AI Chat Paper
Note: Please note that the following content is generated by AMiner AI. SciOpen does not take any responsibility related to this content.
{{lang === 'zh_CN' ? '文章概述' : 'Summary'}}
{{lang === 'en_US' ? '中' : 'Eng'}}
Chat more with AI
Powered by AMiner. Clicking this button will take you away from SciOpen.
Home Journal of Advanced Ceramics Article
PDF (28.1 MB)
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Submit Manuscript AI Chat Paper
Show Outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Research Article | Open Access

Growth of single crystals in the (Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3-(Sr1-xCax)TiO3 system by solid state crystal growth

Phan Gia LEa, Huyen Tran TRANa, Jong-Sook LEEa, John G. FISHERa( ), Hwang-Pill KIMb, Wook JOb, Won-Jin MOONc
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
Korea Basic Science Institute, Gwangju Center, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
Show Author Information

Abstract

Ceramics based on (Na1/2B1/2)TiO3 are promising candidates for actuator applications because of large strains generated by an electric field-induced phase transition. For example, the (1-x)(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3-xSrTiO3 system exhibits a morphotropic phase boundary at x = 0.2-0.3, leading to high values of inverse piezoelectric constant d*33, which can be further improved by the use of single crystals. In our previous work, single crystals of (Na1/2B1/2)TiO3-SrTiO3 and (Na1/2B1/2)TiO3- CaTiO3 were grown by the solid state crystal growth technique. Growth in the (Na1/2B1/2)TiO3-SrTiO3 system was sluggish whereas the (Na1/2B1/2)TiO3-CaTiO3 single crystals grew well. In the present work, 0.8(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3-0.2(Sr1-xCax)TiO3 single crystals (with x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) were produced by the solid state crystal growth technique in an attempt to improve crystal growth rate. The dependence of mean matrix grain size, single crystal growth distance, and electrical properties on the Ca concentration was investigated in detail. These investigations indicated that at x = 0.3 the matrix grain growth was suppressed and the driving force for single crystal growth was enhanced. Replacing Sr with Ca increased the shoulder temperature Ts and temperature of maximum relative permittivity Tmax, causing a decrease in inverse piezoelectric properties and a change from normal to incipient ferroelectric behavior.

Keywords

(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3lead-free piezoelectricsingle crystalmicrostructureelectrical properties

