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Research Article | Open Access

Tribology of WC reinforced SiC ceramics: Influence of counterbody

Sandan Kumar SHARMA1, B. Venkata MANOJ KUMAR1(), Young-Wook KIM2
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
TriboCeramics Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, the University of Seoul, Seoul 130743, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

Hot pressed silicon carbide (SiC) composites prepared with 0, 10, 30 or 50 wt% tungsten carbide (WC) are subjected to dry sliding wear against WC-Co and steel ball. In particular an attempt has been made to answer the following important questions: (i) How does the load (from 5 to 20 N) effect sliding wear behaviour of SiC-ceramics against WC-Co and steel counterbodies? (ii) Is there any effect of WC content on friction and wear characteristics of SiC ceramics? (iii) Does the dominant material removal mechanism of SiC ceramics change with the addition of WC or counterbody? (iv) What is the influence of mechanical properties on the sliding wear? Experimental results indicated that coefficient of friction (COF) for the SiC ceramics varied between 0.66 and 0.33 with change in load and counterbodies. Wear volume for SiC ceramics found approximately 6−10 times more against WC-Co as compared against steel. Wear volume changes from 2.0 × 10-3 mm3 to 1.2 × 10-2 mm3 with change in counterbodies for SiC-(10, 30 or 50 wt%) WC composite at 20 N. SiC ceramics indicated abrasion and composites reveal tribochemical wear as major material removal mechanisms. Wear is influenced by the hardness of counterbody and fracture toughness of SiC-WC composites.

Keywords

silicon carbidetungsten carbidecompositessteelsliding wearcounterbody

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Friction
Volume 7 Issue 2,
April 2019
Pages 129-142
DOI: 10.1007/s40544-017-0194-2
Cite this article:
SHARMA SK, MANOJ KUMAR BV, KIM Y-W. Tribology of WC reinforced SiC ceramics: Influence of counterbody. Friction, 2019, 7(2): 129-142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-017-0194-2
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10.1007/s40544-017-0194-2.T001Summary of sliding wear results of SiC based ceramics against different counterbodies.

