AI Chat Paper
Note: Please note that the following content is generated by AMiner AI. SciOpen does not take any responsibility related to this content.
{{lang === 'zh_CN' ? '文章概述' : 'Summary'}}
{{lang === 'en_US' ? '中' : 'Eng'}}
Chat more with AI
Powered by AMiner. Clicking this button will take you away from SciOpen.
Home Friction Article
PDF (2.7 MB)
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Submit Manuscript AI Chat Paper
Show Outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Review Article | Open Access

Recent advances in wheel–rail RCF and wear testing

Sundar SHRESTHA1,2, Maksym SPIRYAGIN1,2, Esteban BERNAL1,2( ), Qing WU1,2, Colin COLE1,2
Centre for Railway Engineering, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton 4701, Australia
Australasian Centre for Rail Innovation, Canberra 2601, Australia
Show Author Information

Abstract

The wear and rolling contact fatigue (RCF) testing approaches for wheels and rails have been reviewed and evaluated in this study. The study points out the advantages and limitations of the existing approaches. The broad analysis revealed that scaled laboratory-based wear testing is widely applied. However, it is necessary to predetermine the input parameters and observing parameters for scaled wear testing for three reasons: first, to emulate the real-world scenarios as closely as possible; second, to postprocess the results received from the scaled testing and transfer them into real practice at full scale; third, to present the results in a legible/appropriate format. Therefore, most of the important parameters required for wear testing have been discussed with fundamental and systematic explanations provided. Additionally, the transition of the parameters from the real-world into the test domain is explained. This study also elaborates on the challenges of the RCF and wear testing processes and concludes by providing major considerations toward successful testing.