References

[1]
Rödel J, Jo W, Seifert KTP, et al. Perspective on the development of lead-free piezoceramics. J Am Ceram Soc 2009, 92: 1153-1177.
Crossref Google Scholar
[2]
Koruza J, Bell AJ, Frömling T, et al. Requirements for the transfer of lead-free piezoceramics into application. J Materiomics 2018, 4: 13-26.
Crossref Google Scholar
[3]
Reichmann K, Feteira A, Li M. Bismuth sodium titanate based materials for piezoelectric actuators. Materials 2015, 8: 8467-8495.
Crossref Google Scholar
[4]
Hiruma Y, Imai Y, Watanabe Y, et al. Large electrostrain near the phase transition temperature of (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3- SrTiO3 ferroelectric ceramics. Appl Phys Lett 2008, 92: 262904.
Crossref Google Scholar
[5]
Rout D, Moon KS, Kang SJL, et al. Dielectric and Raman scattering studies of phase transitions in the (100-x)Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-xSrTiO3 system. J Appl Phys 2010, 108: 084102.
Crossref Google Scholar
[6]
Acosta M, Jo W, Rödel J. Temperature- and frequency- dependent properties of the 0.75Bi1/2Na1/2TiO3-0.25SrTiO3 lead-free incipient piezoceramic. J Am Ceram Soc 2014, 97: 1937-1943.
Crossref Google Scholar
[7]
Lee D, Vu H, Sun HY, et al. Growth of (Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3- SrTiO3 single crystals by solid state crystal growth. Ceram Int 2016, 42: 18894-18901.
Crossref Google Scholar
[8]
Sun HY, Fisher JG, Moon SH, et al. Solid-state-growth of lead-free piezoelectric (Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3-CaTiO3 single crystals and their characterization. Mater Sci Eng: B 2017, 223: 109-119.
Crossref Google Scholar
[9]
Fisher JG, Benčan A, Godnjavec J, et al. Growth behaviour of potassium sodium niobate single crystals grown by solid-state crystal growth using K4CuNb8O23 as a sintering aid. J Eur Ceram Soc 2008, 28: 1657-1663.
Crossref Google Scholar
[10]
Krauss W, Schütz D, Mautner FA, et al. Piezoelectric properties and phase transition temperatures of the solid solution of (1-x)(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-xSrTiO3. J Eur Ceram Soc 2010, 30: 1827-1832.
Crossref Google Scholar
[11]
Yi JY, Lee JK, Hong KS. Dependence of the microstructure and the electrical properties of lanthanum-substituted (Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3 on cation vacancies. J Am Ceram Soc 2002, 85: 3004-3010.
Crossref Google Scholar
[12]
Jo W, Ollagnier JB, Park JL, et al. CuO as a sintering additive for (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3-BaTiO3-(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 lead-free piezoceramics. J Eur Ceram Soc 2011, 31: 2107-2117.
Google Scholar
[13]
Moon KS. Effect of Na2CO3 addition on grain growth behavior and solid-state single crystal growth in the Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-BaTiO3 system. J Korean Powder Metall Inst 2018, 25: 104-108.
Crossref Google Scholar
[14]
Lee DK, Vu H, Fisher JG. Growth of (Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3- Ba(Ti1-xZrx)O3 single crystals by solid state single crystal growth. J Electroceramics 2015, 34: 150-157.
Crossref Google Scholar
[15]
Le PG, Fisher JG, Moon WJ. Effect of composition on the growth of single crystals of (1-x)(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3-xSrTiO3 by solid state crystal growth. Materials 2019, 12: 2357.
Crossref Google Scholar
[16]
Han HS, Hong IK, Kong YM, et al. Effect of Nb doping on the dielectric and strain properties of lead-free 0.94(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3-0.06BaTiO3 ceramics. J Korean Ceram Soc 2016, 53: 145-149.
Crossref Google Scholar
[17]
Cao J, Wang YF, Li Z. Effect of La doping on the electrical behaviors of BNT-BT based ceramics. Ferroelectrics 2017, 520: 224-230.
Crossref Google Scholar
[18]
