AI Chat Paper
Note: Please note that the following content is generated by AMiner AI. SciOpen does not take any responsibility related to this content.
{{lang === 'zh_CN' ? '文章概述' : 'Summary'}}
{{lang === 'en_US' ? '中' : 'Eng'}}
Chat more with AI
Powered by AMiner. Clicking this button will take you away from SciOpen.
Home Friction Article
PDF (2.5 MB)
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Submit Manuscript AI Chat Paper
Show Outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Research Article | Open Access

Experimental study on boundary lubricity of superficial area of articular cartilage and synovial fluid

Wenxiao LI1( ), Takehiro MORITA1,2, Yoshinori SAWAE1,2,3
Departure of Mechanical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 8190395, Japan
International Institute for Carton-Neutral Energy Research, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 8190395, Japan
Advanced Research Center for Biomechanics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 8190395, Japan
Show Author Information

Abstract

The boundary lubrication mechanism at the articulating surface of natural synovial joints has been the subject of much discussion in tribology. In this study, to elucidate the lubricating function of the superficial area of articular cartilage and synovial fluid (SF), cartilage specimens were processed with four different treatments: gentle and severe washing with detergent, incubation in NaCl solution, and trypsin digestion to selectively remove certain constituents from the cartilage surface. Subsequently, the frictional characteristics were examined in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and SF against glass. Angularly reciprocating sliding tests with a spherical glass probe and square articular cartilage specimens were performed at low contact loads in the mN range to extract the frictional behavior in the superficial area of the cartilage specimens. Meanwhile, the cartilage surface was observed to confirm the effects of treatments on the morphology of the cartilage surface using a fluorescence microscope and water-immersion methods. The coefficient of friction (COF) of the prepared cartilage specimens was varied from 0.05 to over 0.3 in PBS. However, a certain group of cartilage specimens exhibited a low COF of less than 0.1 with limited variation. For the low COF group of specimens, all four treatments increased the COF in PBS to different extents, and fluorescence microscopy revealed that the integrity of the cartilage surface was deteriorated by treatments. This means that the intact cartilage surface had lubricating constituents to maintain low friction, and the removal of such constituents resulted in the loss of the intrinsic boundary lubricity of the cartilage surface. The variation in the COF of the cartilage specimens was suppressed in SF because it had a clear boundary lubrication effect on the cartilage surface. The lubricating effect of SF could be confirmed even after degenerative treatment.

Keywords

articular cartilagesynovial fluidthe uppermost superficial layerboundary lubrication

