Water lubrication of graphene oxide-based materials

Shaoqing XUE; Hanglin LI; Yumei GUO; Baohua ZHANG; Jiusheng LI; Xiangqiong ZENG

doi:10.1007/s40544-021-0539-8

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Review Article | Open Access

Water lubrication of graphene oxide-based materials

Shaoqing XUE^{¹^,²}, Hanglin LI^{¹^,³}, Yumei GUO^¹, Baohua ZHANG^², Jiusheng LI^¹, Xiangqiong ZENG^¹()

1Laboratory for Advanced Lubricating Materials, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China

2School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China

3Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China

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Abstract

Water is as an economic, eco-friendly, and efficient lubricant that has gained widespread attention for manufacturing. Using graphene oxide (GO)-based materials can improve the lubricant efficacy of water lubrication due to their outstanding mechanical properties, water dispersibility, and broad application scenarios. In this review, we offer a brief introduction about the background of water lubrication and GO. Subsequently, the synthesis, structure, and lubrication theory of GO are analyzed. Particular attention is focused on the relationship between pH, concentration, and lubrication efficacy when discussing the tribology behaviors of pristine GO. By compounding or reacting GO with various modifiers, amounts of GO-composites are synthesized and applied as lubricant additives or into frictional pairs for different usage scenarios. These various strategies of GO-composite generate interesting effects on the tribology behaviors. Several application cases of GO-based materials are described in water lubrication, including metal processing and bio-lubrication. The advantages and drawbacks of GO-composites are then discussed. The development of GO-based materials for water lubrication is described including some challenges.

Keywords

tribology water lubrication graphene oxide (GO)

References

[1]

Xiao

H P

, Liu

S H

. 2D nanomaterials as lubricant additive: A review. Mater Des 135: 319–332 (2017)

Additives in water lubrication	Optimum concentration	Reduce in COF, wear, and others	Frictional pairs	Test conditions	Test mode	Ref.
Ionic liquid modified muti-walled CNTs	0.015 wt%	COF: 42% (from 0.3 to 0.174) Wear 72%	Balls: AISI52100 steel	Velocity: 600 rpm Load: 20–50 N	Four balls	[13]
Urea modified fluorinated CNTs	0.015 wt%	COF: 80.86% (from 0.33 to 0.063) Wear: 96.7%	Balls: GCr15	Velocity: 200–400 rpm Load: 3–7 N	Ball on disk rotation	[14]
Modified SiO₂	5 wt%	COF: 38.3% (from 0.071 to 0.043) Running-in time: 49.4%	Balls and plates: carbon nitride	Velocity: 207 rpm Temperature: Room temperature (RT) Load: 30 N	Ball on disk rotation	[15]
TiO₂ (P25)	0.8 wt%	COF: 50% (from 0.3 to 0.152) Wear: 68%	Balls: Cr steel Plates: low-carbon microalloyed steel	Velocity: 13.65, 12.74, 11.94 rpm Load: 50 N Temperature: RT	Ball on plate rotation	[16]
TiO₂ (P25) with a diameter of approx. 20 nm	4 wt%	COF: 36.4% (from 0.29 to 0.181) Wear: 18.7 %	Balls: E52100 Cr Plates: steel and FSS 445	Velocity: 34 rpm Load: 5 N Temperature: 25 °C	Ball on plate rotation	[17]
Alcohol modified Cu nanoparticle	4 wt% for anti-friction properties; 5 wt% for extreme pressure properties	COF: the lowest reached 0.095 under the load of 100 N Wear: 52%	Balls: GCr15-bearing steel	Velocity: 1,450 rpm Load: 100 N Temperature: 25 °C	Four balls	[18]
Al₂O₃	1 or 2 wt%	COF: 27% (from 0.26 to 0.23) Wear: 22%	Balls: AISI 52100 alloy steel Plates: AISI 304 stainless steel	Velocity: 0.02–0.1 m/s Load: 10–40 N	Ball on three plates	[19]
Dopamine-choline modified nanodiamond	0.1 wt%	COF: 40% (from 0.028 to 0.017)	Balls and plates: steel grade EN 52100	Velocity: 360 rpm Load: 1 N Temperature: 25 °C	Ball on plate rotation	[20]