Praharaj S, Rout D, Kang SJL, et al. Large electric field induced strain in a new lead-free ternary Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3- SrTiO3-BaTiO3 solid solution. Mater Lett 2016, 184: 197-199.
Crossref Google Scholar
[19]
Moon KS, Kang SJL. Coarsening behavior of round-edged cubic grains in the Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3-BaTiO3 system. J Am Ceram Soc 2008, 91: 3191-3196.
Crossref Google Scholar
[20]
Le PG, Jo GY, Ko SY, et al. The effect of sintering temperature and time on the growth of single crystals of 0.75(Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3-0.25SrTiO3 by solid state crystal growth. J Electroceramics 2018, 40: 122-137.
Crossref Google Scholar
[21]
Park JH, Kang SJL. Solid-state conversion of (94-x)(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3-6BaTiO3-x(K1/2Na1/2)NbO3 single crystals and their enhanced converse piezoelectric properties. AIP Adv 2016, 6: 015310.
Crossref Google Scholar
[22]
Smolenskii GA, Isupov VA, Agranovskaya AI, et al. New ferroelectrics of complex composition. Soviet Physics Solid State 1961, 2: 2651-2654.
Google Scholar
[23]
Zvirgzds JA, Kapostin PP, Zvirgzde JV, et al. X-ray study of phase transitions in ferroelectric Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3. Ferroelectrics 1982, 40: 75-77.
Crossref Google Scholar
[24]
Jones GO, Thomas PA. Investigation of the structure and phase transitions in the novel A-site substituted distorted perovskite compound Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3. Acta Crystallogr Sect B 2002, 58: 168-178.
Crossref Google Scholar
[25]
Dorcet V, Trolliard G. A transmission electron microscopy study of the A-site disordered perovskite Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3. Acta Mater 2008, 56: 1753-1761.
Crossref Google Scholar
[26]
Gorfman S, Thomas PA. Evidence for a non-rhombohedral average structure in the lead-free piezoelectric material Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3. J Appl Crystallogr 2010, 43: 1409-1414.
Crossref Google Scholar
[27]
Gorfman S, Glazer AM, Noguchi Y, et al. Observation of a low-symmetry phase in Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 crystals by optical birefringence microscopy. J Appl Crystallogr 2012, 45: 444-452.
Crossref Google Scholar
[28]
Rao BN, Fitch AN, Ranjan R. Ferroelectric-ferroelectric phase coexistence in Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3. Phys Rev B 2013, 87: 060102.
Crossref Google Scholar
[29]
Shannon RD. Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides. Acta Crystallogr Sect A 1976, 32: 751-767.
Crossref Google Scholar
[30]
Hiruma Y, Nagata H, Takenaka T. Detection of morphotropic phase boundary of (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3- Ba(Al1/2Sb1/2)O3 solid-solution ceramics. Appl Phys Lett 2009, 95: 052903.
Crossref Google Scholar
[31]
Hiruma Y, Nagata H, Takenaka T. Formation of morphotropic phase boundary and electrical properties of (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3-Ba(Al1/2Nb1/2)O3 solid solution ceramics. Jpn J Appl Phys 2009, 48: 09KC08.
Crossref Google Scholar
[32]
Bai WF, Li LY, Li W, et al. Phase diagrams and electromechanical strains in lead-free BNT-based ternary perovskite compounds. J Am Ceram Soc 2014, 97: 3510-3518.
Crossref Google Scholar
[33]
Bai W, Shen B, Zhai J, et al. Phase evolution and correlation between tolerance factor and electromechanical properties in BNT-based ternary perovskite compounds with calculated end-member Bi(Me0.5Ti0.5)O3 (Me = Zn, Mg, Ni, Co). Dalton Trans 2016, 45: 14141-14153.
Crossref Google Scholar
[34]
Chung SY, Yoon DY, Kang SJL. Effects of donor concentration and oxygen partial pressure on interface morphology and grain growth behavior in SrTiO3. Acta Mater 2002, 50: 3361-3371.
Crossref Google Scholar
[35]
Kang SJL, Lee MG, An SM. Microstructural evolution during sintering with control of the interface structure. J Am Ceram Soc 2009, 92: 1464-1471.
Crossref Google Scholar
[36]
