Graphical Abstract
![](https://wqketang.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/zip-unzip/zip-2ea4facc-15f2-4a96-b1bc-f4ce9f6acac2/friction-12-9-2089/files/friction-12-9-2089-FE1.jpg?Expires=1725757565&OSSAccessKeyId=STS.NT5eViCkqzTYdbfdqxMkjpyyq&Signature=0bpLSp89HZEveDPfP1Vw2%2BvQHYA%3D&security-token=CAISywJ1q6Ft5B2yfSjIr5eALuzdrrRQzZayZkTXgHEtQeRGn7zSkzz2IHtKenhsBOsbtfk1mG5W5%2FgZlqJ9SptIAEfJa9d99MzUP%2FpFltCT1fau5Jko1beHewHKeTOZsebWZ%2BLmNqC%2FHt6md1HDkAJq3LL%2Bbk%2FMdle5MJqP%2B%2FUFB5ZtKWveVzddA8pMLQZPsdITMWCrVcygKRn3mGHdfiEK00he8TouufTinpHMskGA1Aell7Mvyt6vcsT%2BXa5FJ4xiVtq55utye5fa3TRYgxowr%2Fwo0v0YpGya5YzHXwcPskvdKZbo78UqLQlla6w%2BGqFJqvPxr%2Fp8t%2Fx5fWJKAezhVgs8cVM8JOjIqKOscIsiJsO71SmqFV55c8Fdm%2BgUooJVgIMhTnduUfAPJAGOxzJitP%2BUVGGphr60TEnBL4rB5MUctfzRp75SXVPUTzDnGoABjuNLcf76FQN6p3t%2BSlCg%2FxR5C72RIk78k%2BUi44L9ZBmFT6F8GV7aXA52D1Ps56knKF6PAnhRivwyTxgsolycBfvccb3t5jGJ24SgY0aYosAECutxAo7sJhSwlwZvGwGDZJsop1vGiZ8eN1MbtZeRRuMeaZ2I%2BQo%2BnVP6Cf%2F0pDsgAA%3D%3D)
Discover the SciOpen Platform and Achieve Your Research Goals with Ease.
This study focused on producing metal matrix composite (MMC) coatings on Ti–6Al–4V alloy through laser surface alloying using a novel combination of Inconel 625 and SiC precursor materials. Various ratios of alloying powders were examined to evaluate surface properties such as microhardness, wear resistance, and friction coefficient, along with analyzing the phase composition and microstructure of the coatings. The in situ synthesized MMC coatings exhibited the presence of α-Ti, NiTi, NiTi2, and TiC phases. Additionally, Ti5Si3 and α-Ti/Ti5Si3 eutectic structures were observed when the SiC content exceeded 20%. In comparison to the titanium substrate, the MMC coating significantly enhanced microhardness by over threefold and reduced wear by 95%. However, it was crucial to carefully select the appropriate combination of alloying powders to avoid a substantial decrease in friction performance and excessive formation of cracks. Through a comparative analysis of experimental results, the optimal precursor material composition was identified as 85% Inconel 625 and 15% SiC. This study demonstrated the effective utilization of Inconel 625 and SiC alloying materials to enhance the surface properties of titanium alloys, thereby expanding their application in challenging environments.