Keywords

wear testingrolling contact fatigue (RCF) testingwheel–rail

References

[1]
Kragelsky I V, Dobychin M N, Kombalov V S. Friction and Wear: Calculation Methods. Elsevier, 1982.
[2]
Varenberg M. Towards a unified classification of wear. Friction 1(4): 333–340 (2013)
Crossref Google Scholar
[3]
Lontin K, Khan M. Interdependence of friction, wear, and noise: A review. Friction 9(6): 1319–1345 (2021)
Crossref Google Scholar
[4]
Wu Q, Spiryagin M, Sun Y, Cole C. Parallel co-simulation of locomotive wheel wear and rolling contact fatigue in a heavy haul train operational environment. Proc Inst Mech Eng F J Rail Rapid Transit 235(2): 166–178 (2021)
Crossref Google Scholar
[5]
Pearce T G, Sherratt N D. Prediction of wheel profile wear. Wear 144(1–2): 343–351 (1991)
Crossref Google Scholar
[6]
Bolton P J, Clayton P. Rolling–sliding wear damage in rail and tyre steels. Wear 93(2): 145–165 (1984)
Crossref Google Scholar
[7]
Jendel T. Prediction of wheel profile wear—Comparisons with field measurements. Wear 253(1–2): 89–99 (2002)
Crossref Google Scholar
[8]
Enblom R. On simulation of uniform wear and profile evolution in the wheel-rail contact. DiVA - Academic Archive On-line (2006)
[9]
Braghin F, Lewis R, Dwyer-Joyce R S, Bruni S. A mathematical model to predict railway wheel profile evolution due to wear. Wear 261(11–12): 1253–1264 (2006)
Crossref Google Scholar
[10]
Lewis R, Olofsson U. Mapping rail wear regimes and transitions. Wear 257(7–8): 721–729 (2004)
Crossref Google Scholar
[11]
Lewis R, Dwyer-Joyce R S, Olofsson U, Pombo J, Ambrosio J, Pereira M, Ariaudo C, Kuka N. Mapping railway wheel material wear mechanisms and transitions. Proc Inst Mech Eng F J Rail Rapid Transit 224: 125–137 (2010)
Crossref Google Scholar
[12]
Bevan A, Molyneux-Berry P, Eickhoff B, Burstow M. Development and validation of a wheel wear and rolling contact fatigue damage model. Wear 307(1–2): 100–111 (2013)
Crossref Google Scholar
[13]
Lewis R, Olofsson U. Basic tribology of the wheel-rail contact. In Wheel-Rail Interface Handbook. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2009: 34–57
Crossref
[14]
Huang Y B, Shi L B, Zhao X J, Cai Z B, Liu Q Y, Wang W J. On the formation and damage mechanism of rolling contact fatigue surface cracks of wheel/rail under the dry condition. Wear 400–401: 62–73 (2018)
Crossref Google Scholar
[15]
Cannon D F, Edel K O, Grassie S L, Sawley K. Rail defects: An overview. Fatigue Fract Eng Mater Struct 26(10): 865–886 (2003)
Crossref Google Scholar
[16]
Ekberg A. Rolling contact fatigue of railway wheels—A parametric study. Wear 211(2): 280–288 (1997)
Crossref Google Scholar
[17]
Ekberg A, Åkesson B, Kabo E. Wheel/rail rolling contact fatigue–Probe, predict, prevent. Wear 314(1–2): 2–12 (2014)
Crossref Google Scholar
[18]
Grassie S L. Rolling contact fatigue on the British railway system: Treatment. Wear 258(7–8): 1310–1318 (2005)
Crossref Google Scholar
[19]
Magel E, Kalousek J. Identifying and interpreting railway wheel defects. In Proceedings of International Heavy Haul Association Conference on Freight Car Trucks/Bogies, Montreal, Canada, 996.
Google Scholar
[20]
Soleimani H, Moavenian M. Tribological aspects of wheel-rail contact: A review of wear mechanisms and effective factors on rolling contact fatigue. Urban Rail Transit 3(4): 227–237 (2017)
Crossref Google Scholar
[21]
Ma L, He C G, Zhao X J, Guo J, Zhu Y, Wang W J, Liu Q Y, Jin X S. Study on wear and rolling contact fatigue behaviors of wheel/rail materials under different slip ratio conditions. Wear 366–367: 13–26 (2016)
Crossref Google Scholar
[22]
Six K, Mihalj T, Trummer G, Marte C, Krishna V V, Hossein-Nia S, Stichel S. Assessment of running gear performance in relation to rolling contact fatigue of wheels and rails based on stochastic simulations. Proc Inst Mech Eng F J Rail Rapid Transit 234(4): 405–416 (2020)
Crossref Google Scholar
[23]
Ekberg A, Kabo E, Andersson H. An engineering model for prediction of rolling contact fatigue of railway wheels. Fatigue Fract Eng Mater Struct 25(10): 899–909 (2002)
Crossref Google Scholar
[24]
Burstow M C. Whole life rail model application and development for RSSB (T115)—Continued development of an RCF damage parameter. London: Rail Standards and Safety Board, 2004.
[25]
Johnson K L. Contact Mechanics. Cambridge University Press, 2008.
[26]
Krabbenhøft K, Lyamin A V, Sloan S W. Bounds to shakedown loads for a class of deviatoric plasticity models. Comput Mech 39(6): 879–888 (2007)
Crossref Google Scholar
[27]
Bernal E, Spiryagin M, Vollebregt E, Oldknow K, Stichel S, Shrestha S, Ahmad S, Wu Q, Sun Y, Cole C. Prediction of rail surface damage in locomotive traction operations using laboratory-field measured and calibrated data. Eng Fail Anal 135: 106165 (2022)
Crossref Google Scholar
[28]
Hasan N. Shakedown limits and uses in railroad engineering. J Mater Civ Eng 31(11): 04019282 (2019)
Crossref Google Scholar
[29]