Jung YI, Yoon DY, Kang SJL. Coarsening of polyhedral grains in a liquid matrix. J Mater Res 2009, 24: 2949-2959.
Crossref Google Scholar
[37]
Park YJ, Hwang NM, Yoon DY. Abnormal growth of faceted (WC) grains in a (Co) liquid matrix. Metall Mater Trans A 1996, 27: 2809-2819.
Crossref Google Scholar
[38]
Markov II. Crystal-ambient phase equilibrium. In: Crystal Growth for Beginners: Fundamentals of Nucleation, Crystal Growth and Epitaxy, 2nd edn. Singapore: World Scientific, 2003: 1-76.
Crossref
[39]
Kang SJL, Jung YI, Jung SH, et al. Interface structure- dependent grain growth behavior in polycrystals. In: Microstructural Design of Advanced Engineering Materials. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2013: 299-322.
Crossref
[40]
Markov II. Crystal growth. In: Crystal Growth for Beginners: Fundamentals of Nucleation, Crystal Growth and Epitaxy, 2nd edn. Singapore: World Scientific, 2003: 181-351.
Crossref
[41]
Peteves SD, Abbaschian R. Growth kinetics of solid-liquid Ga interfaces: Part I. Experimental. Metall Trans A 1991, 22: 1259-1270.
Crossref Google Scholar
[42]
Markov II. Nucleation. In: Crystal Growth for Beginners: Fundamentals of Nucleation, Crystal Growth and Epitaxy, 2nd edn. Singapore: World Scientific, 2003: 77-180.
Crossref
[43]
Peteves SD, Abbaschian R. Growth kinetics of solid-liquid Ga interfaces: Part II. Theoretical. Metall Trans A 1991, 22: 1271-1286.
Crossref Google Scholar
[44]
Choi SY, Kang SJL. Sintering kinetics by structural transition at grain boundaries in barium titanate. Acta Mater 2004, 52: 2937-2943.
Crossref Google Scholar
[45]
Zandvliet HJW, Gurlu O, Poelsema B. Temperature dependence of the step free energy. Phys Rev B 2001, 64: 073402.
Crossref Google Scholar
[46]
Choi K, Hwang NM, Kim DY. Effect of grain shape on abnormal grain growth in liquid-phase-sintered Nb1-xTixC- Co alloys. J Am Ceram Soc 2002, 85: 2313-2318.
Crossref Google Scholar
[47]
Fisher JG, Kang SJL. Strategies and practices for suppressing abnormal grain growth during liquid phase sintering. J Am Ceram Soc 2019, 102: 717-735.
Crossref Google Scholar
[48]
Yang J, Yang QB, Li YX, et al. Growth mechanism and enhanced electrical properties of K0.5Na0.5NbO3-based lead-free piezoelectric single crystals grown by a solid-state crystal growth method. J Eur Ceram Soc 2016, 36: 541-550.
Crossref Google Scholar
[49]
Van Beijeren H. Exactly solvable model for the roughening transition of a crystal surface. Phys Rev Lett 1977, 38: 993.
Crossref Google Scholar
[50]
Moon KS, Rout D, Lee HY, et al. Solid state growth of Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3-BaTiO3 single crystals and their enhanced piezoelectric properties. J Cryst Growth 2011, 317: 28-31.
Crossref Google Scholar
[51]
Kizuka T. Atomic processes of grain-boundary migration and phase transformation in zinc oxide nanocrystallites. Philos Mag Lett 1999, 79: 417-422.
Crossref Google Scholar
[52]
Lee BK, Chung SY, Kang SJL. Grain boundary faceting and abnormal grain growth in BaTiO3. Acta Mater 2000, 48: 1575-1580.
Crossref Google Scholar
[53]
Koo JB, Yoon DY. Abnormal grain growth in bulk Cu—The dependence on initial grain size and annealing temperature. Metall Mater Trans A 2001, 32: 1911-1926.
Crossref Google Scholar
[54]
Merkle KL, Thompson LJ. Atomic-scale observation of grain boundary motion. Mater Lett 2001, 48: 188-193.
Crossref Google Scholar
[55]
Merkle KL, Thompson LJ, Phillipp F. Collective effects in grain boundary migration. Phys Rev Lett 2002, 88: 225501.
Crossref Google Scholar
[56]
Lee SB, Choi SY, Kang SJL, et al. TEM observations of singular grain boundaries and their roughening transition in TiO2-excess BaTiO3. Zeitschrift Für Met 2003, 94: 193-199.
Crossref Google Scholar
[57]
Lee SB, Kim YM. Kinetic roughening of a Σ5 tilt grain boundary in SrTiO3. Acta Mater 2009, 57: 5264-5269.
Crossref Google Scholar
[58]
