Discover the SciOpen Platform and Achieve Your Research Goals with Ease.
Search articles, authors, keywords, DOl and etc.
Anti-wear performance of human enamel in the mouth is closely related to the lubrication of salivary pellicle. It is well known that the inorganic hydroxyapatite (HA) of the enamel plays an important role in the adsorption and pellicle-forming of salivary proteins on the enamel, but the role of enamel matrix proteins remains unclear. In this study, the adsorption and lubrication behavior of salivary proteins on original, heated, and deproteinated enamel surfaces was comparatively investigated using an atomic force microscopy and nano-indentation/scratch techniques. Compared with that on the original enamel surface, the adsorption and lubrication behavior of salivary proteins remains almost unchanged on the heated enamel surface (where the enamel matrix proteins are denatured but the size of HA crystalline nanoparticles keeps constant) but exhibits an obvious compromise on the deproteinated enamel surface (where the enamel matrix proteins are removed and agglomeration of HA crystallites occurs). The HA agglomeration weakens the electrostatic interaction of enamel surfaces with salivary proteins to cause a distinct negative influence on the adsorption and pellicle-forming of salivary proteins. Further, the negative effect is confirmed with a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation. In summary, by regulating enamel nanostructure for appropriate electrostatic interactions between salivary proteins and enamel surfaces, the enamel matrix proteins play an essential role in the adsorption and pellicle-forming of salivary proteins on human enamel, and then contribute to saliva lubrication, which provides the enamel with an anti-wear mechanism. The findings will promote and assist the design of enamel-inspired anti-wear materials.
Schipper R G, Silletti E, Vingerhoeds M H. Saliva as research material: Biochemical, physicochemical and practical aspects. Arch Oral Biol 52(12): 1114–1135 (2007)
Bongaerts J H H, Rossetti D, Stokes J R. The lubricating properties of human whole saliva. Tribol Lett 27(3): 277–287 (2007)
Reeh E S, Douglas W H, Levine M J. Lubrication of saliva substitutes at enamel-to-enamel contacts in an artificial mouth. J Prosthet Dent 75(6): 649–656 (1996)
Chawhuaveang D D, Yu O Y, Yin I X, Lam W Y H, Mei M L, Chu C H. Acquired salivary pellicle and oral diseases: A literature review. J Dent Sci 16(1): 523–529 (2021)
De Menezes Oliveira M A H, Torres C P, Gomes-Silva J M, Chinelatti M A, De Menezes F C H, Palma-Dibb R G, Borsatto M C. Microstructure and mineral composition of dental enamel of permanent and deciduous teeth. Microscopy Res & Technique 73(5): 572–577 (2010)
Yahyazadehfar M, Arola D. The role of organic proteins on the crack growth resistance of human enamel. Acta Biomater 19: 33–45 (2015)
Simmer J P, Hu J C C. Dental enamel formation and its impact on clinical dentistry. J Dent Educ 65(9): 896–905 (2001)
Eimar H, Ghadimi E, Marelli B, Vali H, Nazhat S N, Amin W M, Torres J, Ciobanu O, Albuquerque R F Jr, Tamimi F. Regulation of enamel hardness by its crystallographic dimensions. Acta Biomater 8(9): 3400–3410 (2012)
Cui F Z, Ge J. New observations of the hierarchical structure of human enamel, from nanoscale to microscale. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 1(3): 185–191 (2007)
Rathsam C, Farahani R M, Hains P G, Valova V A, Charadram N, Zoellner H, Swain M, Hunter N. Characterization of inter-crystallite peptides in human enamel rods reveals contribution by the Y allele of amelogenin. J Struct Biol 204(1): 26–37 (2018)
Beniash E, Stifler C A, Sun C Y, Jung G S, Qin Z, Buehler M J, Gilbert P U P A. The hidden structure of human enamel. Nat Commun 10: 4383 (2019)
Lendenmann U, Grogan J, Oppenheim F G. Saliva and dental pellicl: A review. Adv Dent Res 14(1): 22–28 (2000)
Baek J H, Krasieva T, Tang S, Ahn Y, Kim C S, Vu D, Chen Z P, Wilder-Smith P. Optical approach to the salivary pellicle. J Biomed Opt 14(4): 044001 (2009)
Siqueira W L, Custodio W, McDonald E E. New insights into the composition and functions of the acquired enamel pellicle. J Dent Res 91(12): 1110–1118 (2012)
Hannig M. Ultrastructural investigation of pellicle morphogenesis at two different intraoral sites during a 24-h period. Clin Oral Investig 3(2): 88–95 (1999)