Vollebregt E, Six K, Polach O. Challenges and progress in the understanding and modelling of the wheel-rail creep forces. Veh Syst Dyn 59(7): 1026–1068 (2021)
Crossref Google Scholar
[30]
Liu B B, Bruni S. Comparison of wheel-rail contact models in the context of multibody system simulation: Hertzian versus non-Hertzian. Veh Syst Dyn 60(3): 1076–1096 (2022)
Crossref Google Scholar
[31]
Alwahdi F. Wear and rolling contact fatigue of ductile materials. Ph.D. Thesis. The University of Sheffield, 2004
[32]
Gallardo Hernandez E A. Wheel and rail contact simulation using a twin disc tester. Ph.D. thesis. University of Sheffield, 2009.
[33]
Turnia J, Sinclair J, Perez J, A review of wheel wear and rolling contact fatigue. Proc Inst Mech Eng F J Rail Rapid Transit 221: 271–289 (2007)
Crossref Google Scholar
[34]
Kapoor A, Fletcher D I, Franklin F J. The role of wear in enhancing rail life. Tribol Ser 41: 331–340 (2003)
Crossref Google Scholar
[35]
Meng Y G, Xu J, Jin Z M, Prakash B, Hu Y Z. A review of recent advances in tribology. Friction 8(2): 221–300 (2020)
Crossref Google Scholar
[36]
Papaelias M P, Roberts C, Davis C L. A review on non-destructive evaluation of rails: State-of-the-art and future development. Proc Inst Mech Eng F J Rail Rapid Transit 222: 367–384 (2008)
Crossref Google Scholar
[37]
Innotrack. D4.4.1 – Rail Inspection Technologies, INNOTRACK Project Number TIP5-CT-2006-031415, 2008. http://www.innotrack.net/IMG/pdf/d441.pdf.
[38]
Clark R. Rail flaw detection: Overview and needs for future developments. NDT E Int 37(2): 111–118 (2004)
Crossref Google Scholar
[39]
Bezemer L, Weel T, Flach G, Hanspach G, Thomas H-M. Device for guiding eddy current sensors along railway tracks for a non destructive inspection of the rail surface. EP 1 547 898 B1, 2006.
[40]
Pohl R, Erhard A, Montag H J, Thomas H M, Wüstenberg H. NDT techniques for railroad wheel and gauge corner inspection. NDT E Int 37(2): 89–94 (2004)
Crossref Google Scholar
[41]
Thomas H M, Heckel T, Hanspach G. Advantage of a combined ultrasonic and eddy current examination for railway inspection trains. Insight Non Destr Test Cond Monit 49(6): 341–344 (2007)
Crossref Google Scholar
[42]
Moles M. Advances in phased array ultrasonic technology applications. Olympus NDT Adv Pract NDT Ser 491 (2007) http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Advances+in+Phased+Array+Ultrasonic+Technology+Applications#3.
[43]
Utrata D. Exploring enhanced rail flaw detection using ultrasonic phased array inspection. AIP Conf Proc 615(1): 1813–1818 (2002)
Crossref Google Scholar
[44]
Wooh S C, Wang J Y. Nondestructive characterization of defects using a novel hybrid ultrasonic array sensor. NDT E Int 35(3): 155–163 (2002)
Crossref Google Scholar
[45]
Alaix R. High speed rail testing with phased array probes. In 7th World Congr Railw Res, Montreal, Canada, 2006.
Google Scholar
[46]
Garcia G, Zhang J. Application of ultrasonic phased arrays for rail flaw inspection. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC, U.S., 2006.
[47]
Coperet P. FAAST—Fast Automated Angle Scan Technique. In ECNDT 2006 Conf, 2006: 1–9.
Google Scholar
[48]
Bond L J. Laser Ultrasonics, Techniques and Applications. CRC Press, 1991.
Crossref
[49]
Nielsen S A, Bardenshtein A L, Thommesen A, Stenum B. Automatic laser ultrasonics for rail inspection. In 16th World Conf Non-Destructive Test, 2004.
Google Scholar
[50]
Kenderian S, Cerniglia D, Djordjevic B B, Garcia G. Laser-air hybrid ultrasonic technique for dynamic railroad inspection applications. Insight Non Destr Test Cond Monit 47(6): 336–340 (2005)
Crossref Google Scholar
[51]
Kenderian S, Djordjevic B B, Cerniglia D, Garcia G. Dynamic railroad inspection using the laser-air hybrid ultrasonic technique. Insight Non Destr Test Cond Monit 48(6): 336–341 (2006)
Crossref Google Scholar
[52]
Lanza di Scalea F, Rizzo P, Coccia S, Bartoli I, Fateh M, Viola E, Pascale G. Non-contact ultrasonic inspection of rails and signal processing for automatic defect detection and classification. Insight Non Destr Test Cond Monit 47(6): 346–353 (2005)
Crossref Google Scholar
[53]
Montinaro N, Epasto G, Cerniglia D, Guglielmino E. Laser ultrasonics inspection for defect evaluation on train wheel. NDT E Int 107: 102145 (2019)
Crossref Google Scholar
[54]
Cavuto A, Martarelli M, Pandarese G, Revel G M, Tomasini E P. Train wheel diagnostics by laser ultrasonics. Measurement 80: 99–107 (2016)
Crossref Google Scholar
[55]
Ling en hong, Abdul Rahim R H. A review on ultrasonic guided wave technology. Aust J Mech Eng 18(1): 32–44 (2020)
Crossref Google Scholar
[56]
Wilcox P, Evans M, Pavlakovic B, Alleyne D, Vine K, Cawley P, Lowe M. Guided wave testing of rail. Insight 45(6): 413–420 (2003)
Crossref Google Scholar
[57]
Di Scalea F L, Bartoli I, Rizzo P, Fateh M. High-speed defect detection in rails by noncontact guided ultrasonic testing. Transportation Research Record 1916(1): 66–77 (2005)
Crossref Google Scholar
[58]