Lee SB, Kim YM, Ko DS, et al. Kinetic roughening of a ZnO grain boundary. Appl Phys Lett 2010, 96: 191906.
Crossref Google Scholar
[59]
Fisher JG, Choi SY, Kang SJL. Influence of sintering atmosphere on abnormal grain growth behaviour in potassium sodium niobate ceramics sintered at low temperature. J Korean Ceram Soc 2011, 48: 641-647.
Crossref Google Scholar
[60]
An SM, Yoon BK, Chung SY, et al. Nonlinear driving force-velocity relationship for the migration of faceted boundaries. Acta Mater 2012, 60: 4531-4539.
Crossref Google Scholar
[61]
Lee SB, Yoo SJ, van Aken PA. Roughening of a stepped GaN grain boundary with increasing driving force for migration. EPL Europhys Lett 2017, 120: 16002.
Crossref Google Scholar
[62]
Rottman C, Wortis M. Statistical mechanics of equilibrium crystal shapes: Interfacial phase diagrams and phase transitions. Phys Rep 1984, 103: 59-79.
Crossref Google Scholar
[63]
Jo W, Hwang NM, Kim DY. Effect of crystal shape on the grain growth during liquid phase sintering of ceramics. J Korean Ceram Soc 2006, 43: 728-733.
Crossref Google Scholar
[64]
Wortis M. Equilibrium crystal shapes and interfacial phase transitions. In: Chemistry and Physics of Solid Surfaces VII. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988: 367-405.
Crossref
[65]
An SM, Kang SJL. Boundary structural transition and grain growth behavior in BaTiO3 with Nd2O3 doping and oxygen partial pressure change. Acta Mater 2011, 59: 1964-1973.
Crossref Google Scholar
[66]
Rheinheimer W, Altermann FJ, Hoffmann MJ. The equilibrium crystal shape of strontium titanate: Impact of donor doping. Scripta Mater 2017, 127: 118-121.
Crossref Google Scholar
[67]
West AR. Crystal defects, non-stoichiometry and solid solutions. In: Solid State Chemistry and its Applications, 2nd edn. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2014: 87-124.
[68]
Luo YR. Comprehensive Handbook of Chemical Bond Energies. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2007.
Crossref
[69]
Shvartsman VV, Lupascu DC. Lead-free relaxor ferroelectrics. J Am Ceram Soc 2012, 95: 1-26.
Google Scholar
[70]
Jo W, Schaab S, Sapper E, et al. On the phase identity and its thermal evolution of lead free (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3-6 mol% BaTiO3. J Appl Phys 2011, 110: 074106.
Google Scholar
[71]
Liu G, Dong J, Zhang LY, et al. Phase evolution in (1-x)(Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3-xSrTiO3 solid solutions: A study focusing on dielectric and ferroelectric characteristics. J Materiomics 2020, 6: 677-691.
Crossref Google Scholar
[72]
Weyland F, Acosta M, Vögler M, et al. Electric field- temperature phase diagram of sodium bismuth titanate- based relaxor ferroelectrics. J Mater Sci 2018, 53: 9393-9400.
Crossref Google Scholar
[73]
Jo W, Dittmer R, Acosta M, et al. Giant electric-field- induced strains in lead-free ceramics for actuator applications—Status and perspective. J Electroceramics 2012, 29: 71-93.
Crossref Google Scholar
[74]
Liu X, Shen B, Zhai JW. Designing novel sodium bismuth titanate lead-free incipient perovskite for piezoactuator applications. J Am Ceram Soc 2019, 102: 6751-6759.
Crossref Google Scholar
[75]
Tu CS, Huang SH, Ku CS, et al. Phase coexistence and Mn-doping effect in lead-free ferroelectric (Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3 crystals. Appl Phys Lett 2010, 96: 062903.
Crossref Google Scholar
[76]
Ge WW, Luo CT, Zhang QH, et al. Ultrahigh electromechanical response in (1-x)(Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3- xBaTiO3 single-crystals via polarization extension. J Appl Phys 2012, 111: 093508.
Crossref Google Scholar
[77]
Lee HY, Wang K, Yao FZ, et al. Identifying phase transition behavior in Bi1/2Na1/2TiO3-BaTiO3 single crystals by piezoresponse force microscopy. J Appl Phys 2017, 121: 174103.
Crossref Google Scholar
[78]
Craciun F, Galassi C, Birjega R. Electric-field-induced and spontaneous relaxor-ferroelectric phase transitions in (Na1/2Bi1/2)1-xBaxTiO3. J Appl Phys 2012, 112: 124106.
