fu, L. Moiré surface states and enhanced superconductivity in topological insulators. Phys. Rev. X 2021, 11, 021024.
Crossref Google Scholar
[3]

Ye, Y. S.; Qian, J. M.; Zhang, X. W.; Wang, C.; Xiao, D.; Cao, T. Kekulé moiré superlattices. Nano Lett. 2023, 23, 6536–6543.
Crossref Google Scholar
[4]

Yang, H.; Liu, L. W.; Yang, H. X.; Zhang, Y.; Wu, X.; Huang, Y.; Gao, H. J.; Wang, Y. L. Advance in two-dimensional twisted moiré materials: Fabrication, properties, and applications. Nano Res. 2023, 16, 2579–2596.
Crossref Google Scholar
[5]

Shi, B. B.; Qi, P. F.; Jiang, M. L.; Dai, Y. C.; Lin, F.; Zhang, H.; Fang, Z. Y. Exotic physical properties of 2D materials modulated by moiré superlattices. Mater. Adv. 2021, 2, 5542–5559.
Crossref Google Scholar
[6]

Xiao, Y.; Liu, J. L.; Fu, L. Moiré is more: Access to new properties of two-dimensional layered materials. Matter 2020, 3, 1142–1161.
Crossref Google Scholar
[7]

Li, Y.; Hua, Y. Q.; Sun, N.; Liu, S. J.; Li, H. X.; Wang, C.; Yang, X. Y.; Zhuang, Z. C.; Wang, L. L. Moiré superlattice engineering of two-dimensional materials for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction. Nano Res. 2023, 16, 8712–8728.
Crossref Google Scholar
[8]

Behura, S. K.; Miranda, A.; Nayak, S.; Johnson, K.; Das, P.; Pradhan, N. R. Moiré physics in twisted van der Waals heterostructures of 2D materials. Emergent Mater. 2021, 4, 813–826.
Crossref Google Scholar
[9]

Götting, N.; Lohof, F.; Gies, C. Moiré-Bose-Hubbard model for interlayer excitons in twisted transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures. Phys. Rev. B 2022, 105, 165419.
Crossref Google Scholar
[10]

Brem, S.; Linderälv, C.; Erhart, P.; Malic, E. Tunable phases of moiré excitons in van der Waals heterostructures. Nano Lett. 2020, 20, 8534–8540.
Crossref Google Scholar
[11]

Kundu, S.; Amit, T.; Krishnamurthy, H. R.; Jain, M.; Refaely-Abramson, S. Exciton fine structure in twisted transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures. npj Comput. Mater. 2023, 9, 186.
Crossref Google Scholar
[12]

Han, S. A.; Bhatia, R.; Kim, S. W. Synthesis, properties and potential applications of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Nano Converg. 2015, 2, 17.
Crossref Google Scholar
[13]

Upadhyay, S. N.; Satrughna, J. A. K.; Pakhira, S. Recent advancements of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides and their applications in electrocatalysis and energy storage. Emergent Mater. 2021, 4, 951–970.
Crossref Google Scholar
[14]

Wang, L.; Yin, S. S.; Yang, J. P.; Dou, S. X. Moiré superlattice structure in two‐dimensional catalysts: Synthesis, property and activity. Small 2023, 19, 2300165.
Crossref Google Scholar
[15]

Novoselov, K. S.; Castro Neto, A. H. Two-dimensional crystals-based heterostructures: Materials with tailored properties. Phys. Scr. 2012, 2012, 014006.
Crossref Google Scholar
[16]

Wu, L. S.; Cong, C. X.; Shang, J. Z.; Yang, W. H.; Chen, Y.; Zhou, J. D.; Ai, W.; Wang, Y. L.; Feng, S.; Zhang, H. B. et al. Raman scattering investigation of twisted WS2/MoS2 heterostructures: Interlayer mechanical coupling versus charge transfer. Nano Res. 2021, 14, 2215–2223.
Crossref Google Scholar
[17]

Wang, L.; Shih, E. M.; Ghiotto, A.; Xian, L. D.; Rhodes, D. A.; Tan, C.; Claassen, M.; Kennes, D. M.; Bai, Y. S.; Kim, B. et al. Correlated electronic phases in twisted bilayer transition metal dichalcogenides. Nat. Mater. 2020, 19, 861–866.
Crossref Google Scholar
[18]

Kennes, D. M.; Claassen, M.; Xian, L. D.; Georges, A.; Millis, A. J.; Hone, J.; Dean, C. R.; Basov, D. N.; Pasupathy, A. N.; Rubio, A. Moiré heterostructures as a condensed-matter quantum simulator. Nat. Phys. 2021, 17, 155–163.
Crossref Google Scholar
[19]

Wang, X.; Zhu, J. Y.; Seyler, K. L.; Rivera, P.; Zheng, H. Y.; Wang, Y. Q.; He, M. H.; Taniguchi, T.; Watanabe, K.; Yan, J. Q. et al. Moiré trions in MoSe2/WSe2 heterobilayers. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2021, 16, 1208–1213.
Crossref Google Scholar
[20]

Regan, E. C.; Wang, D. Q.; Jin, C. H.; Utama, M. I. B.; Gao, B. N.; Wei, X.; Zhao, S. H.; Zhao, W. Y.; Zhang, Z. C.; Yumigeta, K. et al. Mott and generalized Wigner crystal states in WSe2/WS2 moiré superlattices. Nature 2020, 579, 359–363.
Crossref Google Scholar
[21]
Yamada, S.; Imamura, T.; Machida, M. High performance LOBPCG method for solving multiple eigenvalues of Hubbard model: Efficiency of communication avoiding Neumann expansion preconditioner. In Proceedings of the 4th Asian Conference on Supercomputing Frontiers, Singapore, 2018, pp 243–256.
[22]

Cai, X. B.; Gao, W. B. Moiré synergy: An emerging playground by coupled moirés. ACS Nano 2023, 17, 9673–9680.
Crossref Google Scholar
[23]

Liu, S.; Yu, G. Fabrication, energy band engineering, and strong correlations of two-dimensional van der Waals moiré superlattices. Nano Today 2023, 50, 101829.
Crossref Google Scholar
[24]

Zhang, L. F.; Ni, R. H.; Zhou, Y. Controlling quantum phases of electrons and excitons in moiré superlattices. J. Appl. Phys. 2023, 133, 080901.
Crossref Google Scholar
[25]

Liu, Y. P.; Zeng, C.; Yu, J.; Zhong, J. H.; Li, B.; Zhang, Z. W.; Liu, Z. W.; Wang, Z. M.; Pan, A. L.; Duan, X. D. Moiré superlattices and related moiré excitons in twisted van der Waals heterostructures. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2021, 50, 6401–6422.
Crossref Google Scholar
[26]
Weston, A. Introduction to 2-dimensional materials and moiré superlattices. In Atomic and Electronic Properties of 2D Moiré Interfaces. Weston, A., Ed.; Springer: Cham, 2022; pp 5–28.
[27]

Bistritzer, R.; MacDonald, A. H. Moiré bands in twisted double-layer graphene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2011, 108, 12233–12237.
Crossref Google Scholar
[28]

Suárez Morell, E.; Correa, J. D.; Vargas, P.; Pacheco, M.; Barticevic, Z. Flat bands in slightly twisted bilayer graphene: Tight-binding calculations. Phys. Rev. B 2010, 82, 121407(R).
Crossref Google Scholar
[29]

Lopes Dos Santos, J. M. B.; Peres, N. M. R.; Castro Neto, A. H. Continuum model of the twisted graphene bilayer. Phys. Rev. B 2012, 86, 155449.
Crossref Google Scholar
[30]

Cao, Y.; Fatemi, V.; Demir, A.; Fang, S. A.; Tomarken, S. L.; Luo, J. Y.; Sanchez-Yamagishi, J. D.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Kaxiras, E. et al. Correlated insulator behaviour at half-filling in magic-angle graphene superlattices. Nature 2018, 556, 80–84.
Crossref Google Scholar
[31]