Loveday P W. Guided wave inspection and monitoring of railway track. J Nondestruct Eval 31(4): 303–309 (2012)
Crossref Google Scholar
[59]
Coccia S, Bartoli I, Salamone S, Phillips R, di Scalea F L, Fateh M, Carr G. Noncontact ultrasonic guided wave detection of rail defects. Transportation Research Record 2117(1): 77–84 (2009)
Crossref Google Scholar
[60]
Campos-Castellanos C, Gharaibeh Y, Mudge P, Kappatos V. The application of long range ultrasonic testing (LRUT) for examination of hard to access areas on railway tracks. In 5th IET Conf Railw Cond Monit Non Destr Test RCM, 2011.
Crossref Google Scholar
[61]
Wang S J, Chen X Y, Jiang T, Kang L. Electromagnetic ultrasonic guided waves inspection of rail base. In 2014 IEEE Far East Forum on Nondestructive Evaluation/Testing, Chengdu, China, 2014.
Crossref Google Scholar
[62]
Coccia S, Bartoli I, Marzani A, Lanza di Scalea F, Salamone S, Fateh M. Numerical and experimental study of guided waves for detection of defects in the rail head. NDT E Int 44(1): 93–100 (2011)
Crossref Google Scholar
[63]
Teidj S, Khamlichi A, Driouach A. Generating guided waves for detection of transverse type-defects in rails. Appl Mech Mater 772: 355–358 (2015)
Crossref Google Scholar
[64]
Gharaibeh Y, Sanderson R, Mudge P, Ennaceur C, Balachandran W. Investigation of the behaviour of selected ultrasonic guided wave modes to inspect rails for long-range testing and monitoring. Proc Inst Mech Eng F J Rail Rapid Transit 225(3): 311–324 (2011)
Crossref Google Scholar
[65]
Pathak M, Alahakoon S, Spiryagin M, Cole C. Rail foot flaw detection based on a laser induced ultrasonic guided wave method. Measurement 148: 106922 (2019)
Crossref Google Scholar
[66]
Rizzo P, Cammarata M, Bartoli I, di Scalea F L, Salamone S, Coccia S, Phillips R. Ultrasonic guided waves-based monitoring of rail head: Laboratory and field tests. Adv Civ Eng 2010: 1–13 (2010)
Crossref Google Scholar
[67]
Mariani S, Nguyen T V, Zhu X, Sternini S, Lanza di Scalea F, Fateh M, Wilson R. Non-contact ultrasonic guided wave inspection of rails: Next generation approach. In 2016 Joint Rail Conference,. Columbia, South Carolina, USA, 2016.
Crossref Google Scholar
[68]
Mariani S, Nguyen T, Phillips R R, Kijanka P, Lanza di Scalea F, Staszewski W J, Fateh M, Carr G. Noncontact ultrasonic guided wave inspection of rails. Struct Health Monit 12(5–6): 539–548 (2013)
Crossref Google Scholar
[69]
Rose J L, Lee C M, Hay T R, Cho Y, Park I K. Rail inspection with guided waves. In J Acoust. Soc. Am., Aukland, New Zealand, 2006: 733–740.
Google Scholar
[70]
Lee C M, Rose J L, Cho Y. A guided wave approach to defect detection under shelling in rail. NDT E Int 42(3): 174–180 (2009)
Crossref Google Scholar
[71]
Rose J L, Avioli M J, Mudge P, Sanderson R. Guided wave inspection potential of defects in rail. NDT E Int 37(2): 153–161 (2004)
Crossref Google Scholar
[72]
Lee C M, Rose J L, Luo W, Cho Y H. A computational tool for defect analysis in rail with ultrasonic guided waves. Key Eng Mater 321–323: 784–787 (2006)
Crossref Google Scholar
[73]
Maxfield B. Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers, Second Edition. Springer Japan, Tokyo, 2003.
Crossref
[74]
Huang S L, Wang S, Li W B, Wang Q. Electromagnetic acoustic transducer. In Electromagnetic Ultrasonic Guided Waves. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016: 1–42
Crossref
[75]
Rowshandel H. The development of an autonomous robotic inspection system to detect and characterise rolling contact fatigue cracks in railway track, The University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/4821/.
[76]
Dixon S, Edwards R S, Jian X. Inspection of rail track head surfaces using electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs). Insight 46(6): 326–330 (2004)
Crossref Google Scholar
[77]
Chahbaz A, Brassard M, Pelletier A. Mobile inspection system for rail integrity assessment. In 15th World Conf. NDT, Rome, Italy, 2013: 1–6.
Google Scholar
[78]
Zhang K, Yi P, Li Y, Hui B, Zhang X. A new method to evaluate surface defects with an electromagnetic acoustic transducer. Sensors (Basel) 15(7): 17420–17432 (2015)
Crossref Google Scholar
[79]
Yi Z, Wang K C, Kang L, Zhai G F, Wang S J. Rail flaw detection system based on electromagnetic acoustic technique. In 5th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, Taichung, Taiwan, China, 2010: 211–215
Crossref Google Scholar
[80]
Li Y Q, Li C, Su R L, Zhai G F, Wang K C. Unidirectional line-focusing shear vertical wave EMATs used for rail base center flaw detection. In 2016 IEEE Far East NDT New Technology & Application Forum (FENDT), Nanchang, China, 2016: 99–102
Crossref Google Scholar
[81]
Vishesh S, Srinath M, Sreeram S, Jayanth P, Samarth Bharadwaj D D, Venkatachalapathi S S. Advanced monitoring of rail cracks using LASER-EMAT system. IJARCCE 5(12): 413–416 (2016)
Crossref Google Scholar
[82]
Petcher P A, Potter M D G, Dixon S. A new electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) design for operation on rail. NDT E Int 65: 1–7 (2014)