Zhang Y F, Zheng J, Zheng L, Zhou Z R. Effect of adsorption time on the adhesion strength between salivary pellicle and human tooth enamel. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 42: 257–266 (2015)
Zeng Q H, Zheng L, Zhou J, Xiao H, Zheng J, Zhou Z R. Effect of alcohol stimulation on salivary pellicle formation on human tooth enamel surface and its lubricating performance. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 75: 567–573 (2017)
Yakubov G E, Macakova L, Wilson S, Windust J H C, Stokes J R. Aqueous lubrication by fractionated salivary proteins: Synergistic interaction of mucin polymer brush with low molecular weight macromolecules. Tribol Int 89: 34–45 (2015)
Macakova L, Yakubov G E, Plunkett M A, Stokes J R. Influence of ionic strength changes on the structure of pre-adsorbed salivary films. A response of a natural multi-component layer. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 77(1): 31–39 (2010)
Ash A, Ridout M J, Parker R, Mackie A R, Burnett G R, Wilde P J. Effect of calcium ions on in vitro pellicle formation from parotid and whole saliva. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 102: 546–553 (2013)
Tanizawa Y, Johna N, Yamamoto Y, Nishikawa N. Salivary films on hydroxyapatite studied by an in vitro system for investigating the effect of metal ions and by a quartz-crystal microbalance system for monitoring layer-by-layer film formation. J Cosmet Sci 55(2): 163–176 (2004)
Sharpe J R, Sammons R L, Marquis P M. Effect of pH on protein adsorption to hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate ceramics. Biomaterials 18(6): 471–476 (1997)
Prinz J F, Lucas P W. Saliva tannin interactions. J Oral Rehabil 27(11): 991–994 (2000)
Ma S H, Lee H, Liang Y M, Zhou F. Astringent mouthfeel as a consequence of lubrication failure. Angew Chem Int Ed 55(19): 5793–5797 (2016)
Zeng Q H, Ma G L, Xiao H, Yang D, Zheng J, Zheng L, Zhou Z R. Effect of saliva flow rate on the adsorption kinetics and lubrication of salivary pellicle on human tooth enamel surface. Wear 426–427: 180–185 (2019)
Smith C E L, Poulter J A, Antanaviciute A, Kirkham J, Brookes S J, Inglehearn C F, Mighell A J. Amelogenesis imperfecta; genes, proteins, and pathways. Front Physiol 8: 435 (2017)
Qing P, Li Y, Gao S S, Qiao M T, Qian L M, Yu H Y. Characterization of the nanoscratch, microstructure, and composition in hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta. Adv Mech Eng 7(7): 168781401559559 (2015)
Lei L, Zheng L, Xiao H, Zheng J, Zhou Z R. Wear mechanism of human tooth enamel: The role of interfacial protein bonding between HA crystals. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 110: 103845 (2020)
Ikoma T, Tagaya M, Hanagata N, Yoshioka T, Chakarov D, Kasemo B, Tanaka J. Protein adsorption on hydroxyapatite nanosensors with different crystal sizes studied In situ by a quartz crystal microbalance with the dissipation method. J Am Ceram Soc 92(5): 1125–1128 (2009)
He Z H, Sun S L, Deng C L. Effect of hydroxyapatite coating surface morphology on adsorption behavior of differently charged proteins. J Bionic Eng 17(2): 345–356 (2020)
Estrela C, Estrela C R A, Barbin E L, Spanó J C E, Marchesan M A, Pécora J D. Mechanism of action of sodium hypochlorite. Braz Dent J 13(2): 113–117 (2002)
Zheng J, Huang H, Shi M Y, Zheng L, Qian L M, Zhou Z R. In vitro study on the wear behaviour of human tooth enamel in citric acid solution. Wear 271(9–10): 2313–2321 (2011)
Marending M, Luder H U, Brunner T J, Knecht S, Stark W J, Zehnder M. Effect of sodium hypochlorite on human root dentine–mechanical, chemical and structural evaluation. Int Endodontic J 40(10): 786–793 (2007)
Mine A, De Munck J, Cardoso M V, Van Landuyt K L, Poitevin A, Kuboki T, Yoshida Y, Suzuki K, Van Meerbeek B. Enamel-smear compromises bonding by mild self-etch adhesives. J Dent Res 89(12): 1505–1509 (2010)
Munro C L, Grap M J, Jablonski R, Boyle A. Oral health measurement in nursing research: State of the science. Biol Res Nurs 8(1): 35–42 (2006)
Wetton S, Hughes J, West N, Addy M. Exposure time of enamel and dentine to saliva for protection against erosion: A study in vitro. Caries Res 40(3): 213–217 (2006)
Chiappin S, Antonelli G, Gatti R, De Palo E F. Saliva specimen: A new laboratory tool for diagnostic and basic investigation. Clin Chim Acta 383(1–2): 30–40 (2007)
