AI Chat Paper
Note: Please note that the following content is generated by AMiner AI. SciOpen does not take any responsibility related to this content.
{{lang === 'zh_CN' ? '文章概述' : 'Summary'}}
{{lang === 'en_US' ? '中' : 'Eng'}}
Chat more with AI
Home Friction Article
PDF (68.3 MB)
Collect
Submit Manuscript AI Chat Paper
Show Outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Review Article | Open Access

Galling phenomena in metal forming

Kuniaki DOHDA1( )Masahito YAMAMOTO1,2Chengliang HU3( )Laurent DUBAR4Kornel F. EHMANN1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3111, USA
Manufacturing Engineering Center, NSK Ltd., Fujisawa-Shi 251-8501, Japan
Institute of Forming Technology and Equipment, School of Materials and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
LAMIH UMR CNRS 8201, Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, Valenciennes Cedex 959313, France
Show Author Information

Abstract

Galling phenomena in metal forming not only affect the quality of the engineered surfaces but also the success or failure of the manufacturing operation itself. This paper reviews the different galling conditions in sheet and bulk metal forming processes along with their evolution and the effects of temperature on galling. A group of anti-galling methods employed to prevent galling defects are also presented in detail. The techniques for quantitatively measuring galling are introduced, and the related prediction models, including friction, wear, and galling growth models, are presented to better understand the underlying phenomena. Galling phenomena in other processes similar to those occurring in metal forming are also examined to suggest different ways of further studying galling in metal forming. Finally, future research directions for the study of galling in metal forming are suggested.