Crossref Google Scholar
[83]
Lu C, Men P, Li L X. An experimental study of EMAT ultrasonic surface waves modes in railhead. Int J Appl Electromagn Mech 33(3–4): 1127–1133 (2010)
Crossref Google Scholar
[84]
Santos R, Jiménez J A, Boyero C, Romero A, García V, Syed A, Hernández F, López B. New EMAT solutions for the railway industry. In 12th ECNDT Conf, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2018.
Google Scholar
[85]
Bowler N. Eddy-Current Nondestructive Evaluation. Springer New York, 2019.
Crossref
[86]
Rajamäki J, Vippola M, Nurmikolu A, Viitala T. Limitations of eddy current inspection in railway rail evaluation. Proc Inst Mech Eng F J Rail Rapid Transit 232(1): 121–129 (2018)
Crossref Google Scholar
[87]
Szugs T, Krüger A, Jansen G, Beltman B, Gao S, Mühmel H, Ahlbrink R. Combination of ultrasonic and eddy current testing with imaging for characterization of rolling contact fatigue. In 19th World Conf. Non-Destructive Test., Munich, Germany, 2016: 1–8.
Google Scholar
[88]
Rockstroh B, Kappes W, Walte F, Kröning M, Bessert S, Seitz R, Hintze H, Pieper W, Schümann N, Heilmann P. Ultrasonic and eddy-current inspection of rail wheels and wheel set axles. In 17th World Conf. Nondestruct. Test., Shanghai, China, 2008: 25–28.
Google Scholar
[89]
Gao S, Szugs T, Inspection E, Ahlbrink R. Use of combined railway inspection data sources for characterization of rolling contact fatigue. In 12th ECNDT Conf., 2018.
Google Scholar
[90]
Thomas H M, Dey A, Heyder R. Eddy Current test method for early detection of rolling contact fatigue (RCF) in rails. Insight Non Destr Test Cond Monit 52(7): 361–365 (2010)
Crossref Google Scholar
[91]
Wilson J, Tian G Y, Mukriz I, Almond D. PEC thermography for imaging multiple cracks from rolling contact fatigue. NDT E Int 44(6): 505–512 (2011)
Crossref Google Scholar
[92]
Peng J P, Tian G Y, Wang L, Zhang Y, Li K J, Gao X R. Investigation into eddy current pulsed thermography for rolling contact fatigue detection and characterization. NDT E Int 74: 72–80 (2015)
Crossref Google Scholar
[93]
Feng L F, Peng J P, Zhang K, Bai J, Gao X R. Research on eddy current pulsed thermography for Squats in railway. In Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Quantitative InfraRed Thermography. QIRT Council, 2018: 586–593.
Crossref Google Scholar
[94]
Zhu J Z, Wu J B, Tian G Y, Gao Y I. Detection and reconstruction of rolling contact fatigue cracks using eddy current pulsed thermography. In 2018 IEEE Far East NDT New Technology & Application Forum (FENDT), Xiamen, China, 2018.
Crossref Google Scholar
[95]
Zhu J Z, Withers P J, Wu J B, Liu F, Yi Q J, Wang Z J, Tian G Y. Characterization of rolling contact fatigue cracks in rails by eddy current pulsed thermography. IEEE Trans Ind Inform 17(4): 2307–2315 (2021)
Crossref Google Scholar
[96]
Song Z L, Yamada T, Shitara H, Takemura Y. Detection of damage and crack in railhead by using eddy current testing. J Electromagn Anal Appl 3(12): 546–550 (2011)
Crossref Google Scholar
[97]
Vaibhav T, Balasubramaniam K, Thomas R, Chandra Bose A. (2016) Eddy Current thermography for rail inspection. In Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Quantitative InfraRed Thermography. QIRT Council, 2016: 862–869.
Crossref Google Scholar
[98]
Peng J P, Tian G Y, Wang L, Gao X R, Zhang Y, Wang Z Y. (2014) Rolling contact fatigue detection using eddy current pulsed thermography. In 2014 IEEE Far East Forum on Nondestructive Evaluation/Testing, Chengdu, China, 2014.
Crossref Google Scholar
[99]
Zhang K, Peng J P, Yang K, Gao X R, Zhang Y, Peng C Y, Tian G Y. Research on eddy current pulsed thermography for rolling contact fatigue crack detection and quantification in wheel tread. In 2016 18th International Wheelset Congress (IWC), Chengdu, China, 2016.
Crossref Google Scholar
[100]
Chenariyan Nakhaee M, Hiemstra D, Stoelinga M, van Noort M. The recent applications of machine learning in rail track maintenance: A Survey. In Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. (Including Subser. Lect. Notes Artif. Intell. Lect. Notes Bioinformatics), 2019: 91–105.
Crossref Google Scholar
[101]
Santur Y, Karaköse M, Akin E. A new rail inspection method based on deep learning using laser cameras. In 2017 International Artificial Intelligence and Data Processing Symposium (IDAP), Malatya, Turkey. IEEE, 2017: 1–6
Crossref Google Scholar
[102]
Li Q Y, Ren S W. A real-time visual inspection system for discrete surface defects of rail heads. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 61(8): 2189–2199 (2012)
Crossref Google Scholar
[103]
Min Y Z, Xiao B Y, Dang J W, Yue B, Cheng T D. Real time detection system for rail surface defects based on machine vision. EURASIP J Image Video Process 2018(1): 1–11 (2018)
Crossref Google Scholar
[104]
Yuan H, Chen H, Liu S W, Lin J, Luo X. A deep convolutional neural network for detection of rail surface defect. In 2019 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), Hanoi, Vietnam, 2019.