Methods	Oxidants	Infiltrating medium	Toxic by-products	Innovation	Drawbacks
Brodie’s [8]	KClO₃	HNO₃	ClO₂ etc.	Pioneering work about synthesis of GO	Dangerous and polluted synthesis
Staudenmaier’s [9]	HNO₃, KClO₃	H₂SO₄	Cl₂, ClO₂	The avoidance of fuming nitric acid improved the reaction yield and safety.	Long oxidation progress and low oxidation efficacy
Hummer’s [10]	NaNO₃, KMnO₄	H₂SO₄	NO, NO₂	Introduce KMnO₄ as oxidants and avoid using concentrated nitric acid	The toxic by-products were not avoided
Marcano’s [11]	KMnO₄	H₂SO₄, H₃PO₄	—	Realizing greener and safer synthesis	Uncontrollable oxidation process
Chen’s [12]	KMnO₄	H₂SO₄	—	Less waste and usage of raw materials, simplified synthesis progress	Low oxidation efficacy

Influencing factors	Variable range	Optimum	Reduction in COF or wear (verse pure water)	Test conditions	Frictional pairs	Test mode	Ref.
Concen tration	0.05–0.2 wt%	0.15 wt%	COF: 39.2% (from 0.378 to 0.23) Wear: 64%	Load: 2 N Velocity: 0.2 m/s Temperature: RT	Balls and plates: 304 steel	Ball on plate rotation	[44]
	0.01–0.1 wt%	0.1 wt%	COF: 79 % (from 0.56 to 0.12) Wear: 68%	Load: 5–20 N (1,420 MPa) Velocity: 0.005–0.1 m/s Temperature: RT	Balls and plates: 304 steel	Ball on plate reciprocation	[45]
	0–1.0 wt%	0.5 wt%	COF: 77.5% (from 0.169 to 0.038) Wear: 90%	Load: 3 N (312 MPa) Velocity: 0.08 m/s Temperature: RT	Balls: steel Plates: AZ31Mg alloy	Ball on plate reciprocation	[46]
	0–2 wt%	1 wt%	COF: 57% (from 0.14 to 0.06)	Load: 10 N Velocity: 0.02 m/s Temperature: 22 °C	Balls: stainless steel Plates: diamond-like carbon coated steel	Ball on plate reciprocation	[47]
Oxidation degree	Roc: 52.48%–60.68%	Roc: 60.68%	COF: 46% (from 0.378 to 0.204) Wear: 60%	Load: 2 N Velocity: 0.02 m/s Temperature: 50 °C	Balls and plates: 304 steel	Ball on plate rotation	[44]
pH value	pH: 3.10, 5.41, 6.62, 8.80, 9.70 (adjusted by NaOH)	pH: 3.1	COF: 44.4% (from 0.4 to 0.224) Wear: wear mark radius reduced by 17.1%	Load: 20 N (689 MPa) Velocity: 0.05 m/s	Balls: Cr alloy steel Plates: 304 stainless steel	Ball on three plates	[48]
	pH: 3, 5, 7, 9, 10 (adjusted by K₂CO₃)	pH: 3	COF: reached minimum at 0.05	Load: 3 N Velocity: 300 rpm	Balls: tungsten carbide Plates: 304 stainless steel	Ball on plate rotation	[49]
	pH: 2.8, 5, 7, 8, 9 (adjusted by triethanolamine)	pH: 9	COF: reached minimum at 0.0945 Wear: P_B 471 N; minimum wear scars diameter reached at 616 μm	Load: 147 N Velocity: 1,200 rpm Temperature: 25 °C	Balls: GCr15	Four balls	[50]