Cao, Y.; Fatemi, V.; Fang, S. A.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Kaxiras, E.; Jarillo-Herrero, P. Unconventional superconductivity in magic-angle graphene superlattices. Nature 2018, 556, 43–50.
Crossref Google Scholar
[32]

Yankowitz, M.; Chen, S. W.; Polshyn, H.; Zhang, Y. X.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Graf, D.; Young, A. F.; Dean, C. R. Tuning superconductivity in twisted bilayer graphene. Science 2019, 363, 1059–1064.
Crossref Google Scholar
[33]

Shi, J. T.; Zhu, J. H.; Macdonald, A. H. Moiré commensurability and the quantum anomalous hall effect in twisted bilayer graphene on hexagonal boron nitride. Phys. Rev. B 2021, 103, 075122.
Crossref Google Scholar
[34]

Liu, J. P.; Dai, X. Theories for the correlated insulating states and quantum anomalous hall effect phenomena in twisted bilayer graphene. Phys. Rev. B 2021, 103, 035427.
Crossref Google Scholar
[35]

Arora, H. S.; Polski, R.; Zhang, Y. R.; Thomson, A.; Choi, Y.; Kim, H.; Lin, Z.; Wilson, I. Z.; Xu, X. D.; Chu, J. H. et al. Superconductivity in metallic twisted bilayer graphene stabilized by WSe2. Nature 2020, 583, 379–384.
Crossref Google Scholar
[36]

Kwan, Y. H.; Hu, Y. C.; Simon, S. H.; Parameswaran, S. A. Exciton band topology in spontaneous quantum anomalous hall insulators: Applications to twisted bilayer graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2021, 126, 137601.
Crossref Google Scholar
[37]

Wu, F. C.; Das Sarma, S. Collective excitations of quantum anomalous hall ferromagnets in twisted bilayer graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2020, 124, 046403.
Crossref Google Scholar
[38]

Shavit, G.; Berg, E.; Stern, A.; Oreg, Y. Theory of correlated insulators and superconductivity in twisted bilayer graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2021, 127, 247703.
Crossref Google Scholar
[39]

Oh, M.; Nuckolls, K. P.; Wong, D.; Lee, R. L.; Liu, X. M.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Yazdani, A. Evidence for unconventional superconductivity in twisted bilayer graphene. Nature 2021, 600, 240–245.
Crossref Google Scholar
[40]

Codecido, E.; Wang, Q. Y.; Koester, R.; Che, S.; Tian, H. D.; Lv, R.; Tran, S.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Zhang, F. et al. Correlated insulating and superconducting states in twisted bilayer graphene below the magic angle. Sci. Adv. 2019, 5, eaaw9770.
Crossref Google Scholar
[41]

Serlin, M.; Tschirhart, C. L.; Polshyn, H.; Zhang, Y.; Zhu, J.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Balents, L.; Young, A. F. Intrinsic quantized anomalous hall effect in a moiré heterostructure. Science 2020, 367, 900–903.
Crossref Google Scholar
[42]

Wu, F. C.; Lovorn, T.; Tutuc, E.; Macdonald, A. H. Hubbard model physics in transition metal dichalcogenide moiré bands. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2018, 121, 026402.
Crossref Google Scholar
[43]

Naik, M. H.; Jain, M. Ultraflatbands and shear solitons in moiré patterns of twisted bilayer transition metal dichalcogenides. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2018, 121, 266401.
Crossref Google Scholar
[44]

Tang, Y. H.; Li, L. Z.; Li, T. X.; Xu, Y.; Liu, S.; Barmak, K.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; MacDonald, A. H.; Shan, J. et al. Simulation of Hubbard model physics in WSe2/WS2 moiré superlattices. Nature 2020, 579, 353–358.
Crossref Google Scholar
[45]

Ghiotto, A.; Shih, E. M.; Pereira, G. S. S. G.; Rhodes, D. A.; Kim, B.; Zang, J. W.; Millis, A. J.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Hone, J. C. et al. Quantum criticality in twisted transition metal dichalcogenides. Nature 2021, 597, 345–349.
Crossref Google Scholar
[46]

Wu, F. C.; Lovorn, T.; Tutuc, E.; Martin, I.; Macdonald, A. H. Topological insulators in twisted transition metal dichalcogenide homobilayers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2019, 122, 086402.
Crossref Google Scholar
[47]

Ruiz-Tijerina, D. A.; Fal’Ko, V. I. Interlayer hybridization and moiré superlattice minibands for electrons and excitons in heterobilayers of transition-metal dichalcogenides. Phys. Rev. B 2019, 99, 125424.
Crossref Google Scholar
[48]

Schrade, C.; Fu, L. Spin-valley density wave in moiré materials. Phys. Rev. B 2019, 100, 035413.
Crossref Google Scholar
[49]

Andrei, E. Y.; Efetov, D. K.; Jarillo-Herrero, P.; MacDonald, A. H.; Mak, K. F.; Senthil, T.; Tutuc, E.; Yazdani, A.; Young, A. F. The marvels of moiré materials. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2021, 6, 201–206.
Crossref Google Scholar
[50]

Jiang, N.; Wang, L. A novel strategy for quantum image steganography based on moiré pattern. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 2015, 54, 1021–1032.
Crossref Google Scholar
[51]

Chen, M. Y.; Chen, F. Q.; Cheng, B.; Liang, S. J.; Miao, F. Moiré heterostructures: Highly tunable platforms for quantum simulation and future computing. J. Semicond. 2023, 44, 010301.
Crossref Google Scholar
[52]

Du, L. J.; Molas, M. R.; Huang, Z. H.; Zhang, G. Y.; Wang, F.; Sun, Z. P. Moiré photonics and optoelectronics. Science 2023, 379, eadg0014.
Crossref Google Scholar
[53]

Hamer, M. J.; Giampietri, A.; Kandyba, V.; Genuzio, F.; Menteş, T. O.; Locatelli, A.; Gorbachev, R. V.; Barinov, A.; Mucha-Kruczyński, M. Moiré superlattice effects and band structure evolution in near-30-degree twisted bilayer graphene. ACS Nano 2022, 16, 1954–1962.
Crossref Google Scholar
[54]

Yi, C. H.; Park, H. C.; Park, M. J. Strong interlayer coupling and stable topological flat bands in twisted bilayer photonic moiré superlattices. Light Sci. Appl. 2022, 11, 289.
Crossref Google Scholar
[55]
Lin, Q. L.; Fang, H. L.; Liu, Y. D.; Zhang, Y.; Fischer, M.; Li, J. T.; Hagel, J.; Brem, S.; Malic, E.; Stenger, N. et al. A room-temperature moiré interlayer exciton laser [Online]. https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.01266 (accessed Feb, 2023).
[56]

Zheng, H. H.; Wu, B.; Li, S. F.; Ding, J. N.; He, J.; Liu, Z. W.; Wang, C. T.; Wang, J. T.; Pan, A. L.; Liu, Y. P. Localization-enhanced moiré exciton in twisted transition metal dichalcogenide heterotrilayer superlattices. Light Sci. Appl. 2023, 12, 117.
Crossref Google Scholar
[57]

Balents, L.; Dean, C. R.; Efetov, D. K.; Young, A. F. Superconductivity and strong correlations in moiré flat bands. Nat. Phys. 2020, 16, 725–733.
Crossref Google Scholar
[58]

Uri, A.; De La Barrera, S. C.; Randeria, M. T.; Rodan-Legrain, D.; Devakul, T.; Crowley, P. J. D.; Paul, N.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Lifshitz, R. et al. Superconductivity and strong interactions in a tunable moiré quasicrystal. Nature 2023, 620, 762–767.
Crossref Google Scholar
[59]

Kezilebieke, S.; Vaňo, V.; Huda, M. N.; Aapro, M.; Ganguli, S. C.; Liljeroth, P.; Lado, J. L. Moiré-enabled topological superconductivity. Nano Lett. 2022, 22, 328–333.
Crossref Google Scholar
[60]