Liu S Y, Shin Y C. Additive manufacturing of Ti6Al4V alloy: A review. Mater Design 164: 107552 (2019)
Philip J T, Mathew J, Kuriachen B. Tribology of Ti6Al4V: A review. Friction 7(6): 497–536 (2019)
Joshy J, Venkata Krishna Reddy M, Kuriachen B, Joy M L. Effect of powder-mixed electric discharge alloying using WS2 on the tribological performance of Ti6Al4V. T Indian I Metals 76(9): 2413–2424 (2023)
Sudheer R, Reddy M V K, Joshy J, Kuriachen B, Joy M L. Effect of MoS2 powder-mixed electric discharge alloying on the tribological performance of Ti6Al4V. T Indian I Metals 76(9): 2363–2375 (2023)
Philip J T, Kumar D, Mathew J, Kuriachen B. Tribological investigations of wear resistant layers developed through EDA and WEDA techniques on Ti6Al4V surfaces: Part Ⅱ–High temperature. Wear 466–467: 203540 (2021)
Li Y Q, Song L J, Xie P, Cheng M P, Xiao H. Enhancing hardness and wear performance of laser additive manufactured Ti6Al4V alloy through achieving ultrafine microstructure. Materials 13(5): 1210 (2020)
Adegbenjo A O, Obadele B A, Olubambi P A. Densification, hardness and tribological characteristics of MWCNTs reinforced Ti6Al4V compacts consolidated by spark plasma sintering. J Alloys Compd 749: 818–833 (2018)
Philip J T, Kumar D, Mathew J, Kuriachen B. Tribological investigations of wear resistant layers developed through EDA and WEDA techniques on Ti6Al4V surfaces: Part Ⅰ—Ambient temperature. Wear 458–459: 203409 (2020)
Philip JT, Kumar D, Mathew J, Kuriachen B. Experimental investigations on the tribological performance of electric discharge alloyed Ti–6Al–4V at 200–600 ℃. J Tribol 142(6): 061702 (2020)
Philip J T, Kumar D, Joshi S N, Mathew J, Kuriachen B. Monitoring of EDM parameters to develop tribo-adaptive Ti6Al4V surfaces through accretion of alloyed matrix. Ind Lubr Tribol 72(3): 291–297 (2019)
Tijo D, Masanta M, Das A K. In-situ TiC–TiB2 coating on Ti–6Al–4V alloy by tungsten inert gas (TIG) cladding method: Part-Ⅱ. Mechanical performance. Surf Coat Tech 344: 541–552 (2018)
Huang S M, Sun D Q, Wang W Q, Xu H Y. Microstructures and properties of in situ TiC particles reinforced Ni-based composite coatings prepared by plasma spray welding. Ceram Int 41(9): 12202–12210 (2015)
Inspektor A, Salvador P A. Architecture of PVD coatings for metalcutting applications: A review. Surf Coat Tech 24: 138–153 (2014)
Zhu M X, Achache S, Boulet P, Virfeu A, Pierson J, Sanchette F. Effects of deposition parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti(C, N) produced by moderate temperature chemical vapor deposition (MT-CVD) on cemented carbides. Vacuum 195: 110650 (2022)
Yang W L, Diao H, Xin H, Chen W, Wang S P, Xue L, Jin Z M, Li H P, He X J. Wear assessment of a Ti–6Al–4V motion-preserving porous artificial-cervical-joint fabricated by SLM after surface carburization. Ceram Int 48(18): 26137–26146 (2022)
Takesue S, Kikuchi S, Akebono H, Misaka Y, Komotori J. Effect of pre-treatment with fine particle peening on surface properties and wear resistance of gas blow induction heating nitrided titanium alloy. Surf Coat Tech 359: 476–484 (2018)
Zhu L D, Xue P S, Lan Q, Meng G R, Ren Y, Yang Z C, Xu P H, Liu Z. Recent research and development status of laser cladding: A review. Optics & Laser Technology 138: 106915 (2021)
Koo S J, Kim H S. The homogeneity of multi-textured micro-pattern arrays in a laser shock surface patterning process and its effect on the surface properties of aluminum alloy. Surf Coat Tech 382: 125149 (2020)