References

[1]
Murakami T, Nakashima K, Yarimitsu S, Sawae Y, Sakai N. Effectiveness of adsorbed film and gel layer in hydration lubrication as adaptive multimode lubrication mechanism for articular cartilage. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part J J Eng Tribol 225(12): 1174–1185 (2011)
Crossref Google Scholar
[2]
Eyre D. Articular cartilage and changes in Arthritis: Collagen of articular cartilage. Arthritis Res Ther 4(1): 30 (2001)
Google Scholar
[3]
Lane J M, Weiss C. Review of articular cartilage collagen research. Arthritis Rheum 18(6): 553–562 (1975)
Crossref Google Scholar
[4]
Murakami T, Nakashima K, Sawae Y, Sakai N, Hosoda N. Roles of adsorbed film and gel layer in hydration lubrication for articular cartilage. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part J J Eng Tribol 223(3): 287–295 (2009)
Crossref Google Scholar
[5]
Kumar P, Oka M, Toguchida J, Kobayashi M, Uchida E, Nakamura T, Tanaka K. Role of uppermost superficial surface layer of articular cartilage in the lubrication mechanism of joints. J Anat 199(3): 241–250 (2001)
Crossref Google Scholar
[6]
Orford C R, Gardner D L. Ultrastructural histochemistry of the surface lamina of normal articular cartilage. Histochem J 17(2): 223–233 (1985)
Crossref Google Scholar
[7]
Higaki H, Murakami T, Nakanishi Y, Miura H, Mawatari T, Iwamoto Y. The lubricating ability of biomembrane models with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and gamma-globulin. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 212(5): 337–346 (1998)
Crossref Google Scholar
[8]
Cook S G, Guan Y, Pacifici N J, Brown C N, Czako E, Samak M S, Bonassar L J, Gourdon D. Dynamics of synovial fluid aggregation under shear. Langmuir 35(48): 15887–15896 (2019)
Crossref Google Scholar
[9]
Schmidt T A, Gastelum N S, Nguyen Q T, Schumacher B L, Sah R L. Boundary lubrication of articular cartilage: Role of synovial fluid constituents. Arthritis Rheum 56(3): 882–891 (2007)
Crossref Google Scholar
[10]
More S, Kotiya A, Kotia A, Ghosh S K, Spyrou L A, Sarris I E. Rheological properties of synovial fluid due to viscosupplements: A review for osteoarthritis remedy. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 196: 105644 (2020)
Crossref Google Scholar
[11]
Jung S, Petelska A, Beldowski P, Augé W K, Casey T, Walczak D, Lemke K, Gadomski A. Hyaluronic acid and phospholipid interactions useful for repaired articular cartilage surfaces—A mini review toward tribological surgical adjuvants. Colloid Polym Sci 295(3): 403–412 (2017)
Crossref Google Scholar
[12]
Ghosh S, Bowen J, Jiang K, Espino D M, Shepherd D E T. Investigation of techniques for the measurement of articular cartilage surface roughness. Micron 44: 179–184 (2013)
Crossref Google Scholar
[13]
Charnley J. The lubrication of animal joints in relation to surgical reconstruction by arthroplasty. Ann Rheum Dis 19(1): 10–19 (1960)
Crossref Google Scholar
[14]
Schmidt T A, Sah R L. Effect of synovial fluid on boundary lubrication of articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 15(1): 35–47 (2007)
Crossref Google Scholar
[15]
Murakami T, Higaki H, Sawae Y, Ohtsuki N, Moriyama S, Nakanishi Y. Adaptive multimode lubrication in natural synovial joints and artificial joints. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 212(1): 23–35 (1998)
Crossref Google Scholar
[16]
Tanner R I. An alternative mechanism for the lubrication of synovial joints. Phys Med Biol 11(1): 119–127 (1966)
Crossref Google Scholar
[17]
Dowson D. Paper 12: Modes of lubrication in human joints. Proc Inst Mech Eng Conf Proc 181(10): 45–54 (1966)
Crossref Google Scholar
[18]
Unsworth A. Tribology of human and artificial joints. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 205(3): 163–172 (1991)
Crossref Google Scholar
[19]
McCutchen C W. Mechanism of animal joint: Sponge-hydrostatic and Weeping Bearings. Nature 184: 1284–1285 (1959)
Crossref Google Scholar
[20]
Walker P S, Dowson D, Longfield M D, Wright V. “Boosted lubrication” in synovial joints by fluid entrapment and enrichment. Ann Rheum Dis 27(6): 512–520 (1968)
Crossref Google Scholar
[21]
Ateshian G A. The role of interstitial fluid pressurization in articular cartilage lubrication. J Biomech 42(9): 1163–1176 (2009)
Crossref Google Scholar
[22]
Ateshian G A, Wang H Q, Lai W M. The role of interstitial fluid pressurization and surface porosities on the boundary friction of articular cartilage. J Tribol 120(2): 241–248 (1998)
Crossref Google Scholar
[23]
Mow M C, Ling F F. On weeping lubrication theory. Z Für Angew Math Und Phys ZAMP 20(2): 156–166 (1969)
Crossref Google Scholar
[24]
Ateshian G A. A theoretical formulation for boundary friction in articular cartilage. J Biomech Eng 119(1): 81–86 (1997)
Crossref Google Scholar
[25]
Linn F C, Radin E L. Lubrication of animal joints. iii. the effect of certain chemical alterations of the cartilage and lubricant. Arthritis Rheum 11(5): 674–682 (1968)