Lau, C. N.; Bockrath, M. W.; Mak, K. F.; Zhang, F. Reproducibility in the fabrication and physics of moiré materials. Nature 2022, 602, 41–50.
Crossref Google Scholar
[61]

He, H. R.; Zheng, H. H.; Wu, B.; Li, S. F.; Ding, J. N.; Liu, Z. W.; Wang, J. T.; Pan, A. L.; Liu, Y. P. Unveiling strain-enhanced moiré exciton localization in twisted van der Waals homostructures. Nano Res. 2024, 17, 3245–3252.
Crossref Google Scholar
[62]

Carr, S.; Massatt, D.; Fang, S. A.; Cazeaux, P.; Luskin, M.; Kaxiras, E. Twistronics: Manipulating the electronic properties of two-dimensional layered structures through their twist angle. Phys. Rev. B 2017, 95, 075420.
Crossref Google Scholar
[63]

Yang, Y. P.; Li, J. D.; Yin, J.; Xu, S. G.; Mullan, C.; Taniguchi, T.; Watanabe, K.; Geim, A. K.; Novoselov, K. S.; Mishchenko, A. In situ manipulation of van der Waals heterostructures for twistronics. Sci. Adv. 2020, 6, eabd3655.
Crossref Google Scholar
[64]

Jorio, A. Twistronics and the small-angle magic. Nat. Mater. 2022, 21, 844–845.
Crossref Google Scholar
[65]
Jha, G.; Li, W.; Brumme, T.; Heine, T. Spin orbit coupling effects on the excitonic properties of twisted moiré transition metal dichalcogenides. September 8, 2023.
[66]

Liu, Y. P.; Gao, Y. J.; Zhang, S. Y.; He, J.; Yu, J.; Liu, Z. W. Valleytronics in transition metal dichalcogenides materials. Nano Res. 2019, 12, 2695–2711.
Crossref Google Scholar
[67]

Huang, X. Y.; Han, X.; Dai, Y. Y.; Xu, X. L.; Yan, J. H.; Huang, M. T.; Ding, P. F.; Zhang, D. C.; Chen, H.; Laxmi, V. et al. Recent progress on fabrication and flat-band physics in 2D transition metal dichalcogenides moiré superlattices. J. Semicond. 2023, 44, 011901.
Crossref Google Scholar
[68]

Zhang, Z. M.; Wang, Y. M.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Ueno, K.; Tutuc, E.; LeRoy, B. J. Flat bands in twisted bilayer transition metal dichalcogenides. Nat. Phys. 2020, 16, 1093–1096.
Crossref Google Scholar
[69]

Li, E.; Hu, J. X.; Feng, X. M.; Zhou, Z. S.; An, L. H.; Law, K. T.; Wang, N.; Lin, N. Lattice reconstruction induced multiple ultra-flat bands in twisted bilayer WSe2. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 5601.
Crossref Google Scholar
[70]

Waters, D.; Nie, Y. F.; Lüpke, F.; Pan, Y.; Fölsch, S.; Lin, Y. C.; Jariwala, B.; Zhang, K. H.; Wang, C.; Lv, H. Y. et al. Flat bands and mechanical deformation effects in the moiré superlattice of MoS2-WSe2 heterobilayers. ACS Nano 2020, 14, 7564–7573.
Crossref Google Scholar
[71]

Scherer, M. M.; Kennes, D. M.; Classen, L. Chiral superconductivity with enhanced quantized hall responses in moiré transition metal dichalcogenides. npj Quantum Mater. 2022, 7, 100.
Crossref Google Scholar
[72]

Jin, C. H.; Tao, Z.; Li, T. X.; Xu, Y.; Tang, Y. H.; Zhu, J. C.; Liu, S.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Hone, J. C. et al. Stripe phases in WSe2/WS2 moiré superlattices. Nat. Mater. 2021, 20, 940–944.
Crossref Google Scholar
[73]

Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K.; Morozov, S. V.; Jiang, D.; Zhang, Y.; Dubonos, S. V.; Grigorieva, I. V.; Firsov, A. A. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 2004, 306, 666–669.
Crossref Google Scholar
[74]

Magda, G. Z.; Petõ, J.; Dobrik, G.; Hwang, C.; Biró, L. P.; Tapasztó, L. Exfoliation of large-area transition metal chalcogenide single layers. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 14714.
Crossref Google Scholar
[75]

Desai, S. B.; Madhvapathy, S. R.; Amani, M.; Kiriya, D.; Hettick, M.; Tosun, M.; Zhou, Y. Z.; Dubey, M.; Ager, J. W.; Chrzan, D. et al. Gold-mediated exfoliation of ultralarge optoelectronically-perfect monolayers. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 4053–4058.
Crossref Google Scholar
[76]

Velický, M.; Donnelly, G. E.; Hendren, W. R.; McFarland, S.; Scullion, D.; DeBenedetti, W. J. I.; Correa, G. C.; Han, Y. M.; Wain, A. J.; Hines, M. A. et al. Mechanism of gold-assisted exfoliation of centimeter-sized transition-metal dichalcogenide monolayers. ACS Nano 2018, 12, 10463–10472.
Crossref Google Scholar
[77]

Huang, Y.; Pan, Y. H.; Yang, R.; Bao, L. H.; Meng, L.; Luo, H. L.; Cai, Y. Q.; Liu, G. D.; Zhao, W. J.; Zhou, Z. et al. Universal mechanical exfoliation of large-area 2D crystals. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 2453.
Crossref Google Scholar
[78]

Heyl, M.; Burmeister, D.; Schultz, T.; Pallasch, S.; Ligorio, G.; Koch, N.; List-Kratochvil, E. J. W. Thermally activated gold‐mediated transition metal dichalcogenide exfoliation and a unique gold-mediated transfer. Phys. Status Solidi RRL - Rapid Res. Lett. 2020, 14, 2000408.
Crossref Google Scholar
[79]

Heyl, M.; List-Kratochvil, E. J. W. Only gold can pull this off: Mechanical exfoliations of transition metal dichalcogenides beyond scotch tape. Appl. Phys. A 2023, 129, 16.
Crossref Google Scholar
[80]

Li, Z. W.; Ren, L. W.; Wang, S. Y.; Huang, X. X.; Li, Q. Y.; Lu, Z. Y.; Ding, S. M.; Deng, H. J.; Chen, P. G.; Lin, J. et al. Dry exfoliation of large-area 2D monolayer and heterostructure arrays. ACS Nano 2021, 15, 13839–13846.
Crossref Google Scholar
[81]

Fu, Q.; Dai, J. Q.; Huang, X. Y.; Dai, Y. Y.; Pan, Y. H.; Yang, L. L.; Sun, Z. Y.; Miao, T. M.; Zhou, M. F.; Zhao, L. et al. One-step exfoliation method for plasmonic activation of large-area 2D crystals. Adv. Sci. 2022, 9, 2204247.
Crossref Google Scholar
[82]

Ding, S. M.; Liu, C.; Li, Z. W.; Lu, Z. Y.; Tao, Q. Y.; Lu, D. L.; Chen, Y.; Tong, W.; Liu, L. T.; Li, W. Y. et al. Ag-assisted dry exfoliation of large-scale and continuous 2D monolayers. ACS Nano 2024, 18, 1195–1203.
Crossref Google Scholar
[83]

Li, Y. G.; Kuang, G. Z.; Jiao, Z. J.; Yao, L.; Duan, R. H. Recent progress on the mechanical exfoliation of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides. Mater. Res. Express 2022, 9, 122001.
Crossref Google Scholar
[84]

Frisenda, R.; Navarro-Moratalla, E.; Gant, P.; Pérez De Lara, D.; Jarillo-Herrero, P.; Gorbachev, R. V.; Castellanos-Gomez, A. Recent progress in the assembly of nanodevices and van der Waals heterostructures by deterministic placement of 2D materials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2018, 47, 53–68.
Crossref Google Scholar
[85]

Zhao, Q. H.; Wang, T.; Ryu, Y. K.; Frisenda, R.; Castellanos-Gomez, A. An inexpensive system for the deterministic transfer of 2D materials. J. Phys. Mater. 2020, 3, 016001.
Crossref Google Scholar
[86]