Monkawa A, Ikoma T, Yunoki S, Yoshioka T, Tanaka J, Chakarov D, Kasemo B. Fabrication of hydroxyapatite ultra-thin layer on gold surface and its application for quartz crystal microbalance technique. Biomaterials 27(33): 5748–5754 (2006)
Barrantes A, Arnebrant T, Lindh L. Characteristics of saliva films adsorbed onto different dental materials studied by QCM-D. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Aspects 442: 56–62 (2014)
Yang Y T, Liao J D, Lee Y L, Chang C W, Tsai H J. Ultra-thin phospholipid layers physically adsorbed upon glass characterized by nano-indentation at the surface contact level. Nanotechnology 20(19): 195702 (2009)
Schwender N, Huber K, Al Marrawi F, Hannig M, Ziegler C. Initial bioadhesion on surfaces in the oral cavity investigated by scanning force microscopy. Appl Surf Sci 252(1): 117–122 (2005)
Xu L C, Siedlecki C A. Effects of surface wettability and contact time on protein adhesion to biomaterial surfaces. Biomaterials 28(22): 3273–3283 (2007)
Young A, Smistad G, Karlsen J, Rölla G, Rykke M. Zeta potentials of human enamel and hydroxyapatite as measured by the coulter® DELSA 440. Adv Dent Res 11(4): 560–565 (1997)
Karampas I A, Orkoula M G, Kontoyannis C G. Effect of hydrazine based deproteination protocol on bone mineral crystal structure. J Mater Sci Mater Med 23(5): 1139–1148 (2012)
He L, Swain M. Influence of environment on the mechanical behaviour of mature human enamel. Biomaterials 28(30): 4512–4520 (2007)
Lassen B, Holmberg K, Brink C, Carlén A, Olsson J. Binding of salivary proteins and oral bacteria to hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces in vivo and in vitro. Colloid Polym Sci 272(9): 1143–1150 (1994)
Huang C M. Comparative proteomic analysis of human whole saliva. Arch Oral Biol 49(12): 951–962 (2004)
Jasim H, Olausson P, Hedenberg-Magnusson B, Ernberg M, Ghafouri B. The proteomic profile of whole and glandular saliva in healthy pain-free subjects. Sci Rep 6: 39073 (2016)
Rykke M, Young A, Smistad G, Rölla G, Karlsen J. Zeta potentials of human salivary micelle-like particles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 6(1): 51–56 (1996)
Ma G L, Tang Y, Zeng Q H, Zheng J. On adhesion mechanism of salivary pellicle-PDMS interface. Biosurf Biotribol 5(3): 93–96 (2019)
Gibbins H L, Yakubov G E, Proctor G B, Wilson S, Carpenter G H. What interactions drive the salivary mucosal pellicle formation? Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 120: 184–192 (2014)
Mostafa N Y. Characterization, thermal stability and sintering of hydroxyapatite powders prepared by different routes. Mater Chem Phys 94(2–3): 333–341 (2005)
Tahmasebpoor M, de Martín L, Talebi M, Mostoufi N, van Ommen J R. The role of the hydrogen bond in dense nanoparticle–gas suspensions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 15(16): 5788 (2013)
Zeng Q H, Zheng J, Yang D, Tang Y, Zhou Z R. Effect of calcium ions on the adsorption and lubrication behavior of salivary proteins on human tooth enamel surface. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 98: 172–178 (2019)
Tang Y, Lei L, Yang D, Zheng J, Zeng Q H, Xiao H, Zhou Z R. Calcium release-mediated adsorption and lubrication of salivary proteins on resin-based dental composites. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 135: 105437 (2022)
Guerreiro J R L, Teixeira N, De Freitas V, Sales M G F, Sutherland D S. A saliva molecular imprinted localized surface plasmon resonance biosensor for wine astringency estimation. Food Chem 233: 457–466 (2017)
You M Y, Zhang L, Gmür T A, Zhang K H, Zürcher S, Li W, Yuan G Y, Spencer N D, Pei J. Impact of graft architecture of PEGylated copolymers assembly on hydroxyapatite in the differential regulation of initial cell and bacterial adhesion. Appl Surf Sci 606: 154836 (2022)
Vaidya S V, Yuan M, Narváez A R, Daghfal D, Mattzela J, Smith D. Protein-resistant properties of a chemical vapor deposited alkyl-functional carboxysilane coating characterized using quartz crystal microbalance. Appl Surf Sci 364: 896–908 (2016)
Wang H R, Xiao Z H, Yang J, Lu D Y, Kishen A, Li Y Q, Chen Z, Que K H, Zhang Q, Deng X L, et al. Oriented and ordered biomimetic remineralization of the surface of demineralized dental enamel using HAP@ACP nanoparticles guided by glycine. Sci Rep 7: 40701 (2017)
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.