Crossref Google Scholar
[26]
Ishikawa Y, Hiratsuka K I, Sasada T. Role of water in the lubrication of hydrogel. Wear 261(5–6): 500–504 (2006)
Crossref Google Scholar
[27]
Lin W F, Klein J. Hydration lubrication in biomedical applications: From cartilage to hydrogels. Acc Mater Res 3(2): 213–223 (2022)
Crossref Google Scholar
[28]
Murakami T, Yarimitsu S, Nakashima K, Sawae Y, Sakai N. Influence of synovia constituents on tribological behaviors of articular cartilage. Friction 1(2): 150–162 (2013)
Crossref Google Scholar
[29]
Bonnevie E D, Galesso D, Secchieri C, Cohen I, Bonassar L J. Elastoviscous transitions of articular cartilage reveal a mechanism of synergy between lubricin and hyaluronic acid. PLoS One 10(11): e0143415 (2015)
Crossref Google Scholar
[30]
Seror J, Zhu L Y, Goldberg R, Day A J, Klein J. Supramolecular synergy in the boundary lubrication of synovial joints. Nat Commun 6: 6497 (2015)
Crossref Google Scholar
[31]
Chang D P, Abu-Lail N I, Coles J M, Guilak F, Jay G D, Zauscher S. Friction force microscopy of lubricin and hyaluronic acid between hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. Soft Matter 5(18): 3438–3445 (2009)
Crossref Google Scholar
[32]
Jahn S, Seror J, Klein J. Lubrication of articular cartilage. Phys Today 71(4): 48–54 (2018)
Crossref Google Scholar
[33]
Mendibil U, Ruiz-Hernandez R, Retegi-Carrion S, Garcia-Urquia N, Olalde-Graells B, Abarrategi A. Tissue-specific decellularization methods: Rationale and strategies to achieve regenerative compounds. Int J Mol Sci 21(15): 5447 (2020)
Crossref Google Scholar
[34]
Gilbert T W, Sellaro T L, Badylak S F. Decellularization of tissues and organs. Biomaterials 27(19): 3675–3683 (2006)
Crossref Google Scholar
[35]
Gleghorn J P, Jones A, Flannery C R, Bonassar L J. Boundary mode frictional properties of engineered cartilaginous tissues. Eur Cells Mater 14: 20–29 (2007)
Crossref Google Scholar
[36]
Gleghorn J P, Jones A R C, Flannery C R, Bonassar L J. Boundary mode lubrication of articular cartilage by recombinant human lubricin. J Orthop Res 27(6): 771–777 (2009)
Crossref Google Scholar
[37]
Jones A R C, Gleghorn J P, Hughes C E, Fitz L J, Zollner R, Wainwright S D, Caterson B, Morris E A, Bonassar L J, Flannery C R. Binding and localization of recombinant lubricin to articular cartilage surfaces. J Orthop Res 25(3): 283–292 (2007)
Crossref Google Scholar
[38]
Pickard J E, Fisher J, Ingham E, Egan J. Investigation into the effects of proteins and lipids on the frictional properties of articular cartilage. Biomaterials 19(19): 1807–1812 (1998)
Crossref Google Scholar
[39]
Poole A R, Pidoux I, Reiner A, Tang L H, Choi H, Rosenberg L. Localization of proteoglycan monomer and link protein in the matrix of bovine articular cartilage: An immunohistochemical study. J Histochem Cytochem 28(7): 621–635 (1980)
Crossref Google Scholar
[40]
Seror J, Merkher Y, Kampf N, Collinson L, Day A J, Maroudas A, Klein J. Normal and shear interactions between hyaluronan–aggrecan complexes mimicking possible boundary lubricants in articular cartilage in synovial joints. Biomacromolecules 13(11): 3823–3832 (2012)
Crossref Google Scholar
[41]
Stachowiak G, Batchelor A. Engineering tribology, 4th edn. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2013.
[42]
Gong J P. Friction and lubrication of hydrogels—Its richness and complexity. Soft Matter 2(7): 544–552 (2006)
Crossref Google Scholar
[43]
Popov V L. Contact Mechanics and Friction: Physical Principles and Applications. Springer, 2010.
Crossref
[44]
Persson B N J, Spencer N D. Sliding friction: Physical principles and applications. Phys Today 52(1): 66–68 (1999)
Crossref Google Scholar
[45]
Bonnevie E D, Baro V J, Wang L, Burris D L. In situ studies of cartilage microtribology: Roles of speed and contact area. Tribol Lett 41(1): 83–95 (2011)
Crossref Google Scholar
[46]
Delavoipière J, Tran Y, Verneuil E, Heurtefeu B, Hui C Y, Chateauminois A. Friction of poroelastic contacts with thin hydrogel films. Langmuir 34(33): 9617–9626 (2018)
Crossref Google Scholar
[47]
Caligaris M, Ateshian G A. Effects of sustained interstitial fluid pressurization under migrating contact area, and boundary lubrication by synovial fluid, on cartilage friction. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 16(10): 1220–1227 (2008)
Crossref Google Scholar
[48]
Majd S E, Rizqy A I, Kaper H J, Schmidt T A, Kuijer R, Sharma P K. An in vitro study of cartilage–meniscus tribology to understand the changes caused by a meniscus implant. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 155: 294–303 (2017)
Crossref Google Scholar
[49]
Katta J, Pawaskar S S, Jin Z M, Ingham E, Fisher J. Effect of load variation on the friction properties of articular cartilage. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part J J Eng Tribol 221(3): 175–181 (2007)