Gant, P.; Carrascoso, F.; Zhao, Q. H.; Ryu, Y. K.; Seitz, M.; Prins, F.; Frisenda, R.; Castellanos-Gomez, A. A system for the deterministic transfer of 2D materials under inert environmental conditions. 2D Mater. 2020, 7, 025034.
Crossref Google Scholar
[87]

Castellanos-Gomez, A.; Duan, X. F.; Fei, Z.; Gutierrez, H. R.; Huang, Y.; Huang, X. Y.; Quereda, J.; Qian, Q.; Sutter, E.; Sutter, P. Van der Waals heterostructures. Nat. Rev. Methods Primers 2022, 2, 58.
Crossref Google Scholar
[88]

Bertolazzi, S.; Brivio, J.; Kis, A. Stretching and breaking of ultrathin MoS2. ACS Nano 2011, 5, 9703–9709.
Crossref Google Scholar
[89]

Taychatanapat, T.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Jarillo-Herrero, P. Quantum hall effect and landau-level crossing of Dirac fermions in trilayer graphene. Nat. Phys. 2011, 7, 621–625.
Crossref Google Scholar
[90]

Bonaccorso, F.; Lombardo, A.; Hasan, T.; Sun, Z. P.; Colombo, L.; Ferrari, A. C. Production and processing of graphene and 2D crystals. Mater. Today 2012, 15, 564–589.
Crossref Google Scholar
[91]

Uwanno, T.; Hattori, Y.; Taniguchi, T.; Watanabe, K.; Nagashio, K. Fully dry PMMA transfer of graphene on h-BN using a heating/cooling system. 2D Mater. 2015, 2, 041002.
Crossref Google Scholar
[92]

Tien, D. H.; Park, J. Y.; Kim, K. B.; Lee, N.; Seo, Y. Characterization of graphene-based FET fabricated using a shadow mask. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 25050.
Crossref Google Scholar
[93]

Wang, X. T.; Kang, K.; Chen, S. W.; Du, R. Z.; Yang, E. H. Location-specific growth and transfer of arrayed MoS2 monolayers with controllable size. 2D Mater. 2017, 4, 025093.
Crossref Google Scholar
[94]

Castellanos-Gomez, A.; Buscema, M.; Molenaar, R.; Singh, V.; Janssen, L.; Van Der Zant, H. S. J.; Steele, G. A. Deterministic transfer of two-dimensional materials by all-dry viscoelastic stamping. 2D Mater. 2014, 1, 011002.
Crossref Google Scholar
[95]

Li, H.; Wu, J.; Huang, X.; Yin, Z. Y.; Liu, J. Q.; Zhang, H. A universal, rapid method for clean transfer of nanostructures onto various substrates. ACS Nano 2014, 8, 6563–6570.
Crossref Google Scholar
[96]

Ye, F.; Lee, J.; Feng, P. X. L. Atomic layer MoS2-graphene van der Waals heterostructure nanomechanical resonators. Nanoscale 2017, 9, 18208–18215.
Crossref Google Scholar
[97]

Kinoshita, K.; Moriya, R.; Onodera, M.; Wakafuji, Y.; Masubuchi, S.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Machida, T. Dry release transfer of graphene and few-layer h-BN by utilizing thermoplasticity of polypropylene carbonate. npj 2D Mater. Appl. 2019, 3, 22.
Crossref Google Scholar
[98]

Pizzocchero, F.; Gammelgaard, L.; Jessen, B. S.; Caridad, J. M.; Wang, L.; Hone, J.; Bøggild, P.; Booth, T. J. The hot pick-up technique for batch assembly of van der Waals heterostructures. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 11894.
Crossref Google Scholar
[99]

Dai, Y. C.; Qi, P. F.; Tao, G. Y.; Yao, G. J.; Shi, B. B.; Liu, Z. X.; Liu, Z. C.; He, X.; Peng, P.; Dang, Z. B. et al. Phonon-assisted upconversion in twisted two-dimensional semiconductors. Light Sci. Appl. 2023, 12, 6.
Crossref Google Scholar
[100]

Xu, H. Y.; Akbari, M. K.; Zhuiykov, S. 2D semiconductor nanomaterials and heterostructures: Controlled synthesis and functional applications. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2021, 16, 94.
Crossref Google Scholar
[101]

Zhang, Z. W.; Chen, P.; Duan, X. D.; Zang, K. T.; Luo, J.; Duan, X. F. Robust epitaxial growth of two-dimensional heterostructures, multiheterostructures, and superlattices. Science 2017, 357, 788–792.
Crossref Google Scholar
[102]

Sahoo, P. K.; Memaran, S.; Xin, Y.; Balicas, L.; Gutiérrez, H. R. One-pot growth of two-dimensional lateral heterostructures via sequential edge-epitaxy. Nature 2018, 553, 63–67.
Crossref Google Scholar
[103]

Kang, K.; Lee, K. H.; Han, Y. M.; Gao, H.; Xie, S. E.; Muller, D. A.; Park, J. Layer-by-layer assembly of two-dimensional materials into wafer-scale heterostructures. Nature 2017, 550, 229–233.
Crossref Google Scholar
[104]

Zhang, C. D.; Chuu, C. P.; Ren, X. B.; Li, M. Y.; Li, L. J.; Jin, C. H.; Chou, M. Y.; Shih, C. K. Interlayer couplings, moiré patterns, and 2D electronic superlattices in MoS2/WSe2 hetero-bilayers. Sci. Adv. 2017, 3, e1601459.
Crossref Google Scholar
[105]

Lin, Y. C.; Ghosh, R. K.; Addou, R.; Lu, N.; Eichfeld, S. M.; Zhu, H.; Li, M. Y.; Peng, X.; Kim, M. J.; Li, L. J. et al. Atomically thin resonant tunnel diodes built from synthetic van der Waals heterostructures. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 7311.
Crossref Google Scholar
[106]

Li, M. Y.; Shi, Y. M.; Cheng, C. C.; Lu, L. S.; Lin, Y. C.; Tang, H. L.; Tsai, M. L.; Chu, C. W.; Wei, K. H.; He, J. H. et al. Epitaxial growth of a monolayer WSe2-MoS2 lateral p-n junction with an atomically sharp interface. Science 2015, 349, 524–528.
Crossref Google Scholar
[107]

Yuan, L.; Zheng, B. Y.; Kunstmann, J.; Brumme, T.; Kuc, A. B.; Ma, C.; Deng, S. B.; Blach, D.; Pan, A. L.; Huang, L. B. Twist-angle-dependent interlayer exciton diffusion in WS2-WSe2 heterobilayers. Nat. Mater. 2020, 19, 617–623.
Crossref Google Scholar
[108]

Kang, K.; Xie, S. E.; Huang, L. J.; Han, Y. M.; Huang, P. Y.; Mak, K. F.; Kim, C. J.; Muller, D.; Park, J. High-mobility three-atom-thick semiconducting films with wafer-scale homogeneity. Nature 2015, 520, 656–660.
Crossref Google Scholar
[109]

Xie, S. E.; Tu, L. J.; Han, Y. M.; Huang, L. J.; Kang, K.; Lao, K. U.; Poddar, P.; Park, C.; Muller, D. A.; DiStasio, R. A. et al. Coherent, atomically thin transition-metal dichalcogenide superlattices with engineered strain. Science 2018, 359, 1131–1136.
Crossref Google Scholar
[110]

Jin, G.; Lee, C. S.; Okello, O. F. N.; Lee, S. H.; Park, M. Y.; Cha, S.; Seo, S. Y.; Moon, G.; Min, S. Y.; Yang, D. H. et al. Heteroepitaxial van der Waals semiconductor superlattices. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2021, 16, 1092–1098.
Crossref Google Scholar
[111]