Crossref Google Scholar
[105]
Bodini I, Petrogalli C, Mazzù A, Pasinetti S, Kato T, Makino T. A vision-based approach for rolling contact fatigue evaluation in twin-disc tests on a railway wheel steel. Tribol Mater Surf Interfaces 15(2): 92–101 (2021)
Crossref Google Scholar
[106]
Liu B L, Brigham J C, Jun H, Yuan X C, Hu H L. Roll contact fatigue defect recognition using computer vision and deep convolutional neural networks with transfer learning. Eng Res Express 1(2): 025018 (2019)
Crossref Google Scholar
[107]
Raza Rizvi A, Rauf Khan P, Ahmad S. Crack detection in railway track using image processing. Int J Adv Res Ideas Innov Technol 3: 489–496 (2017)
Google Scholar
[108]
Bodini I, Sansoni G, Lancini M, Pasinetti S, Docchio F. Feasibility study of a vision system for on-line monitoring of rolling contact fatigue tests. J Phys: Conf Ser 778: 012007 (2017)
Crossref Google Scholar
[109]
Li J Y, Liang J K, Chen G B, Yang Y. Research on key control technology of intelligent rolling contact fatigue test facility. J Control Sci Eng 2020: 1–11 (2020)
Crossref Google Scholar
[110]
M. Lugg, D. Topp, Recent Developments and Applications of the ACFM Inspection Method and ACSM Stress Measurement Method, Ecndt. (2006) 1–14.
[111]
Topp D, Smith M. Application of the ACFM inspection method to rail and rail vehicles. Insight Non Destr Test Cond Monit 47(6): 354–357 (2005)
Crossref Google Scholar
[112]
Howitt M. Bombardier brings ACFM into the rail industry. Insight Non-Destructive Test Con Monit 44: 379–382 (2002)
Google Scholar
[113]
Shen J. Responses of alternating current field measurements (ACFM) to rolling contact fatigue cracks in railway rails. Ph.D. Thesis. Coventry (U.K.): University of Warwick, 2017.
[114]
Shen J, Zhou L, Warnett J, Williams M. The influence of rcf crack propagation angle and crack shape on the ACFM signal. In 19th World Conf. Non Destr. Test., 2016: 1–9.
Google Scholar
[115]
Transalley. The rail industry in the region. https://www.transalley.com/en/overview/the-rail-industryin-the-region, 2015.
[116]
Papaelias M P, Lugg M C, Roberts C, Davis C L. High-speed inspection of rails using ACFM techniques. NDT E Int 42(4): 328–335 (2009)
Crossref Google Scholar
[117]
Papaelias M P, Lugg M. Detection and evaluation of rail surface defects using alternating current field measurement techniques. Proc Inst Mech Eng F J Rail Rapid Transit 226(5): 530–541 (2012)
Crossref Google Scholar
[118]
Ph Papaelias M, Roberts C, Davis C L, Blakeley B, Lugg M. Further developments in high-speed detection of rail rolling contact fatigue using ACFM techniques. Insight Non Destr Test Cond Monit 52(7): 358–360 (2010)
Crossref Google Scholar
[119]
Ph Papaelias M, Roberts C, Davis C L, Lugg M, Smith M. Detection and quantification of rail contact fatigue cracks in rails using ACFM technology. Insight Non Destr Test Cond Monit 50(7): 364–368 (2008)
Crossref Google Scholar
[120]
Nicholson G L, Rowshandel H, Hao X J, Davis C L. Measurement and modelling of ACFM response to multiple RCF cracks in rail and wheels. Ironmak Steelmak 40(2): 87–91 (2013)
Crossref Google Scholar
[121]
Nicholson G L, Kostryzhev A G, Hao X J, Davis C L. Modelling and experimental measurements of idealised and light-moderate RCF cracks in rails using an ACFM sensor. NDT E Int 44(5): 427–437 (2011)
Crossref Google Scholar
[122]
Nicholson G L, Davis C L. Modelling of the response of an ACFM sensor to rail and rail wheel RCF cracks. NDT E Int 46: 107–114 (2012)
Crossref Google Scholar
[123]
Nicholson G, Rowshandel H, Papaelias M, Davis C, Roberts C. Sizing and tomography of rolling contact fatigue cracks in rails using NDT technology-potential for high speed application. In 9th World Conf. Railw. Res., Lille, France, 2011.
Google Scholar
[124]
Rowshandel H, Nicholson G L, Davis C L, Roberts C. A robotic approach for NDT of RCF cracks in rails using an ACFM sensor. Insight 53(7): 368–376 (2011)
Crossref Google Scholar
[125]
Rowshandel H, Papaelias M, Roberts C, Davis C. Development of autonomous ACFM rail inspection techniques. Insight Non Destr Test Cond Monit 53(2): 85–89 (2011)
Crossref Google Scholar
[126]
Kumar S, Prasanna Rao D L. Wheel-rail contact wear, work, and lateral force for zero angle of attack—A laboratory study. J Dyn Syst Meas Control 106(4): 319–326 (1984)
Crossref Google Scholar
[127]
Robles Hernández F C, Demas N G, Gonzales K, Polycarpou A A. Correlation between laboratory ball-on-disk and full-scale rail performance tests. Wear 270(7–8): 479–491 (2011)
Crossref Google Scholar
[128]
Conshohocken W. Standard test method for wear testing with a pin-on-disk apparatus. ASTM G99-17.
[129]
Sundh J, Olofsson U, Sundvall K. Seizure and wear rate testing of wheel-rail contacts under lubricated conditions using pin-on-disc methodology. Wear 265(9–10): 1425–1430 (2008)
Crossref Google Scholar
[130]