References

[1]
Rabinowicz E. Friction seizure and galling seizure. Wear 25(3): 357-363 (1973)
[2]
Yoon J W, Barlat F. Modeling and simulation of the forming of aluminum sheet alloys. In ASM Handbook Volume 14B: Metalworking: Sheet Forming. Semiatin S L, Ed. Almere: ASM International, 2006: 257-258.
[3]
NSK. New Bearing Doctor. 4th edn. Japan: NSK Ltd., 2014: 28.
[4]
Leao J D, Bouillon V, Muntada L, Johnson C, Wilson P, Vergnes O, Dano C, Igartua A, Mendoza G. New formulations of sunflower based bio-lubricants with high oleic acid content-VOSOLUB project. Ol Corps Gras Lipides, 23(5): D509 1-8 (2016)
[5]
Wang Z. Galling behavior in square cup drawing of high-tensile-strength steel. J Jpn Soc Tech Plasticity, 55(640): 391-395 (2014)
[6]
Schey J A. Tribology in metalworking: Friction, lubrication, and wear. J Appl Metalworking 3(2): 173-173 (1984)
[7]
Bhushan B. Introduction to Tribology. New York (USA): John Wiley & Sons, 2002: 207-210.
[8]
Schedin E. Galling mechanisms in sheet forming operations. Wear 179(1-2): 123-128 (1994)
[9]
Ives L K, Peterson M B, Whitenton E P. The mechanism, measurement, and influence of properties on the galling of metals. NISTIR 89-4064. Gaithersburg (USA): National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1989: 15.
[10]
Wang Z G. Tribological issues for leading metal forming products cost reduction. J Jpn Soc Technol Plast 52(600): 113-115 (2011)
[11]
Dohda K, Boher C, Rezai-Aria F, Mahayotsanun N. Tribology in metal forming at elevated temperatures. Friction 3(1): 1-27 (2015)
[12]
Nakamura T. Measurement technique of tribology characteristics in metal forming. J Jpn Soc Technol Plast 57(669): 955-959 (2016)
[13]
Vižintin J, Kalin M, Dohda K, Jahanmir S. Tribology of Mechanical Systems: A Guide to Present and Future Technologies. New York (USA): American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2004.
[14]
Totten G E. ASM Handbook: Volume 18-Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology. Ohio (USA): ASM International, 2017: 808-816.
[15]
Mozgovoy S, Hardell J, Deng L, Oldenburg M, Prakash B. Tribological behavior of tool steel under press hardening conditions using simulative tests. J Tribol 140(1): 011606 (2018)
[16]
Godi A, Grønbæk J, De Chiffre L. Off-line testing of multifunctional surfaces for metal forming applications. CIRP J Manuf Sci Technol 11: 28-35 (2015)
[17]
Wang W R, Zheng X K, Hua M, Wei X C. Influence of surface modification on galling resistance of DC53 tool steel against galvanized advanced high strength steel sheet. Wear 360-361: 1-13 (2016)
[18]
Katagiri T. Effects of tool coatings on anti-galling property in forming of high strength steel. J Jpn Soc Technol Plast 48(562): 962-966 (2007)
[19]
Nishino S, Ohya K. Damage evaluation of coatings for press forming die. J Jpn Soc Technol Plast 56(650): 176-180 (2015)
[20]
Liu Y, Zhu Z J, Wang Z J, Zhu B, Wang Y L, Zhang Y S. Flow and friction behaviors of 6061 aluminum alloy at elevated temperatures and hot stamping of a B-pillar. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 96(9-12): 4063-4083 (2018)
[21]
Venema J, Hazrati J, Matthews D T A, Stegeman R A, van den Boogaard A H. The effects of temperature on friction and wear mechanisms during direct press hardening of Al-Si coated ultra-high strength steel. Wear 406-407: 149-155 (2018)
[22]
Hu C L, Yin Q, Zhao Z. A novel method for determining friction in cold forging of complex parts using a steady combined forward and backward extrusion test. J Mater Process Technol 249: 57-66 (2017)
[23]
Dohda K, Tsuchiya Y, Kitamura K, Mori H. Evaluation of tribo-characteristics of diamond-like-carbon containing Si by metal forming simulators. Wear 286-287: 84-91 (2012)
[24]
Ceron E, Bay N, Aida T, Dohda K, Nicolaisen T E. Simulative testing of friction and lubrication in cold forging of steel and aluminum. In Proceedings of North American Manufacturing Research Conference, United States, 2012.
[25]
Groche P, Müller C, Jahn A. Effects of the tool lubrication in cold forging. Tribol Lett 53(3): 599-605 (2014)
[26]