Zhou, X. W.; Zhang, Z. N.; Zeng, X. L.; Wu, Y. P.; Xu, F. Y.; Zhang, C. M.; Li, X.; Wu, Z. M.; Kang, J. Y. Direct synthesis of moiré superlattice through chemical vapor deposition growth of monolayer WS2 on plasma-treated HOPG. Nano Res. 2022, 15, 8587–8594.
Crossref Google Scholar
[112]

Zheng, H. H.; Guo, H. L.; Chen, S. L.; Wu, B.; Li, S. F.; He, J.; Liu, Z. W.; Lu, G.; Duan, X. D.; Pan, A. L. et al. Strong interlayer coupling in twisted transition metal dichalcogenide moiré superlattices. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2210909.
Crossref Google Scholar
[113]

Kim, K.; Yankowitz, M.; Fallahazad, B.; Kang, S.; Movva, H. C. P.; Huang, S. Q.; Larentis, S.; Corbet, C. M.; Taniguchi, T.; Watanabe, K. et al. van der Waals heterostructures with high accuracy rotational alignment. Nano Lett. 2016, 16, 1989–1995.
Crossref Google Scholar
[114]

K.; DaSilva, A.; Huang, S. Q.; Fallahazad, B.; Larentis, S.; Taniguchi, T.; Watanabe, K.; LeRoy, B. J.; MacDonald, A. H.; Tutuc, E. Tunable moiré bands and strong correlations in small-twist-angle bilayer graphene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2017, 114, 3364–3369.
Crossref Google Scholar
[115]

Andersen, T. I.; Scuri, G.; Sushko, A.; De Greve, K.; Sung, J.; Zhou, Y.; Wild, D. S.; Gelly, R. J.; Heo, H.; Bérubé, D. et al. Excitons in a reconstructed moiré potential in twisted WSe2/WSe2 homobilayers. Nat. Mater. 2021, 20, 480–487.
Crossref Google Scholar
[116]

Wu, B.; Zheng, H. H.; Li, S. F.; Wang, C. T.; Ding, J. N.; He, J.; Liu, Z. W.; Wang, J. T.; Liu, Y. P. Enhanced homogeneity of moiré superlattices in double-bilayer WSe2 homostructure. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2023, 15, 48475–48484.
Crossref Google Scholar
[117]

Wang, L.; Meric, I.; Huang, P. Y.; Gao, Q.; Gao, Y.; Tran, H.; Taniguchi, T.; Watanabe, K.; Campos, L. M.; Muller, D. A. et al. One-dimensional electrical contact to a two-dimensional material. Science 2013, 342, 614–617.
Crossref Google Scholar
[118]

Xu, Y.; Liu, S.; Rhodes, D. A.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Hone, J.; Elser, V.; Mak, K. F.; Shan, J. Correlated insulating states at fractional fillings of moiré superlattices. Nature 2020, 587, 214–218.
Crossref Google Scholar
[119]

Shao, G. L.; Xue, X. X.; Liu, X.; Zhang, D. L.; Jin, Y. Y.; Wu, Y. W.; You, B. Y.; Lin, Y. C.; Li, S. S.; Suenaga, K. et al. Twist angle-dependent optical responses in controllably grown WS2 vertical homojunctions. Chem. Mater. 2020, 32, 9721–9729.
Crossref Google Scholar
[120]

Xu, M. Z.; Ji, H. J.; Zheng, L.; Li, W. W.; Wang, J.; Wang, H. X.; Luo, L.; Lu, Q. B.; Gan, X. T.; Liu, Z. et al. Reconfiguring nucleation for CVD growth of twisted bilayer MoS2 with a wide range of twist angles. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 562.
Crossref Google Scholar
[121]

Xu, M. Z.; Ji, H. J.; Zhang, M. W.; Zheng, L.; Li, W. W.; Luo, L.; Chen, M. D.; Liu, Z.; Gan, X. T.; Wang, X. W. et al. CVD synthesis of twisted bilayer WS2 with tunable second harmonic generation. Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2313638.
Crossref Google Scholar
[122]

Chang, S. J.; Wang, S. Y.; Huang, Y. C.; Chih, J. H.; Lai, Y. T.; Tsai, Y. W.; Lin, J. M.; Chien, C. H.; Tang, Y. T.; Hu, C. M. van der Waals epitaxy of 2D h-AlN on TMDs by atomic layer deposition at 250 °C. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2022, 120, 162102.
Crossref Google Scholar
[123]

Zhang, X.; Lai, J. W.; Gray, T. Recent progress in low-temperature CVD growth of 2D materials. Oxf. Open Mater. Sci. 2023, 3, itad010.
Crossref Google Scholar
[124]

Yang, H. T.; Hu, R. Q.; Wu, H.; He, X. L.; Zhou, Y.; Xue, Y. Z.; He, K. X.; Hu, W. S.; Chen, H. S.; Gong, M. M. et al. Identification and structural characterization of twisted atomically thin bilayer materials by deep learning. Nano Lett. 2024, 24, 2789–2797.
Crossref Google Scholar
[125]

Lu, M. Y.; Ji, H. N.; Chen, Y. X.; Gao, F. L.; Liu, B.; Long, P.; Deng, C.; Wang, Y.; Tao, J. D. Machine learning assisted layer-controlled synthesis of MoS2. J. Mater. Chem. C 2024, 12, 8893–8900.
Crossref Google Scholar
[126]

Xu, M. Z.; Tang, B. J.; Lu, Y. H.; Zhu, C.; Lu, Q. B.; Zhu, C.; Zheng, L.; Zhang, J. Y.; Han, N. N.; Fang, W. D. et al. Machine learning driven synthesis of few-layered WTe2 with geometrical control. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 18103–18113.
Crossref Google Scholar
[127]

Tang, B. J.; Lu, Y. H.; Zhou, J. D.; Chouhan, T.; Wang, H.; Golani, P.; Xu, M. Z.; Xu, Q.; Guan, C. T.; Liu, Z. Machine learning-guided synthesis of advanced inorganic materials. Mater. Today 2020, 41, 72–80.
Crossref Google Scholar
[128]

Wu, F. C.; Lovorn, T.; MacDonald, A. H. Topological exciton bands in moiré heterojunctions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2017, 118, 147401.
Crossref Google Scholar
[129]

Yu, H. Y.; Liu, G. B.; Tang, J. J.; Xu, X. D.; Yao, W. Moiré excitons: From programmable quantum emitter arrays to spin-orbit-coupled artificial lattices. Sci. Adv. 2017, 3, e1701696.
Crossref Google Scholar
[130]

Wu, F. C.; Lovorn, T.; Macdonald, A. H. Theory of optical absorption by interlayer excitons in transition metal dichalcogenide heterobilayers. Phys. Rev. B 2018, 97, 035306.
Crossref Google Scholar
[131]

Jin, C. H.; Regan, E. C.; Yan, A. M.; Iqbal Bakti Utama, M.; Wang, D. Q.; Zhao, S. H.; Qin, Y.; Yang, S. J.; Zheng, Z. R.; Shi, S. Y. et al. Observation of moiré excitons in WSe2/WS2 heterostructure superlattices. Nature 2019, 567, 76–80.
Crossref Google Scholar
[132]

Pan, H. N.; Wu, F. C.; Das Sarma, S. Quantum phase diagram of a moiré-Hubbard model. Phys. Rev. B 2020, 102, 201104(R).
Crossref Google Scholar
[133]

Morales-Durán, N.; Hu, N. C.; Potasz, P.; Macdonald, A. H. Nonlocal interactions in moiré Hubbard systems. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2022, 128, 217202.
Crossref Google Scholar
[134]

Pan, H. N.; Wu, F. C.; Das Sarma, S. Band topology, Hubbard model, Heisenberg model, and dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in twisted bilayer WSe2. Phys. Rev. Res. 2020, 2, 033087.
Crossref Google Scholar
[135]

Devakul, T.; Crépel, V.; Zhang, Y.; Fu, L. Magic in twisted transition metal dichalcogenide bilayers. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 6730.
Crossref Google Scholar
[136]

Kumar, A.; Hu, N. C.; MacDonald, A. H.; Potter, A. C. Gate-tunable heavy fermion quantum criticality in a moiré Kondo lattice. Phys. Rev. B 2022, 106, L041116.
Crossref Google Scholar
[137]