Lyu Y Z, Zhu Y, Olofsson U. Wear between wheel and rail: A pin-on-disc study of environmental conditions and iron oxides. Wear 328–329: 277–285 (2015)
Crossref Google Scholar
[131]
Prates Ferreira de Almeida L, Entringer Falqueto L, Goldenstein H, Cesar Bozzi A, Scandian C. Study of sliding wear of the wheel flange-rail gauge corner contact conditions: Comparative between cast and forged steel wheel materials. Wear 432–433: 102894 (2019)
Crossref Google Scholar
[132]
Faccoli M, Petrogalli C, Ghidini A. A pin-on-disc study on the wear behaviour of two high-performance railway wheel steels. Tribol Lett 65(4): 1–7 (2017)
Crossref Google Scholar
[133]
Lee K M, Polycarpou A A. Wear of conventional pearlitic and improved bainitic rail steels. Wear 259(1–6): 391–399 (2005)
Crossref Google Scholar
[134]
Mezrin A M. Determining local wear equation based on friction and wear testing using a pin-on-disk scheme. J Frict Wear 30(4): 242–245 (2009)
Crossref Google Scholar
[135]
Zhu Y, Sundh J, Olofsson U. A tribological view of wheel-rail wear maps. Int J Railw Tech 2(3): 79–91 (2013)
Crossref Google Scholar
[136]
Krause H, Poll G. Wear of wheel-rail surfaces. Wear 113(1): 103–122 (1986)
Crossref Google Scholar
[137]
Zhou L, Wang W J, Hu Y, Marconi S, Meli E, Ding H H, Liu Q Y, Guo J, Rindi A. Study on the wear and damage behaviors of hypereutectoid rail steel in low temperature environment. Wear 456–457: 203365 (2020)
Crossref Google Scholar
[138]
Wang W J, Zhong W, Guo J, Liu Q Y, Zhu M H, Zhou Z R. Investigation on rolling contact fatigue and wear properties of railway rails. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part J J Eng Tribol 223(7): 1033–1039 (2009)
Crossref Google Scholar
[139]
Deters L, Proksch M. Friction and wear testing of rail and wheel material. Wear 258(7–8): 981–991 (2005)
Crossref Google Scholar
[140]
Wang W J, Lewis R, Yang B, Guo L C, Liu Q Y, Zhu M H. Wear and damage transitions of wheel and rail materials under various contact conditions. Wear 362–363: 146–152 (2016)
Crossref Google Scholar
[141]
Garnham J E, Beynon J H. Dry rolling-sliding wear of bainitic and pearlitic steels. Wear 157(1): 81–109 (1992)
Crossref Google Scholar
[142]
Lewis R, Dwyer-Joyce R S. Wear mechanisms and transitions in railway wheel steels. Proc Inst Mech Eng J J Eng Tribol 218: 467–478 (2004)
Crossref Google Scholar
[143]
Hasan S M, Chakrabarti D, Singh S B. Dry rolling/sliding wear behaviour of pearlitic rail and newly developed carbide-free bainitic rail steels. Wear 408–409: 151–159 (2018)
Crossref Google Scholar
[144]
Mazzù A, Solazzi L, Lancini M, Petrogalli C, Ghidini A, Faccoli M. An experimental procedure for surface damage assessment in railway wheel and rail steels. Wear 342–343: 22–32 (2015)
Crossref Google Scholar
[145]
Santa J F, Cuervo P, Christoforou P, Harmon M, Beagles A, Toro A, Lewis R. Twin disc assessment of wear regime transitions and rolling contact fatigue in R400HT–E8 pairs. Wear 432–433: 102916 (2019)
Crossref Google Scholar
[146]
Donzella G, Faccoli M, Mazzù A, Petrogalli C, Roberti R. Progressive damage assessment in the near-surface layer of railway wheel-rail couple under cyclic contact. Wear 271(1–2): 408–416 (2011)
Crossref Google Scholar
[147]
Bosso N, Zampieri N. Experimental and numerial simulation of wheel-rail adhesion and wear using a scaled roller rig and a real-time contact code. Shock Vib 2014: 1–14 (2014)
Crossref Google Scholar
[148]
Jin Y, Ishida M, Namura A. Experimental simulation and prediction of wear of wheel flange and rail gauge corner. Wear 271(1–2): 259–267 (2011)
Crossref Google Scholar
[149]
Shebani A, Iwnicki S. Prediction of wheel and rail wear under different contact conditions using artificial neural networks. Wear 406–407: 173–184 (2018)
Crossref Google Scholar
[150]
Marte C, Six K, Trummer G, Dietmaier P, Kienberger A, Stock R, Fischmeister E, Oberhauser A, Rosenberger M. Application of a new wheel-rail contact model to wear simulations—Validation with wear measurements. In Proc. IAVSD2011 - 22nd Int Symp Dyn Veh Roads Tracks, 2011: 1–6.
Google Scholar
[151]
Cantini S, Cervello S. The competitive role of wear and RCF: Full scale experimental assessment of artificial and natural defects in railway wheel treads. Wear 366–367: 325–337 (2016)
Crossref Google Scholar
[152]
McEwen I J, Harvey R F. Full-scale wheel-on-rail wear testing: comparisons with service wear and a developing theoretical predictive method. Lubr Eng 41: 80–88 (1985)
Google Scholar
[153]
Stock R, Pippan R. RCF and wear in theory and practice—The influence of rail grade on wear and RCF. Wear 271(1–2): 125–133 (2011)
Crossref Google Scholar
[154]
Eadie D T, Elvidge D, Oldknow K, Stock R, Pointner P, Kalousek J, Klauser P. The effects of top of rail friction modifier on wear and rolling contact fatigue: Full-scale rail–wheel test rig evaluation, analysis and modelling. Wear 265(9–10): 1222–1230 (2008)
Crossref Google Scholar
[155]
Olofsson U, Telliskivi T. Wear, plastic deformation and friction of two rail steels—A full-scale test and a laboratory study. Wear 254(1–2): 80–93 (2003)