Gronostajski Z, Kaszuba M, Hawryluk M, Zwierzchowski M. A review of the degradation mechanisms of the hot forging tools. Arch Civ Mech Eng 14(4): 528-539 (2014)
[27]
Pujante J, Vilaseca M, Casellas D, Riera M D. The role of adhesive forces and mechanical interaction on material transfer in hot forming of aluminium. Tribol Lett 59(1): 10 (2015)
[28]
Dubois A, Dubar M, Debras C, Hermange K, Nivot C, Courtois C. New environmentally friendly coatings for hot forging tools. Surf Coat Technol 344: 342-352 (2018)
[29]
Hardell J, Kassfeldt E, Prakash B. Friction and wear behaviour of high strength boron steel at elevated temperatures of up to 800 ℃. Wear 264(9-10): 788-799 (2008)
[30]
Archard J F. The temperature of rubbing surfaces. Wear 2(6): 438-455 (1959)
[31]
Ling F F, Saibel E. Thermal aspects of galling of dry metallic surfaces in sliding contact. Wear 1(2): 80-91 (1957)
[32]
Blok H. The flash temperature concept. Wear 6(6): 483-494(1963)
[33]
Brucelle O, Bernhart G. Methodology for service life increase of hot forging tools. J Mater Process Technol 87(1-3): 237-246 (1999)
[34]
Terčelj M, Turk R, Knap M. Assessment of temperature on the die surface in laboratory hot metal forming. Appl Therm Eng 23(2): 113-125 (2003)
[35]
Yoneyama T, Asaoka H, Kimura H, Hoshino I, Kokubo M. Heat transfer and roll surface temperature in the hot rolling of aluminum sheet. J Tribol 121(4): 753-760 (1999)
[36]
Iwata K, Aihara J, Kurasaka K. Adhesion of carbide and carbon steels at high pressures and temperatures. Trans Jpn Soc Mech Eng 38(309): 1098-1105 (1972)
[37]
Olsson D D, Bay N. Andreasen J L. Prediction of limits of lubrication in strip reduction testing. CIRP Ann 53(1): 231-234 (2004)
[38]
Kim H, Sung J, Goodwin F E, Altan T. Investigation of galling in forming galvanized advanced high strength steels (AHSSs) using the twist compression test (TCT). J Mater Process Technol 205(1-3): 459-468 (2008)
[39]
Sethuramiah A, Okabe H, Sakurai T. Critical temperatures in EP lubrication. Wear 26(2): 187-206 (1973)
[40]
Groche P, Müller C, Stahlmann J, Zang S. Mechanical conditions in bulk metal forming tribometers-Part one. Tribol Int 62: 223-231 (2013)
[41]
Dohda K, Wang Z, Miwa K, Kashiwaya T. Lubricity of phosphorus EP additives in ironing process. Trans Jpn Soc Mech Eng, Ser C 66(649): 3143-3149 (2000)
[42]
Chen Y, Wang X Z, Clearfield A, Liang H. Anti-galling effects of α-zirconium phosphate nanoparticles as grease additives. J Tribol 141(3): 031801 (2019)
[43]
Tomala A, Hernandez S, Ripoll M R, Badisch E, Prakash B. Tribological performance of some solid lubricants for hot forming through laboratory simulative tests. Tribol Int 74: 164-173 (2014)
[44]
Ying L, Gao T H, Dai M H, Hu P. Investigation of interfacial heat transfer mechanism for 7075-T6 aluminum alloy in HFQ hot forming process. Appl Therm Eng 118: 266-282 (2017)
[45]
Medea F, Ghiotti A, Bruschi S. Temperature effects on organic lubricants in cold forging of AA1050 alloy. Procedia Manuf 5: 308-318 (2016)
[46]
Bay N. The state of the art in cold forging lubrication. J Mater Process Technol 46(1-2): 19-40 (1994)
[47]
Komiyama S, Wang Z G, Tokunaga R, Yamaoka Y. Effect of tool surface roughness on friction behavior of lubricant coating in cold forging. J Jpn Soc Technol Plast 51(591): 342-347 (2010)
[48]
Bay N, Azushima A, Groche P, Ishibashi I, Merklein M, Morishita M, Nakamura T, Schmid S, Yoshida M. Environmentally benign tribo-systems for metal forming. CIRP Ann 59(2): 760-780 (2010)
[49]
Yoshida M, Imai Y, Shimizu A, Komiyama S, Yamaguchi H, Ootake M, Wang Z G. Revolution of lubrication in cold forging by dry in-place type coating system "PULS". J Jpn Soc Technol Plast 55(647): 1058-1062 (2014)
[50]
Pelcastre L, Hardell J, Rolland A, Prakash B. Influence of microstructural evolution of Al-Si coated UHSS on its tribological behaviour against tool steel at elevated temperatures. J Mater Process Technol 228: 117-124 (2016)
[51]
JEF. JFE steel develops “GI JAZ™” high-lubricity GI steel sheet for automobiles. http://www.jfe-steel.co.jp/en/release/2018/181115.html, 2018-12-13.
[52]