Angeli, M.; MacDonald, A. H. Γ valley transition metal dichalcogenide moiré bands. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2021, 118, e2021826118.
Crossref Google Scholar
[138]

Des Cloizeaux, J. Energy bands and projection operators in a crystal: Analytic and asymptotic properties. Phys. Rev. 1964, 135, A685–A697.
Crossref Google Scholar
[139]

Des Cloizeaux, J. Analytical properties of n-dimensional energy bands and wannier functions. Phys. Rev. 1964, 135, A698–A707.
Crossref Google Scholar
[140]

Marzari, N.; Vanderbilt, D. Maximally localized generalized wannier functions for composite energy bands. Phys. Rev. B 1997, 56, 12847–12865.
Crossref Google Scholar
[141]

Kaushal, N.; Dagotto, E. Moiré kanamori-Hubbard model for transition metal dichalcogenide homobilayers. Phys. Rev. B 2023, 107, L201118.
Crossref Google Scholar
[142]

Guo, H. L.; Zhang, X.; Lu, G. Shedding light on moiré excitons: A first-principles perspective. Sci. Adv. 2020, 6, eabc5638.
Crossref Google Scholar
[143]

Gross, E. K. U.; Kohn, W. Local density-functional theory of frequency-dependent linear response. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1985, 55, 2850–2852.
Crossref Google Scholar
[144]
Marques, M. A. L.; Maitra, N. T.; Nogueira, F. M. S.; Gross, E. K. U.; Rubio, A. Fundamentals of Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory; Springer: Berlin, 2012.
[145]

Refaely-Abramson, S.; Sharifzadeh, S.; Govind, N.; Autschbach, J.; Neaton, J. B.; Baer, R.; Kronik, L. Quasiparticle spectra from a nonempirical optimally tuned range-separated hybrid density functional. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2012, 109, 226405.
Crossref Google Scholar
[146]

Refaely-Abramson, S.; Sharifzadeh, S.; Jain, M.; Baer, R.; Neaton, J. B.; Kronik, L. Gap renormalization of molecular crystals from density-functional theory. Phys. Rev. B 2013, 88, 081204(R).
Crossref Google Scholar
[147]

Refaely-Abramson, S.; Jain, M.; Sharifzadeh, S.; Neaton, J. B.; Kronik, L. Solid-state optical absorption from optimally tuned time-dependent range-separated hybrid density functional theory. Phys. Rev. B 2015, 92, 081204.
Crossref Google Scholar
[148]

Wing, D.; Haber, J. B.; Noff, R.; Barker, B.; Egger, D. A.; Ramasubramaniam, A.; Louie, S. G.; Neaton, J. B.; Kronik, L. Comparing time-dependent density functional theory with many-body perturbation theory for semiconductors: Screened range-separated hybrids and the GW plus Bethe-salpeter approach. Phys. Rev. Mater. 2019, 3, 064603.
Crossref Google Scholar
[149]

Gupta, N.; Sachin, S.; Kumari, P.; Rani, S.; Ray, S. J. Twistronics in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD)-based van der Waals interface. RSC Adv. 2024, 14, 2878–2888.
Crossref Google Scholar
[150]

Liu, K. H.; Zhang, L. M.; Cao, T.; Jin, C. H.; Qiu, D. N.; Zhou, Q.; Zettl, A.; Yang, P. D.; Louie, S. G.; Wang, F. Evolution of interlayer coupling in twisted molybdenum disulfide bilayers. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 4966.
Crossref Google Scholar
[151]

Zhao, X. G.; Shi, Z. M.; Wang, X. J.; Zou, H. S.; Fu, Y. H.; Zhang, L. J. Band structure engineering through van der Waals heterostructing superlattices of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. InfoMat 2021, 3, 201–211.
Crossref Google Scholar
[152]

T. X.; Jiang, S. W.; Li, L. Z.; Zhang, Y.; Kang, K. F.; Zhu, J. C.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Chowdhury, D.; Fu, L. et al. Continuous Mott transition in semiconductor moiré superlattices. Nature 2021, 597, 350–354.
Crossref Google Scholar
[153]

Tong, Q. J.; Yu, H. Y.; Zhu, Q. Z.; Wang, Y.; Xu, X. D.; Yao, W. Topological mosaics in moiré superlattices of van der Waals heterobilayers. Nat. Phys. 2017, 13, 356–362.
Crossref Google Scholar
[154]

Li, T. X.; Jiang, S. W.; Shen, B. W.; Zhang, Y.; Li, L. Z.; Tao, Z.; Devakul, T.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Fu, L. et al. Quantum anomalous hall effect from intertwined moiré bands. Nature 2021, 600, 641–646.
Crossref Google Scholar
[155]

Förg, M.; Baimuratov, A. S.; Kruchinin, S. Y.; Vovk, I. A.; Scherzer, J.; Förste, J.; Funk, V.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Högele, A. Moiré excitons in MoSe2-WSe2 heterobilayers and heterotrilayers. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 1656.
Crossref Google Scholar
[156]

Zhang, L.; Zhang, Z.; Wu, F. C.; Wang, D. Q.; Gogna, R.; Hou, S. C.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Kulkarni, K.; Kuo, T. et al. Twist-angle dependence of moiré excitons in WS2/MoSe2 heterobilayers. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 5888.
Crossref Google Scholar
[157]

Zheng, H. H.; Wu, B.; Wang, C. T.; Li, S. F.; He, J.; Liu, Z. W.; Wang, J. T.; Duan, J. A.; Liu, Y. P. Moiré enhanced potentials in twisted transition metal dichalcogenide trilayers homostructures. Small 2023, 19, 2207988.
Crossref Google Scholar
[158]

Zheng, H. H.; Wu, B.; Wang, C. T.; Li, S. F.; He, J.; Liu, Z. W.; Wang, J. T.; Duan, J. A.; Liu, Y. P. Exploring the regulatory effect of stacked layers on moiré excitons in twisted WSe2/WSe2/WSe2 homotrilayer. Nano Res. 2023, 16, 10573–10579.
Crossref Google Scholar
[159]

Tran, K.; Moody, G.; Wu, F. C.; Lu, X. B.; Choi, J.; Kim, K.; Rai, A.; Sanchez, D. A.; Quan, J. M.; Singh, A. et al. Evidence for moiré excitons in van der Waals heterostructures. Nature 2019, 567, 71–75.
Crossref Google Scholar
[160]

Seyler, K. L.; Rivera, P.; Yu, H. Y.; Wilson, N. P.; Ray, E. L.; Mandrus, D. G.; Yan, J. Q.; Yao, W.; Xu, X. D. Signatures of moiré-trapped valley excitons in MoSe2/WSe2 heterobilayers. Nature 2019, 567, 66–70.
Crossref Google Scholar
[161]

Zhang, N.; Surrente, A.; Baranowski, M.; Maude, D. K.; Gant, P.; Castellanos-Gomez, A.; Plochocka, P. Moiré intralayer excitons in a MoSe2/MoS2 heterostructure. Nano Lett. 2018, 18, 7651–7657.
Crossref Google Scholar
[162]

Lin, B. H.; Chao, Y. C.; Hsieh, I.; Chuu, C. P.; Lee, C. J.; Chu, F. H.; Lu, L. S.; Hsu, W. T.; Pao, C. W.; Shih, C. K. et al. Remarkably deep moiré potential for intralayer excitons in MoSe2/MoS2 twisted heterobilayers. Nano Lett. 2023, 23, 1306–1312.
Crossref Google Scholar
[163]

Wu, B.; Zheng, H. H.; Li, S. F.; Ding, J. N.; He, J.; Zeng, Y. J.; Chen, K. Q.; Liu, Z. W.; Chen, S. L.; Pan, A. L. et al. Evidence for moiré intralayer excitons in twisted WSe2/WSe2 homobilayer superlattices. Light Sci. Appl. 2022, 11, 166.
Crossref Google Scholar
[164]