Test performMaterialsCounterbodyTesting parametersFriction and wearMajor findingsReferences
Sliding: Pin on diskSiC pinSiC diskUnlubricated, Load: 50 N, Velocity: 0.2−4.0 m/sCOF: 0.5; Wear: 2.1 × 10-6 m3/(N·m)Tribo-oxidation and surface fracture were identified as the dominant deterioration mechanisms.[20]
Sliding: Ball-on-diskLPS- SiC diskSiC ballUnlubricated, Load: 1, 6, 13 N, Velocity: 0.21 m/sCOF: 0.56-0.22; Wear: 10-6−10-5m3/(N·m)COF decreased whereas wear rate increased with increased load. Surface grooving and microcracking occurred at low load. Tribochemical wear was dominant at 6 and 13 N loads for all the ceramics.[17]
Sliding Ring on ringSiC ringSiC ringUnlubricated, Load: 225, 450 N, Velocity: 0.5−5.5 m/sCOF: 0.2−0.5; Wear: (8.6−12.3) × 10-14 m3/N·mWear surfaces exhibit plastic deformation, ploughing, and oxide film formation and removal.[21]
Sliding: Pin on diskSiC & SiC-C pinSiC diskUnlubricated; Load: 5 N; Velocity: 0.18 m/s; Sliding distance:108 mCOF: 0.28−0.5; Wear: (2.4−50) × 10-6 m3/N·mWith addition of the graphite, friction of the SiC-C composite reduced, whereas the wear rate increased. Wear mechanisms dominated by fracture and three-body abrasion.[22]
Sliding: Ball on diskSiC-WC diskSiC ballUnlubricated; Load: 5, 10, 20 N; Velocity: 0.16 m/s; rpm: 500COF: 0.4−0.5; Wear: (3.3−38) × 10-6 m3/(N·m)Mechanical fracture with micro-cracking found as major material removal mechanism. WC addition reduced fracture and grain pull-out for SiC-WC composites.[12]
Reciprocating: Ball on diskSiC diskSiC or Al2O3 ballUnlubricated; Load: 1−10 N; Frequency: 2.5−20 Hz; Stroke: 100−1,600 µmCOF: 0.1−0.63; Wear: (0.15−25) × 10-6 m3/(N·m)Friction reduced with increased humidity and was found lower against SiC compare to Al2O3. Wear rate is affected significantly by humidity and decreases by one order of magnitude for Al2O3/SiC system and by two orders of magnitude for SiC/SiC system. Wear started by grain pullout and microcracking initially and lead to tribo-oxidation as the main wear mechanism in steady state.[23]
Reciprocating: Ball on diskSiC-TiC & SiC-TiC-TiB2 diskAl2O3 ballUnlubricated; Load: 10 N; Frequency: 10 Hz; Stroke: 0.2 mm and 0.8 mmCOF: 0.55−0.39; Linear Wear: 50−8 µmFriction and Wear both reduced for SiC composites compare to SiC ceramics. One order of change is observed in wear rate. The formation of tribo-reaction layers reduces the wear rate and fluctuation in friction reduced significantly.[24]
Sliding: Ball on diskLPS-SiC diskWC ballUnlubricated; Load: 5, 10, 20 N; Velocity: 0.1 m/s; rpm: 500COF: 0.4−0.5; Wear: (1.8−6.7) × 10-6 m3/(N·m)Microcracks induced fracture and pull-out are responsible for material removal. Easy deformation and removal of large amount of weak Y2O3 rich phase is attributed for high wear for the high additive ceramics.[25]
Sliding: Ball on diskLPS-SiC diskSi3N4 ballParaffin oil; Load: 70 N; Velocity: 0.04 m/s; rpm: 100; 500 minLinear Wear: 300 µmInterlocking networks of elongated SiC grains provided improved wear resistance. Absence of a continuous secondary phase matrix, prevents massive grain pullout and hence material removal.[26]
Reciprocating: Ball on diskSiC diskSi3N4 ballUnlubricated and Water; Load: 2 N; Frequency: 5 Hz; Stroke: 5 mm and 0.8 mm; 1,800 sCOF: 0.24−0.12; Wear: (7.5−11.0) × 10-14 m3/(N·m)Friction and wear reduced under water lubrication. SiC is good material candidates for tribological components in water environment. Severe wear arise by mechanical cracking of grains under high friction-induced tensile stress.[27]
Sliding: Ball on diskSiC diskSi3N4, Al2O3, ZrO2 or WC-CoUnlubricated; Load: 5 N; Velocity: 0.1 m/s; sliding distance 500 mCOF: 0.45−0.67; Wear: (1.6−45.2) × 10-6 m3/(N·m)Friction and wear rate observed minimum against ZrO2 and maximum against Si3N4. The main wear mechanism found as mechanical wear (micro-fracture) and tribochemical reaction against all the counterpart materials.[19]
Sliding: Ball on diskSiC diskSiC, WC-Co or Steel ballUnlubricated; Load: 5, 10, 20 N; Velocity: 0.16 m/s; rpm: 500COF: 0.33−0.66; Wear volume: 5.9 × 10-4 mm3 and 1.7 × 10-2 mm3Small size debris get connected and formed tribochemical layer and led to reduction in friction and wear against WC-Co. Against steel, hard FeWO4 debris at the contact resulted in higher friction for SiC-WC composites against steel ball. Wear is influenced by the hardness of the counterbody and fracture toughness of SiC-WC composites.Present Study

10.1007/s40544-017-0194-2.T002Wear types for the SiC ceramics as function of load and counterbody.

Applied LoadCounterbody
SteelWC-Co
5Embedded debris and mild abrasionMild abrasion
10Deep grooves mild abrasionDeep grooves mild abrasion
20Mild abrasion and polishingEmbedded debris and severe abrasion

10.1007/s40544-017-0194-2.T003Wear types for the SiC-WC composites against WC-Co and steel ball as function of WC content.

WC content (wt%)Counterbody
SteelWC-Co
0Mild abrasion and polishingEmbedded debris and severe abrasion
10Mild abrasion and adhered debrissevere abrasion
30Mild abrasionAdhered and compacted oxide layer
50Mild abrasionHighly adhered and compacted layer