Kondratiuk J, Kuhn P. Tribological investigation on friction and wear behaviour of coatings for hot sheet metal forming. Wear 270(11-12): 839-849 (2011)
[53]
Daure J L, Carrington M J, Shipway P H, McCartney D G, Stewart D A. A comparison of the galling wear behaviour of PVD Cr and electroplated hard Cr thin films. Surf Coat Technol 350: 40-47 (2018)
[54]
Zhou L H, Gao K X, Zheng X K, Wang W R, Wei X C, Hua M. Developing of galling during the forming and its improvement by physical vapour depositing. Surf Eng 34(7): 493-503 (2018)
[55]
Podgornik B, Kafexhiu F, Kosec T, Jerina J, Kalin M. Friction and anti-galling properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) in aluminium forming. Wear 388-389: 2-8 (2017)
[56]
Hollerweger R, Riedl H, Paulitsch J, Arndt M, Rachbauer R, Polcik P, Primig S, Mayrhofer P H. Origin of high temperature oxidation resistance of Ti-Al-Ta-N coatings. Surf Coat Technol 257: 78-86 (2014)
[57]
Kubota K, Ohba T, Morito S. Frictional properties of new developed cold work tool steel for high tensile strength steel forming die. Wear 271(11-12): 2884-2889 (2011)
[58]
Shen L, Zhou J, Xiong Y B, Zhang J S, Meng Y. Analysis of service condition of large hot forging die and refabrication of die by bimetal-layer weld surfacing technology with a cobalt-based superalloy and a ferrous alloy. J Manuf Process 31: 731-743 (2018)
[59]
US-ASTM. ASTM G98-02 Standard test method for galling resistance of materials. ASTM, 2002.
[60]
Hummel S R, Helm J. Galling50, a stochastic measure of galling resistance. J Tribol 131(3): 034502 (2009)
[61]
US-ASTM. ASTM G196-08 Standard test method for galling resistance of material couples. ASTM, 2008.
[62]
Harsha A P, Limaye P K, Tyagi R, Gupta A. Development of tribological test equipment and measurement of galling resistance of various grades of stainless steel. J Tribol 138(2): 024501 (2016)
[63]
Hawryluk M, Ziemba J, Sadowski P. A review of current and new measurement techniques used in hot die forging processes. Meas Control 50(3): 74-86 (2017)
[64]
Dimla E. Dimla S. Sensor signals for tool-wear monitoring in metal cutting operations—A review of methods. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 40(8): 1073-1098 (2000)
[65]
Hawryluk M, Kaszuba M, Gronostajski Z, Sadowski P. Systems of supervision and analysis of industrial forging processes. Eksploat Niezawodn-Mainten Reliab 18(3): 315-324 (2016)
[66]
Groche P, Brenneis M. Manufacturing and use of novel sensoric fasteners for monitoring forming processes. Measurement 53: 136-144 (2014)
[67]
Kim S Y, Ebina A, Sano A, Kubota S. Monitoring of process and tool status in forging process by using bolt type piezo-sensor. Procedia Manuf 15: 542-549 (2018)
[68]
Moghadam M, Christiansen P, Bay N. Detection of the onset of galling in strip reduction testing using acoustic emission. Procedia Eng 183: 59-64 (2017)
[69]
Dardona S, Shen A, Tokgöz Ç. Direct write fabrication of a wear sensor. IEEE Sens J 18(8): 3461-3466 (2018)
[70]
Thomsen E G, MacDonald A G, Kobayashi S. Flank friction studies with carbide tools reveal sublayer plastic flow. J Eng Ind 84(1): 53-62 (1962)
[71]
Shaw M C, Ber A, Mamin P A. Friction characteristics of sliding surfaces undergoing subsurface plastic flow. J Basic Eng 82(2): 342-345 (1960)
[72]
Groche P, Kramer P, Bay N, Christiansen P, Dubar L, Hayakawa K, Hu C, Kitamura K, Moreau P. Friction coefficients in cold forging: A global perspective. CIRP Ann 67(1): 261-264 (2018)
[73]
Vierzigmann H U, Merklein M, Engel U. Friction conditions in sheet-bulk metal forming. Procedia Eng 19: 377-382 (2011)
[74]
Bay N, Eriksen M, Tan X, Wibom O. A friction model for cold forging of aluminum, steel and stainless steel provided with conversion coating and solid film lubricant. CIRP Ann 60(1) 303-306 (2011)
[75]
Wang Z G, Yoshikawa Y, Suzuki T, Osakada K. Determination of friction law in dry metal forming with DLC coated tool. CIRP Ann 63(1): 277-280 (2014)
[76]
Doege E, Alasti M, Schmidt-Jürgensen R. Accurate friction and heat transfer laws for enhanced simulation models of precision forging processes. J Mater Process Technol 150: 92-99 (2004)