E. M.; Ruiz-Tijerina, D. A.; Danovich, M.; Hamer, M. J.; Terry, D. J.; Nayak, P. K.; Ahn, S.; Pak, S.; Lee, J.; Sohn, J. I. et al. Resonantly hybridized excitons in moiré superlattices in van der Waals heterostructures. Nature 2019, 567, 81–86.
Crossref Google Scholar
[165]

Tang, Y. H.; Gu, J.; Liu, S.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Hone, J.; Mak, K. F.; Shan, J. Tuning layer-hybridized moiré excitons by the quantum-confined stark effect. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2021, 16, 52–57.
Crossref Google Scholar
[166]

Koperski, M.; Nogajewski, K.; Arora, A.; Cherkez, V.; Mallet, P.; Veuillen, J. Y.; Marcus, J.; Kossacki, P.; Potemski, M. Single photon emitters in exfoliated WSe2 structures. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2015, 10, 503–506.
Crossref Google Scholar
[167]

Srivastava, A.; Sidler, M.; Allain, A. V.; Lembke, D. S.; Kis, A.; Imamoğlu, A. Optically active quantum dots in monolayer WSe2. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2015, 10, 491–496.
Crossref Google Scholar
[168]

Chakraborty, C.; Kinnischtzke, L.; Goodfellow, K. M.; Beams, R.; Vamivakas, A. N. Voltage-controlled quantum light from an atomically thin semiconductor. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2015, 10, 507–511.
Crossref Google Scholar
[169]

He, Y. M.; Clark, G.; Schaibley, J. R.; He, Y.; Chen, M. C.; Wei, Y. J.; Ding, X.; Zhang, Q.; Yao, W.; Xu, X. D. et al. Single quantum emitters in monolayer semiconductors. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2015, 10, 497–502.
Crossref Google Scholar
[170]

Tran, T. T.; Bray, K.; Ford, M. J.; Toth, M.; Aharonovich, I. Quantum emission from hexagonal boron nitride monolayers. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2016, 11, 37–41.
Crossref Google Scholar
[171]

Schmitt, D.; Bange, J. P.; Bennecke, W.; AlMutairi, A.; Meneghini, G.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Steil, D.; Luke, D. R.; Weitz, R. T. et al. Formation of moiré interlayer excitons in space and time. Nature 2022, 608, 499–503.
Crossref Google Scholar
[172]

Liu, E. F.; Barré, E.; Van Baren, J.; Wilson, M.; Taniguchi, T.; Watanabe, K.; Cui, Y. T.; Gabor, N. M.; Heinz, T. F.; Chang, Y. C. et al. Signatures of moiré trions in WSe2/MoSe2 heterobilayers. Nature 2021, 594, 46–50.
Crossref Google Scholar
[173]

Kim, H.; Dong, D. F.; Okamura, Y.; Shinokita, K.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Matsuda, K. Dynamics of moiré trion and its valley polarization in a microfabricated WSe2/MoSe2 heterobilayer. ACS Nano 2023, 17, 13715–13723.
Crossref Google Scholar
[174]

Sung, J.; Zhou, Y.; Scuri, G.; Zólyomi, V.; Andersen, T. I.; Yoo, H.; Wild, D. S.; Joe, A. Y.; Gelly, R. J.; Heo, H. et al. Broken mirror symmetry in excitonic response of reconstructed domains in twisted MoSe2/MoSe2 bilayers. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2020, 15, 750–754.
Crossref Google Scholar
[175]

Zeng, C.; Zhong, J. H.; Wang, Y. P.; Yu, J.; Cao, L. K.; Zhao, Z. L.; Ding, J. N.; Cong, C. X.; Yue, X. F.; Liu, Z. W. et al. Observation of split defect-bound excitons in twisted WSe2/WSe2 homostructure. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2020, 117, 153103–153107.
Crossref Google Scholar
[176]

Scuri, G.; Andersen, T. I.; Zhou, Y.; Wild, D. S.; Sung, J.; Gelly, R. J.; Bérubé, D.; Heo, H.; Shao, L. B.; Joe, A. Y. et al. Electrically tunable valley dynamics in twisted WSe2/WSe2 bilayers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2020, 124, 217403.
Crossref Google Scholar
[177]

Wu, B.; Zheng, H. H.; Li, S. F.; Wang, C. T.; Ding, J. N.; He, J.; Liu, Z. W.; Wang, J. T.; Liu, Y. P. Effect of layered-coupling in twisted WSe2 moiré superlattices. Nano Res. 2023, 16, 3435–3442.
Crossref Google Scholar
[178]

Zheng, H. H.; Wu, B.; Li, S. F.; He, J.; Chen, K. Q.; Liu, Z. W.; Liu, Y. P. Evidence for interlayer coupling and moiré excitons in twisted WS2/WS2 homostructure superlattices. Nano Res. 2023, 16, 3429–3434.
Crossref Google Scholar
[179]

Plochocka, P. Excitons in a twisted world. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2020, 15, 727–729.
Crossref Google Scholar
[180]

Huang, D.; Choi, J.; Shih, C. K.; Li, X. Q. Excitons in semiconductor moiré superlattices. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2022, 17, 227–238.
Crossref Google Scholar
[181]

Guo, H. L.; Zhang, X.; Lu, G. Moiré excitons in defective van der Waals heterostructures. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2021, 118, e2105468118.
Crossref Google Scholar
[182]

Villafañe, V.; Kremser, M.; Hübner, R.; Petrić, M. M.; Wilson, N. P.; Stier, A. V.; Müller, K.; Florian, M.; Steinhoff, A.; Finley, J. J. Twist-dependent intra- and interlayer excitons in moiré MoSe2 homobilayers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2023, 130, 026901.
Crossref Google Scholar
[183]

Naik, M. H.; Regan, E. C.; Zhang, Z. C.; Chan, Y. H.; Li, Z. L.; Wang, D. Q.; Yoon, Y.; Ong, C. S.; Zhao, W. Y.; Zhao, S. H. et al. Intralayer charge-transfer moiré excitons in van der Waals superlattices. Nature 2022, 609, 52–57.
Crossref Google Scholar
[184]

Wu, F. C.; Xue, F.; MacDonald, A. H. Theory of two-dimensional spatially indirect equilibrium exciton condensates. Phys. Rev. B 2015, 92, 165121.
Crossref Google Scholar
[185]

Wang, Z. F.; Rhodes, D. A.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Hone, J. C.; Shan, J.; Mak, K. F. Evidence of high-temperature exciton condensation in two-dimensional atomic double layers. Nature 2019, 574, 76–80.
Crossref Google Scholar
[186]

Fang, H. L.; Lin, Q. L.; Zhang, Y.; Thompson, J. Xiao, S. S.; Sun, Z. P.; Malic, E.; Dash, S. P.; Wieczorek, W. Localization and interaction of interlayer excitons in MoSe2/WSe2 heterobilayers. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 6910.
Crossref Google Scholar
[187]

Nayak, P. K.; Horbatenko, Y.; Ahn, S.; Kim, G.; Lee, J. U.; Ma, K. Y.; Jang, A. R.; Lim, H.; Kim, D.; Ryu, S. et al. Probing evolution of twist-angle-dependent interlayer excitons in MoSe2/WSe2 van der Waals heterostructures. ACS Nano 2017, 11, 4041–4050.
Crossref Google Scholar
[188]
Palekar, C. C.; Hagel, J.; Rosa, B.; Brem, S.; Shih, C. W.; Limame, I.; Von Helversen, M.; Tongay, S.; Malic, E.; Reitzenstein, S. Twist angle dependence of exciton resonances in WSe2/MoSe2 Moiré heterostructures. arXiv September 28, 2023.
[189]

Cai, H. B.; Rasmita, A.; Tan, Q. H.; Lai, J.-M.; He, R. H.; Cai, X. B.; Zhao, Y.; Chen, D. S.; Wang, N. Z.; Mu, Z. et al. Interlayer donor-acceptor pair excitons in MoSe2/WSe2 moiré heterobilayer. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 5766.
Crossref Google Scholar
[190]