	Composites	Optimum	Tribology property	Lubrication system	Frictional pairs	Test conditions	Test mode	Ref.
GO-oxides	GO/APTES modified SiO₂	Concentration: 0.2 wt%	COF: –0.07; almost 50% reduction in wear volume	Aqueous solution	Balls: GCr15 steel; Plates: diamond-like carbon coated 304 stainless steel	Load: 10 N (1,440 MPa) Velocity: 0.025 m/s Temperature: 30 ± 5 °C	Ball on plate re ciprocation	[70]
	GO/SiO₂	Concentration: 0.16 wt%	50% reduction in COF (from 0.52 to 0.26); 38% reduction in Ra of lapped surface	Mixed aqueous solution (H₂O 70 wt%)	Blocks: Cr alloy steel; Rings: 304 stainless steel	Load: 20 N Velocity: 0.02 m/s Temperature: RT	Block on ring	[71]
	GO/SiO₂	Ratio: GO: SiO₂= 0.02 wt%: 0.50 wt%	Almost 30% reduction in COF (from 0.11 to 0.07); almost 15% reduction in worn scar diameter (WSD)	PEG aqueous solution	Balls: 52100 steel	Load: 294 N Velocity: 1,200 rpm Temperature: 25 °C	Four balls	[72]
	GO/Al₂O₃	Concentration: 0.06 wt% Ratio: GO/ Al₂O₃=1:1	66% reduction in COF (from 0.53 to 0.19); 64% improvement in surface finish	Aqueous solution	Blocks: 304 stainless steel; Rings: 52100 chrome steel	Load: 10–20 N Velocity: 0.01 m/s Temperature: 20–25 °C	Block on ring	[39]
	GO/TiO₂	Concentration: 0.5 wt%	12% improvement in P_B value; COF: -0.05; 23.6% reduction in WSD	Mixed aqueous solution (H₂O 97.7 wt%)	Balls: GGr15 standard	Load: 392 N Velocity: 1,200 rpm Temperature: 20 °C	Four balls	[38]
GO-carbon aceous	GO/nano-diamond	Ratio: GO: nano-diamond= 0.1 wt%: 0.5 wt%	COF: -0.03	Aqueous solution	Balls: Si₃N₄ Plates: Si wafers	Load: 0.005–0.08 N (160–400 MPa) Velocity: 0.0004 m/s Temperature: 25 °C	Ball on plate re ciprocation	[73]
	GO/MWCNTs–COOH	Concentration: 0.7 wt%; Ratio: GO: MWCNTs– COOH =3:1	The COF and wear volume reached lowest.	Aqueous solution	Balls: stainless steel; Plates: GCr15 bearing steel	Load: 10 N Velocity: 0.0523 m/s Temperature: RT	Ball on plate re ciprocation	[29]
	g-C₃N₄/GO	Concentration: 0.06 wt%; Ratio: g-C₃N₄:GO=1:1	37% reduction in COF (from 0.39 to 0.25); 19.6% reduction in WSD	Aqueous solution	Balls: 52100 Cr Plates: 304 stainless steel	Load: 10–35 N (645–981 MPa) Velocity: 0.0025– 0.0125 m/s Temperature: 25 °C	Ball on plate re ciprocation	[74]
GO-organics	TTAB/GO	Concentration: 0.2 wt%	18% reduction in COF; 48% reduction in wear volume	Oil in water emulsion	Ball and rings: 52100 bearing steel	Load: 0.5 N (130 MPa) Velocity: 0.02– 0.2 m/s Temperature: RT	Balls on ring	[75]
	Triethano lamine/GO	Concentration: 0.3 wt%	21.9% reduction in COF (from 0.20 to 0.156); 6.2% reduction in WSD (compared to GO dispersion)	Aqueous solution	Balls: GCr15	Load: 98 N Velocity: 1,200 rpm Temperature: 20 °C	Four balls	[76]
	n-Octylamine/GO	Concentration: 0.01 wt%	basal plane functionalized GO (b-GO) behaved lower COF	Oil in water emulsion	Balls and plates: 304 stainless steel	Load: 2 N (500 MPa) Velocity: 30– 200 rpm Temperature: RT	Ball on plate rotation	[77]
	Alkylamines/GO	Concentration: 0.01 wt%	Branch-chain modulated GO (GO-4) reveals lower friction. 304 stainless steel vs UHMWPE had lowest wear volume.	Oil in water emulsion	Balls: GCr15 bearing steel; Plates: 304 stainless, UHMWPE, etc.	Load: 2 N Velocity: 0.08– 0.4 m/s Temperature: RT	Ball on plate rotation	[78]
	n-Octylamine/GO	Concentration: 0.01 wt%	GO with less intro ductions behaved better lubrication effect.	Oil in water emulsion	Balls: GCr15 bearing steel; Plates: 304 stainless	Load: 2 N (400 MPa) Velocity: 0.08– 0.4 m/s Temperature: RT	Ball on plate rotation	[79]

Composites	Tribology properties	Other performance	Lubrication system	Substrate	Test conditions	Ref.
GO-3-APS	Reduction in COF 43.6% Reduction in wear rate: 79.7%	—	Water	Albronze plates	Load: 2 N (381 MPa) Velocity: 0.012 m/s Temperature: 25 °C	[104]
GO–PPESK	The running-in period is significantly reduced. The wear rate decreased by almost 1/3	The interlaminar shear strength of the composites was enhanced by 36.04%.	Water	High-strength glass fabric	Load: 200 N Velocity: 0.5 m/s	[105]
GO–PVP	COF reduced from 0.5 to < 0.03	GO coating improved the wear resistance and biological function.	Water/ normal saline	Ti6Al4V by laser texturing process	Load: 1, 2, 4, 6 N Velocity: 0.1 m/s	[106]
GO–EP	Coating containing 0.75% GO behaved the lowest COF and best wear resistance	—	Water/sea water	Cast irons	Load: 2/3 N Velocity: 5 Hz	[107]