[77]
Lüchinger M, Velkavrh I, Kern K, Baumgartner M, Klien S, Diem A, Schreiner M, Tillmann W. Development of a constitutive model for friction in bulk metal forming. Lubricants 6(2): 42 (2018)
[78]
Cocks M. Interaction of sliding metal surfaces. J Appl Phys 33(7): 2152-2161 (1962)
[79]
Suh N P. An overview of the delamination theory of wear. Wear 44(1): 1-16 (1977)
[80]
Sasada T, Izumi T. Mutual transfer and wear in virgin/virgin surface rubbing: Confirmation of the reality of adhesive wear and a negative assertion for fatigue wear concept. (in Japanese). J Jpn Soc Tribol 49(12): 954-961 (2004)
[81]
Yanagida A, Azushima A. Evaluation of coefficients of friction in hot stamping by hot flat drawing test. CIRP Ann 58(1): 247-250 (2009)
[82]
Archard J F, Hirst W. The wear of metals under unlubricated conditions. Proc Roy Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci 236(1206): 397-410 (1956)
[83]
Oyane M. A testing method for evaluating metal sticking to tool surface and tool wear-investigation into compatibility between work material and tool material in metal forming I-. (in Japanese). J Jpn Soc Technol Plast 20(222): 644-651 (1979)
[84]
Groche P, Moeller N, Hoffmann H, Suh J. Influence of gliding speed and contact pressure on the wear of forming tools. Wear 271(9-10): 2570-2578 (2011)
[85]
Deng L, Pelcastre L, Hardell J, Prakash B, Oldenburg M. Experimental evaluation of galling under press hardening conditions. Tribol Lett 66(3): 93 (2018)
[86]
Kitano H, Dohda K, Kalin M, Ehmann K F. Galling growth analysis in metal forming. Manuf Lett 16: 32-35 (2018)
[87]
Usui E, Shirakashi T, Kitagawa T. Analytical prediction of three dimensional cutting process-Part 3: Cutting temperature and crater wear of carbide tool. J Eng Ind 100(2): 236-243 (1978)
[88]
Goyal A, Dhiman S, Kumar S, Sharma R. A study of experimental temperature measuring techniques used in metal cutting. Jordan J Mech Ind Eng 8(2): 82-93 (2014)
[89]
Werschmoeller D, Ehmann K, Li X C. Tool embedded thin film microsensors for monitoring thermal phenomena at tool-workpiece interface during machining. J Manuf Sci Eng 133(2): 021007 (2011)
[90]
Li L W, Li B, Ehmann K F, Li X C. A thermo-mechanical model of dry orthogonal cutting and its experimental validation through embedded micro-scale thin film thermocouple arrays in PCBN tooling. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 70: 70-87 (2013)
[91]
Matsushita M, Kitani Y, Ikeda R, Ono M, Fujii H, Chung Y D. Development of friction stir welding of high strength steel sheet. Sci Technol Weld Join 16(2): 181-187 (2011)
[92]
Shamanian M, Mostaan H, Safari M, Szpunar J A. Friction stir modification of GTA 7075-T6 Al alloy weld joints: EBSD study and microstructural evolutions. Arch Civ Mech Eng 17(3): 574-585 (2017)
[93]
Woo W, Feng Z, Wang X L, Brown D W, Clausen B, An K, Choo H, Hubbard C R, David S A. In situ neutron diffraction measurements of temperature and stresses during friction stir welding of 6061-T6 aluminium alloy. Sci Technol Weld Join 12(4): 298-303 (2007)
[94]
Yoshikawa G, Miyasaka F, Hirata Y, Katayama Y, Fuse T. Development of numerical simulation model for FSW employing particle method. Sci Technol Weld Join 17(4): 255-263 (2012)
[95]
Fehrenbacher A, Duffie N A, Ferrier N J, Pfefferkorn F E, Zinn M R. Effects of tool-workpiece interface temperature on weld quality and quality improvements through temperature control in friction stir welding. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 71(1-4): 165-179 (2014)
Friction
Pages 665-685
Cite this article:
DOHDA K, YAMAMOTO M, HU C, et al. Galling phenomena in metal forming. Friction, 2021, 9(4): 665-685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-020-0430-z

1321

Views

94

Downloads

33

Crossref

N/A

Web of Science

31

Scopus

0

CSCD

Altmetrics

Received: 17 March 2020
Revised: 05 July 2020
Accepted: 07 July 2020
Published: 13 November 2020
© The author(s) 2020

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.

The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Return