Graphical Abstract

The dynamics of a probe orbiting a moon can be significantly influenced by the non-coincidence between the moon's equatorial and orbital planes. Thus, we performed a general analysis about the effects of the angle (obliquity) between the above-mentioned planes and of the angle (nodal phasing) between the nodal lines of the mother planet's apparent orbit and the probe orbit on the lifetime of the probe. The lifetime, strictly correlated to the variations in eccentricity of the probe orbit, was evaluated starting from low values of the semi-major axis, moderate eccentricity, and high inclination to offer high ground spatial resolution and extend latitudinal coverage of the natural satellite. This investigation, carried out through numerical simulations, may be useful for identifying the optimal initial conditions of the probe's orbit elements, leading to an important increase in the probe lifetime in missions devoted to the exploration of natural satellites.
De Almeida Prado, A. F. B. Third-body perturbation in orbits around natural satellites. Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, 2003, 26(1): 33–40.
Broucke, R. A. Long-term third-body effects via double averaging. Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, 2003, 26(1): 27–32.
Domingos, R. C., de Moraes, R. V., de Almeida Prado, A. F. B. Third-body perturbation in the case of elliptic orbits for the disturbing body. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2008: 763654.
Lei, H. L., Circi, C., Ortore, E. Modified double-averaged Hamiltonian in hierarchical triple systems. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2018, 481(4): 4602–4620.
Cinelli, M., Ortore, E., Circi, C. Long lifetime orbits for the observation of Europa. Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, 2018, 42(1): 123–135.
Scheeres, D. J., Guman, M. D., Villac, B. F. Stability analysis of planetary satellite orbiters: Application to the Europa orbiter. Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, 2001, 24(4): 778–787.
Lara, M., Juan, J. F. S. Dynamic behavior of an orbiter around Europa. Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, 2005, 28(2): 291–297.
Paskowitz, M. E., Scheeres, D. J. Design of science orbits about planetary satellites: Application to Europa. Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, 2006, 29(5): 1147–1158.
Russell, R. P., Lara, M. On the design of an Enceladus science orbit. Acta Astronautica, 2009, 65(1–2): 27–39.
Liu, X. D., Baoyin, H. X., Ma, X. R. Long-term perturbations due to a disturbing body in elliptic inclined orbit. Astrophysics and Space Science, 2012, 339(2): 295–304.
Nie, T., Gurfil, P. Long-term evolution of orbital inclination due to third-body inclination. Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy, 2021, 133(1): 1.
Naoz, S., Farr, W. M., Lithwick, Y., Rasio, F. A., Teyssandier, J. Secular dynamics in hierarchical three-body systems. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2013, 431(3): 2155–2171.
Anderson, J. D., Lau, E. L., Sjogren, W. L., Schubert, G., Moore, W. B. Europa's differentiated internal structure: Inferences from two Galileo encounters. Science, 1997, 276(5316): 1236–1239.
Carbone, A., Cinelli, M., Circi, C., Ortore, E. Observing Mercury by a quasi-propellantless mission. Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy, 2020, 132: 8.
Iess, L., Stevenson, D. J., Parisi, M., Hemingway, D., Jacobson, R. A., Lunine, J. I., Nimmo, F., Armstrong, J. W., Asmar, S. W., Ducci, M., et al. The gravity field and interior structure of Enceladus. Science, 2014, 344(6179): 78–80.