Crossref Google Scholar
[156]
Olofsson U, Nilsson R. Surface cracks and wear of rail: A full-scale test on a commuter train track. Proc Inst Mech Eng F J Rail Rapid Transit 216(4): 249–264 (2002)
Crossref Google Scholar
[157]
Steele R K. Observations of in-service wear of railroad wheels and rails under conditions of widely varying lubrication. S L E Trans 25(3): 400–409 (1982)
Crossref Google Scholar
[158]
Walia M S, Vernersson T, Lundén R, Blennow F, Meinel M. Temperatures and wear at railway tread braking: Field experiments and simulations. Wear 440–441: 203086 (2019)
Crossref Google Scholar
[159]
Auciello J, Ignesti M, Malvezzi M, Meli E, Rindi A. Development and validation of a wear model for the analysis of the wheel profile evolution in railway vehicles. Veh Syst Dyn 50(11): 1707–1734 (2012)
Crossref Google Scholar
[160]
Bernal E, Spiryagin M, Cole C. Wheel flat analogue fault detector verification study under dynamic testing conditions using a scaled bogie test rig. Int J Rail Transp 10(2): 177–194 (2022)
Crossref Google Scholar
[161]
Bosso N, Allen P D, Zampieri N. Scale testing theory and approaches. In Handbook of Railway Vehicle Dynamics. CRC Press, 2019: 825–867
Crossref
[162]
Allen P D, Zhang W H, Liang Y R, Zeng J, Jung H, Meli E, Ridolfi A, Rindi A, Heller M, Koch J. Roller rigs. In Handbook of Railway Vehicle Dynamics. CRC Press, 2019: 761–823
Crossref
[163]
Fletcher D I, Franklin F J, Kapoor A. Rail surface fatigue and wear. In Wheel-Rail Interface Handbook. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2009: 280–310
Crossref Google Scholar
[164]
Lewis R, Magel E, Wang W J, Olofsson U, Lewis S, Slatter T, Beagles A. Towards a standard approach for the wear testing of wheel and rail materials. Proc Inst Mech Eng F J Rail Rapid Transit 231(7): 760–774 (2017)
Crossref Google Scholar
[165]
Buckley-Johnstone L, Harmon M, Lewis R, Hardwick C, Stock R. A comparison of friction modifier performance using two laboratory test scales. Proc Inst Mech Eng F J Rail Rapid Transit 233: 201–210 (2019)
Crossref Google Scholar
[166]
Ignesti M, Innocenti A, Marini L, Meli E, Rindi A. Development of a model for the simultaneous analysis of wheel and rail wear in railway systems. Multibody Syst Dyn 31(2): 191–240 (2014)
Crossref Google Scholar
[167]
Innocenti A, Marini L, Meli E, Pallini G, Rindi A. Development of a wear model for the analysis of complex railway networks. Wear 309(1–2): 174–191 (2014)
Crossref Google Scholar
[168]
Pombo J, Ambrósio J, Pereira M, Lewis R, Dwyer-Joyce R, Ariaudo C, Kuka N. A study on wear evaluation of railway wheels based on multibody dynamics and wear computation. Multibody Syst Dyn 24(3): 347–366 (2010)
Crossref Google Scholar
[169]
Pombo J, Ambrósio J, Pereira M, Lewis R, Dwyer-Joyce R, Ariaudo C, Kuka N. Development of a wear prediction tool for steel railway wheels using three alternative wear functions. Wear 271(1–2): 238–245 (2011)
Crossref Google Scholar
[170]
Gallardo-Hernandez E A, Lewis R, Dwyer-Joyce R S. Temperature in a twin-disc wheel/rail contact simulation. Tribol Int 39(12): 1653–1663 (2006)
Crossref Google Scholar
[171]
Blau P J. How common is the steady-state? The implications of wear transitions for materials selection and design. Wear 332–333: 1120–1128 (2015)
Crossref Google Scholar
[172]
Descartes S, Desrayaud C, Niccolini E, Berthier Y. Presence and role of the third body in a wheel-rail contact. Wear 258(7–8): 1081–1090 (2005)
Crossref Google Scholar
[173]
Lewis R, Dwyer-Joyce R S, Lewis S R, Hardwick C, Gallardo-Hernandez E A. Tribology of the wheel-rail contact: The effect of third body materials. Int J Railw Tech 1(1): 167–194 (2012)
Crossref Google Scholar
[174]
Zhu Y. The influence of iron oxides on wheel-rail contact: A literature review. Proc Inst Mech Eng F J Rail Rapid Transit 232(3): 734–743 (2018)
Crossref Google Scholar
[175]
Zhu Y, Wang W J, Lewis R, Yan W Y, Lewis S R, Ding H H. A review on wear between railway wheels and rails under environmental conditions. J Tribol 141(12): 1–13 (2019)
Crossref Google Scholar
[176]
Ma L, Shi L B, Guo J, Liu Q Y, Wang W J. On the wear and damage characteristics of rail material under low temperature environment condition. Wear 394–395: 149–158 (2018)
Crossref Google Scholar
Friction
Volume 11 Issue 12,
December 2023
Pages 2181-2203
DOI: 10.1007/s40544-022-0705-7
Cite this article:
SHRESTHA S, SPIRYAGIN M, BERNAL E, et al. Recent advances in wheel–rail RCF and wear testing. Friction, 2023, 11(12): 2181-2203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-022-0705-7

622

Views

27

Downloads

1

Crossref

3

Web of Science

3

Scopus

0

CSCD

Altmetrics
Received: 02 September 2021
Revised: 09 February 2022
Accepted: 03 October 2022
Published: 29 May 2023
© The author(s) 2022.

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.

The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Return