Choi D C, Kim H S. Characterization of the coating structure and stability of core–shell Al nanoparticles generated by using pulsed laser ablation in acetone. J Mater Res Technol 19: 4683–4696 (2022)
Candel J J, Amigó V, Ramos J A, Busquets D. Sliding wear resistance of TiCp reinforced titanium composite coating produced by laser cladding. Surf Coat Tech 204(20): 3161–3166 (2010)
Cai L F, Zhang Y Z, Shi L K. Microstructure and formation mechanism of titanium matrix composites coating on Ti–6Al–4V by laser cladding. Rare Metal 26(4): 342–346 (2007)
Feng Y Q, Feng K, Yao C W, Li Z G, Sun J H. Microstructure and properties of in-situ synthesized (Ti3Al + TiB)/Ti composites by laser cladding. Mater Design 157: 258–272 (2018)
Duraiselvam M, Galun R, Wesling V, Mordike B L, Reiter R, Oligmüller J, Buvanashekaran G. Cavitation erosion resistance of Ti6Al4V laser alloyed with TiC-reinforced dual phase intermetallic matrix composites. Mat Sci Eng A 454–455: 63–68 (2007)
Sahasrabudhe H, Bandyopadhyay A. In situ reactive multi-material Ti6Al4V–calcium phosphate–nitride coatings for bio-tribological applications. J Mech Behav Biomed 85: 1–11 (2018)
Wang Y, Liu X B, Liu Y F, Luo Y S, Meng Y. Microstructure and tribological performance of Ni60-based composite coatings on Ti6Al4V alloy with different Ti3SiC2 ceramic additions by laser cladding. Ceram Int 46(18): 28996–29010 (2020)
Haldar B, Karmakar S, Saha P, Chattopadhyay A B. In situ multicomponent MMC coating developed on Ti–6Al–4V substrate. Surf Eng 30(4) 256–262 (2014)
Yang X Y, Wang L L, Gao Z N, Wang Q, Du M Z, Zhan X H. WC distribution, microstructure evolution mechanism and microhardness of a developed Ti–6Al–4 V/WC MMC coating fabricated by laser cladding. Opt Laser Technol 153: 108232 (2022)
Philip J T, Kumar D, Mathew J, Kuriachen B. Wear characteristic evaluation of electrical discharge machined Ti6Al4V surfaces at dry sliding conditions. T Indian I Metals 72(10): 2839–2849 (2019)
Kumar D, Lal B, Wani M F, Philip J T, Kuriachen B. Dry sliding wear behaviour of Ti–6Al–4V pin against SS316L disc in vacuum condition at high temperature. Tribol Mater Surf Interfaces 13(3): 182–189 (2019)
Lin Y H, Ping X L, Kuang J C, Deng Y J. Improving the microstructure and mechanical properties of laser cladded Ni-based alloy coatings by changing their composition: A review. Rev Adv Mater Sci 59(1): 340–351 (2020)
Dai J J, Li S Y, Zhang H X. Microstructure and wear properties of self-lubricating TiB2–TiCxNy ceramic coatings on Ti–6Al–4V alloy fabricated by laser surface alloying. Surf Coat Tech 369: 269–279 (2019)
Mokgalaka M N, Pityana S L, Popoola P A I, Mathebula T. NiTi intermetallic surface coatings by laser metal deposition for improving wear properties of Ti–6Al–4V substrates. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2014: 1–8 (2014)
Liu X D, Fan J K, Zhang P Z, Cao K, Wang Z X, Chen F L, Liu D G, Tang B, Kou H C, Li J S. Influence of heat treatment on Inconel 625 superalloy sheet: carbides, γ'', δ phase precipitation and tensile deformation behavior. J Alloys Compd 930: 167522 (2023)
Jiang T, Kim H S. Simultaneous improvement in the hardness and friction characteristics of Ti–6Al–4V through laser cladding with nanoscale SiC particles in an air environment. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 116(3): 1041–1051 (2021)
Ma Y D, Wang X Y, Wang X L, Yang Y, Cui Y H, Sun W W. In-situ TiC–Ti5Si3–SiC composite coatings prepared by plasma spraying. Surf Coat Tech 404: 126484 (2020)