Crossref Google Scholar
[50]
Furmann D, Nečas D, Rebenda D, Čípek P, Vrbka M, Křupka I, Hartl M. The effect of synovial fluid composition, speed and load on frictional behaviour of articular cartilage. Materials 13(6): 1334 (2020)
Crossref Google Scholar
[51]
Jurvelin J S, Müller D J, Wong M, Studer D, Engel A, Hunziker E B. Surface and subsurface morphology of bovine humeral articular cartilage as assessed by atomic force and transmission electron microscopy. J Struct Biol 117(1): 45–54 (1996)
Crossref Google Scholar
[52]
Murakami T, Sawae Y, Ihara M. Protective mechanism of articular cartilage to severe loading: Roles of lubricants, cartilage surface layer, extracellular matrix and chondrocyte. JSME Int J, Ser C 46(2): 594–603 (2003)
Crossref Google Scholar
[53]
Saito T. The superficial zone of articular cartilage. Inflamm Regen 42(1): 14 (2022)
Crossref Google Scholar
[54]
Thielen N G M, van der Kraan P M, van Caam A P M. TGFβ/BMP signaling pathway in cartilage homeostasis. Cells 8(9): 969 (2019)
Crossref Google Scholar
[55]
Bhosale A M, Richardson J B. Articular cartilage: Structure, injuries and review of management. Br Med Bull 87: 77–95 (2008)
Crossref Google Scholar
[56]
Fujioka R, Aoyama T, Takakuwa T. The layered structure of the articular surface. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 21(8): 1092–1098 (2013)
Crossref Google Scholar
[57]
Sawae Y, Murakami T, Matsumoto K, Horimoto M. Study on morphology and lubrication of articular cartilage surface with atomic force microscopy. Jpn J Tribol 45(1): 51–62 (2000)
Google Scholar
[58]
Jahn S, Klein J. Hydration lubrication: The macromolecular domain. Macromolecules 48(15): 5059–5075 (2015)
Crossref Google Scholar
[59]
Gaisinskaya-Kipnis A, Klein J. Normal and frictional interactions between liposome-bearing biomacromolecular bilayers. Biomacromolecules 17(8): 2591–2602 (2016)
Crossref Google Scholar
[60]
Jahn S, Seror J, Klein J. Lubrication of articular cartilage. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 18: 235–258 (2016)
Crossref Google Scholar
[61]
Johnson K L, Kendall K, Roberts A D. Surface energy and contact of elastic solids. Proc R Soc A 324(1558): 301–313 (1971)
Crossref Google Scholar
[62]
He B, Chen W, Wang Q J. Surface texture effect on friction of a microtextured poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). Tribol Lett 31(3): 187–197 (2008)
Crossref Google Scholar
[63]
Singh S, Afara I O, Tehrani A H, Oloyede A. Effect of decellularization on the load-bearing characteristics of articular cartilage matrix. Tissue Eng Regen Med 12(5): 294–305 (2015)
Crossref Google Scholar
[64]
Chan S M T, Neu C P, Duraine G, Komvopoulos K, Reddi A H. Atomic force microscope investigation of the boundary-lubricant layer in articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 18(7): 956–963 (2010)
Crossref Google Scholar
[65]
Wahlquist J A, DelRio F W, Randolph M A, Aziz A H, Heveran C M, Bryant S J, Neu C P, Ferguson V L. Indentation mapping revealed poroelastic, but not viscoelastic, properties spanning native zonal articular cartilage. Acta Biomater 64: 41–49 (2017)
Crossref Google Scholar
[66]
Rojas F P, Batista M A, Lindburg C A, Dean D, Grodzinsky A J, Ortiz C, Han L. Molecular adhesion between cartilage extracellular matrix macromolecules. Biomacromolecules 15(3): 772–780 (2014)
Crossref Google Scholar
[67]
Lawrence A, Xu X, Bible M D, Calve S, Neu C P, Panitch A. Synthesis and characterization of a lubricin mimic (mLub) to reduce friction and adhesion on the articular cartilage surface. Biomaterials 73: 42–50 (2015)
Crossref Google Scholar
[68]
Soltz M A, Ateshian G A. A conewise linear elasticity mixture model for the analysis of tension-compression nonlinearity in articular cartilage. J Biomech Eng 122(6): 576–586 (2000)
Crossref Google Scholar
[69]
Shoaib T, Yuh C, Wimmer M A, Schmid T M, Espinosa-Marzal R M. Nanoscale insight into the degradation mechanisms of the cartilage articulating surface preceding OA. Biomater Sci 8(14): 3944–3955 (2020)
Crossref Google Scholar
[70]
Bahrami M, Le Houérou V, Rühe J. Lubrication of surfaces covered by surface-attached hydrogel layers. Tribol Int 149: 105637 (2020)
Crossref Google Scholar
Friction
Volume 12 Issue 5,
May 2024
Pages 981-996
DOI: 10.1007/s40544-023-0822-y
Cite this article:
LI W, MORITA T, SAWAE Y. Experimental study on boundary lubricity of superficial area of articular cartilage and synovial fluid. Friction, 2024, 12(5): 981-996. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-023-0822-y

350

Views

20

Downloads

1

Crossref

2

Web of Science

2

Scopus

0

CSCD

Altmetrics
Received: 08 March 2023
Revised: 09 August 2023
Accepted: 30 August 2023
Published: 02 February 2024
© The author(s) 2023.

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.

The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Return