Remez, B.; Cooper, N. R. Leaky exciton condensates in transition metal dichalcogenide moiré bilayers. Phys. Rev. Res. 2022, 4, L022042.
Crossref Google Scholar
[191]

Guo, H. L.; Zhang, X.; Lu G. Tuning moiré excitons in Janus heterobilayers for high-temperature Bose-Einstein condensation. Sci. Adv. 2022, 8, eabp9757.
Crossref Google Scholar
[192]

Deng, S.; Chu, Y. C.; Zhu, Q. Z. Moiré exciton condensate: Nonlinear Dirac point, broken-symmetry Bloch waves, and unusual optical selection rules. Phys. Rev. B 2022, 106, 155410.
Crossref Google Scholar
[193]

Baek, H.; Brotons-Gisbert, M.; Koong, Z. X.; Campbell, A.; Rambach, M.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Gerardot, B. D. Highly energy-tunable quantum light from moiré-trapped excitons. Sci. Adv. 2020, 6, eaba8526.
Crossref Google Scholar
[194]

Zhang, L.; Wu, F. C.; Hou, S. C.; Zhang, Z.; Chou, Y. H.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Forrest, S. R.; Deng, H. Van der Waals heterostructure polaritons with moiré-induced nonlinearity. Nature 2021, 591, 61–65.
Crossref Google Scholar
[195]

Yu, H. Y.; Yao, W. Electrically tunable topological transport of moiré polaritons. Sci. Bull. 2020, 65, 1555–1562.
Crossref Google Scholar
[196]

Fitzgerald, J. M.; Thompson, J. J. P.; Malic, E. Twist angle tuning of moiré exciton polaritons in van der Waals heterostructures. Nano Lett. 2022, 22, 4468–4474.
Crossref Google Scholar
[197]

Chu, Z. D.; Regan, E. C.; Ma, X. J.; Wang, D. Q.; Xu, Z. F.; Utama, M. I. B.; Yumigeta, K.; Blei, M.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T. et al. Nanoscale conductivity imaging of correlated electronic states in WSe2/WS2 moiré superlattices. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2020, 125, 186803.
Crossref Google Scholar
[198]

H. Y.; Li, S. W.; Regan, E. C.; Wang, D. Q.; Zhao, W. Y.; Kahn, S.; Yumigeta, K.; Blei, M.; Taniguchi, T.; Watanabe, K. et al. Imaging two-dimensional generalized Wigner crystals. Nature 2021, 597, 650–654.
Crossref Google Scholar
[199]

Huang, X.; Wang, T. M.; Miao, S. N.; Wang, C.; Li, Z. P.; Lian, Z.; Taniguchi, T.; Watanabe, K.; Okamoto, S.; Xiao, D. et al. Correlated insulating states at fractional fillings of the WS2/WSe2 moiré lattice. Nat. Phys. 2021, 17, 715–719.
Crossref Google Scholar
[200]

Li, T. X.; Zhu, J. C.; Tang, Y. H.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Elser, V.; Shan, J.; Mak, K. F. Charge-order-enhanced capacitance in semiconductor moiré superlattices. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2021, 16, 1068–1072.
Crossref Google Scholar
[201]

Shimazaki, Y.; Schwartz, I.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Kroner, M.; Imamoğlu, A. Strongly correlated electrons and hybrid excitons in a moiré heterostructure. Nature 2020, 580, 472–477.
Crossref Google Scholar
[202]

Liu, E. F.; Taniguchi, T.; Watanabe, K.; Gabor, N. M.; Cui, Y. T.; Lui, C. H. Excitonic and valley-polarization signatures of fractional correlated electronic phases in a WSe2/WS2 moiré superlattice. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2021, 127, 037402.
Crossref Google Scholar
[203]

Gu, J.; Ma, L. G.; Liu, S.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Hone, J. C.; Shan, J.; Mak, K. F. Dipolar excitonic insulator in a moiré lattice. Nat. Phys. 2022, 18, 395–400.
Crossref Google Scholar
[204]

Wang, X.; Xiao, C. X.; Park, H.; Zhu, J. Y.; Wang, C.; Taniguchi, T.; Watanabe, K.; Yan, J. Q.; Xiao, D.; Gamelin, D. R. et al. Light-induced ferromagnetism in moiré superlattices. Nature 2022, 604, 468–473.
Crossref Google Scholar
[205]

Shabani, S.; Halbertal, D.; Wu, W. J.; Chen, M. X.; Liu, S.; Hone, J.; Yao, W.; Basov, D. N.; Zhu, X. Y.; Pasupathy, A. N. Deep moiré potentials in twisted transition metal dichalcogenide bilayers. Nat. Phys. 2021, 17, 720–725.
Crossref Google Scholar
[206]

Li, H. Y.; Li, S. W.; Naik, M. H.; Xie, J. X.; Li, X. Y.; Wang, J. Y.; Regan, E.; Wang, D. Q.; Zhao, W. Y.; Zhao, S. H. et al. Imaging moiré flat bands in three-dimensional reconstructed WSe2/WS2 superlattices. Nat. Mater. 2021, 20, 945–950.
Crossref Google Scholar
[207]

Li, H. Y.; Li, S. W.; Naik, M. H.; Xie, J. X.; Li, X. Y.; Regan, E.; Wang, D. Q.; Zhao, W. Y.; Yumigeta, K.; Blei, M. et al. Imaging local discharge cascades for correlated electrons in WS2/WSe2 moiré superlattices. Nat. Phys. 2021, 17, 1114–1119.
Crossref Google Scholar
[208]

Imada, M.; Fujimori, A.; Tokura, Y. Metal-insulator transitions. Rev. Mod. Phys. 1998, 70, 1039–1263.
Crossref Google Scholar
[209]

Senthil, T. Theory of a continuous Mott transition in two dimensions. Phys. Rev. B 2008, 78, 045109.
Crossref Google Scholar
[210]

Szasz, A.; Motruk, J.; Zaletel, M. P.; Moore, J. E. Chiral spin liquid phase of the triangular lattice Hubbard model: A density matrix renormalization group study. Phys. Rev. X 2020, 10, 021042.
Crossref Google Scholar
[211]

Balents, L. Spin liquids in frustrated magnets. Nature 2010, 464, 199–208.
Crossref Google Scholar
[212]

Georges, A.; Kotliar, G.; Krauth, W.; Rozenberg, M. J. Dynamical mean-field theory of strongly correlated fermion systems and the limit of infinite dimensions. Rev. Mod. Phys. 1996, 68, 13–125.
Crossref Google Scholar
[213]

Liu, Y. Y.; Stradins, P.; Wei, S. H. Van der Waals metal-semiconductor junction: Weak Fermi level pinning enables effective tuning of schottky barrier. Sci. Adv. 2016, 2, e1600069.
Crossref Google Scholar
[214]

Zhang, M. J.; Zhao, X.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Zhu, Z.; Wu, F. C.; Li, Y. Q.; Xu, Y. Tuning quantum phase transitions at half filling in 3L-MoTe2/WSe2 moiré superlattices. Phys. Rev. X 2022, 12, 041015.
Crossref Google Scholar
[215]

Tang, Y. H.; Su, K. X.; Li, L. Z.; Xu, Y.; Liu, S.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Hone, J.; Jian, C. M.; Xu, C. K. et al. Evidence of frustrated magnetic interactions in a Wigner-Mott insulator. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2023, 18, 233–237.
Crossref Google Scholar
Nano Research
Volume 17 Issue 11,
November 2024
Pages 10134-10161
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-024-6936-3
Cite this article:
Shah SJ, Chen J, Xie X, et al. Progress and prospects of Moiré superlattices in twisted TMD heterostructures. Nano Research, 2024, 17(11): 10134-10161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-024-6936-3
Topics:
Semiconducting films

466

Views

0

Crossref

0

Web of Science

0

Scopus

0

CSCD

Altmetrics
Received: 19 June 2024
Revised: 31 July 2024
Accepted: 02 August 2024
Published: 06 September 2024
© Tsinghua University Press 2024
Return