Song R, Li J, Shao J Z, Bai L L, Chen J L, Qu C C. Microstructural evolution and wear behaviors of laser cladding Ti2Ni/α(Ti) dual-phase coating reinforced by TiB and TiC. Appl Surf Sci 355: 298–309 (2015)
Pei Y T, Ocelik V, De Hosson J T M. SiCp/Ti6Al4V functionally graded materials produced by laser melt injection. Acta Mater 50: 2035–2051 (2002)
Das M, Bysakh S, Basu D, Kumar T S S, Balla V K, Bose S, Bandyopadhyay A. Microstructure, mechanical and wear properties of laser processed SiC particle reinforced coatings on titanium. Surf Coat Tech 205(19): 4366–4373 (2011)
Meng W, Yin X H, Zhang W, Fang J F, Guo L J, Ma Q S, Cui B. Additive manufacturing of a functionally graded material from Inconel625 to Ti6Al4V by laser synchronous preheating. J Mater Process Tech 275: 116368 (2020)
Gao Z T, Geng H M, Qiao Z H, Sun B, Gao Z M, Zhang C W. In situ TiBX/TiXNiY/TiC reinforced Ni60 composites by laser cladding and its effect on the tribological properties. Ceram Int 49(4): 6409–6418 (2023)
Zhang Y J, Cheng X W, Cai H N. Fabrication, characterization and tensile property of a novel Ti2Ni/TiNi micro-laminated composite. Mater Design 92: 486–493 (2016)
Yang Y F, Wang H Y, Zhang J, Zhao R Y, Liang Y H, Jiang Q C. Lattice parameter and stoichiometry of TiCx produced in the Ti–C and Ni–Ti–C systems by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. J Am Ceram Soc 91(8): 2736–2739 (2008)
Boutefnouchet H, Curfs C, Triki A, Boutefnouchet A, Vrel D. Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis mechanisms within the Ti–C–Ni system: A time resolved X-ray diffraction study. Powder Technol 217: 443–450 (2012)
Li Y X, Hu J D, Wang H Y, Guo Z X, Chumakov A N. Thermodynamic and lattice parameter calculation of TiCx produced from Al–Ti–C powders by laser igniting self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. Mater Sci Eng A 458(1–2): 235–239 (2007)
Zarrinfar N, Shipway P H, Kennedy A R, Saidi A. Carbide stoichiometry in TiCx and Cu–TiCx produced by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. Scripta Mater 46(2): 121–126 (2002)
Han J, Lu L Z, Xin Y, Chen X Y, Zhang G Y, Cai Y C, Tian Y B. Microstructure and mechanical properties of a novel functionally graded material from Ti6Al4V to Inconel 625 fabricated by dual wire + arc additive manufacturing. J Alloy Compd 903: 163981 (2022)
Chen J L, Li J, Song R, Bai L L, Shao J Z, Qu C C. Effect of the scanning speed on microstructural evolution and wear behaviors of laser cladding NiCrBSi composite coatings. Opt Laser Technol 72: 86–99 (2015)
Emamian A, Corbin S F, Khajepour A. The influence of combined laser parameters on in-situ formed TiC morphology during laser cladding. Surf Coat Tech 206(1): 124–131 (2011)
Selvan C P, Mayur P M, Gangadhar B N, Janakiramaiah N, Subbakrishna D K, Murali N. Comparison of therapeutic efficacy of ect and imipramine: A randomized controlled trial. Indian J Psychiatry 41(3): 228–235 (1999)
Gao Q S, Yan H, Qin Y, Zhang P L, Guo J L, Chen Z F, Yu Z S. Laser cladding Ti–Ni/TiN/TiW+TiS/WS2 self-lubricating wear resistant composite coating on Ti–6Al–4V alloy. Opt Laser Technol 113: 182–191 (2019)
Lu S S, Zhou J S, Wang L Q, Liang J. Effect of V and Cr transition layers on microstructure and mechanical properties of Ni-based coating on titanium alloy fabricated by laser cladding. Surf Coat Tech 405: 126734 (2021)
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.