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Research Article | Open Access

Applying ionic liquids as oil additives for gearboxes: Going beyond the state of the art by bridging the nano-scale and component level

Azhaarudeen ANIFA MOHAMED FARUCK1( ), Philipp G. GRÜTZMACHER1, Chia-Jui HSU1, Dominik DWORSCHAK2, Hsiu-Wei CHENG2, Markus VALTINER2, Kristof STAGEL3, Philipp MIKŠOVSKY3, Apurba Ranjan SAHOO3, Aitor SAINZ MARTINEZ3, Katharina BICA-SCHRÖDER3, Michael WEIGAND1, Carsten GACHOT1
Institut für Konstruktionswissenschaften und Produktentwicklung (IKP), Tribology Research Division, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
Institut für Angewandte Physik (IAP), Applied Interface Physics research group, TU Wien, Vienna 1040, Austria
Institut für Angewandte Synthesechemie (IAS), Sustainable Organic Synthesis and Catalysis research group, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
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Abstract

Ionic liquids (ILs) have been used effectively in many applications for reducing problems related to friction and wear. In this work, the potential of ILs as an anti-wear and extreme pressure lubricant additive for high load-carrying gearbox applications such as helicopter transmissions has been studied. Two halide-free ILs: P8881(BuO)2PO2– (1) and P8881(MeO)2PO2– (2), which are blended at 5 wt% each into a standard non-additivated FVA2 base oil (BO) are examined. Their solid–liquid interface, friction and load-carrying capacity, and wear (scuffing) behavior are studied on the nano-, lab-, and component-scale, respectively, at a different range of temperature and loading conditions by using the atomic force microscopy (AFM), Schwing–Reib–Verschleiß (SRV) friction tests, and Brugger tests, as well as forschungsstelle für zahnräder und getriebebau (FZG) back-to-back gear test rig. The AFM analysis shows nearly no change of adhesion over the full range of studied temperature for the IL blends compared to the BO. Similarly, IL blends demonstrate a very stable coefficient of friction (COF) of around 0.16, which even decreases with increasing test temperatures ranging from 40 to 120 °C. A clear reduction in COF up to 25% is achieved by adding only 5 wt% of the investigated ILs in the BO, and the Brugger tests also show a pronounced enhancement of load-carrying capacity. Finally, on the component-scale, a significant improvement in gear scuffing performance has been observed for both used IL blends. A detailed characterization of the wear tracks from the SRV friction tests via the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the formation of a phosphate (P–O)-based amorphous tribo-chemical layer of about 20 nm thickness. Therefore, this work may present an approach for ILs to be used as an additive in conventional lubricants due to their ability to enhance the lubrication properties, making them an alternative lubricant solution for high load-carrying gearbox applications.

Keywords

ionic liquids (ILs)additivesgearsscuffingfrictionload-carrying capacity

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Friction
Volume 11 Issue 6,
June 2023
Pages 1057-1078
DOI: 10.1007/s40544-022-0650-5
Cite this article:
ANIFA MOHAMED FARUCK A, GRÜTZMACHER PG, HSU C-J, et al. Applying ionic liquids as oil additives for gearboxes: Going beyond the state of the art by bridging the nano-scale and component level. Friction, 2023, 11(6): 1057-1078. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-022-0650-5

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Received: 09 September 2021
Revised: 02 February 2022
Accepted: 12 May 2022
Published: 21 July 2022
© The author(s) 2022.

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