Crossref Google Scholar
[79]
Hiruma Y, Nagata H, Takenaka T. Phase diagrams and electrical properties of (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3-based solid solutions. J Appl Phys 2008, 104: 124106.
Crossref Google Scholar
[80]
Wang K, Hussain A, Jo W, et al. Temperature-dependent properties of (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3-(Bi1/2k1/2)TiO3-SrTiO3 lead-free piezoceramics. J Am Ceram Soc 2012, 95: 2241-2247.
Google Scholar
[81]
Han HS, Ahn CW, Kim IW, et al. Destabilization of ferroelectric order in bismuth perovskite ceramics by A-site vacancies. Mater Lett 2012, 70: 98-100.
Crossref Google Scholar
[82]
Ishchuk VM, Kuzenko DV, Sobolev VL. Dimensional t-factor variation and increase of stability of the ferroelectric state in (Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3-based solid solutions. J Adv Dielec 2017, 7: 1750030.
Crossref Google Scholar
[83]
Lee JK, Hong KS, Kim CK, et al. Phase transitions and dielectric properties in A-site ion substituted (Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3 ceramics (A = Pb and Sr). J Appl Phys 2002, 91: 4538.
Crossref Google Scholar
[84]
Jin L, Li F, Zhang S. Decoding the fingerprint of ferroelectric loops: Comprehension of the material properties and structures. J Am Ceram Soc 2014, 97: 1-27.
Crossref Google Scholar
[85]
Le PG, Pham TL, Nguyen DT, et al. Solid state crystal growth of single crystals of 0.75(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3- 0.25SrTiO3 and their characteristic electrical properties. J Asian Ceram Soc 2021, 9: 63-74.
Crossref Google Scholar
[86]
Luo C, Ge W, Zhang Q, et al. Crystallographic direction dependence of direct current field induced strain and phase transitions in Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-x%BaTiO3 single crystals near the morphotropic phase boundary. Appl Phys Lett 2012, 101: 141912.
Crossref Google Scholar
[87]
Wang YJ, Luo CT, Wang SH, et al. Large piezoelectricity in ternary lead-free single crystals. Adv Electron Mater 2020, 6: 1900949.
Crossref Google Scholar
[88]
Park JH, Lee HY, Kang SJL. Solid-state conversion of (Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3-BaTiO3-(K1/2Na1/2)NbO3 single crystals and their piezoelectric properties. Appl Phys Lett 2014, 104: 222910.
Google Scholar
[89]
Chen C, Zhao XY, Wang YJ, et al. Giant strain and electric-field-induced phase transition in lead-free (Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3-BaTiO3-(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 single crystal. Appl Phys Lett 2016, 108: 022903.
Google Scholar
[90]
Chen C, Wang YJ, Jiang XP, et al. Orientation dependence of electric field induced phase transitions in lead-free (Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3-based single crystals. J Am Ceram Soc 2019, 102: 4306-4313.
Crossref Google Scholar
[91]
Hinterstein M, Knapp M, Hölzel M, et al. Field-induced phase transition in Bi1/2Na1/2TiO3-based lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. J Appl Crystallogr 2010, 43: 1314-1321.
Crossref Google Scholar
Journal of Advanced Ceramics
Volume 10 Issue 5,
October 2021
Pages 973-990
DOI: 10.1007/s40145-021-0481-2
Cite this article:
LE PG, TRAN HT, LEE J-S, et al. Growth of single crystals in the (Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3-(Sr1-xCax)TiO3 system by solid state crystal growth. Journal of Advanced Ceramics, 2021, 10(5): 973-990. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40145-021-0481-2

1178

Views

102

Downloads

10

Crossref

12

Web of Science

11

Scopus

0

CSCD

Altmetrics
Received: 13 January 2021
Revised: 07 April 2021
Accepted: 09 April 2021
Published: 01 June 2021
© The Author(s) 2021

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.

The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Return