AI Chat Paper
Note: Please note that the following content is generated by AMiner AI. SciOpen does not take any responsibility related to this content.
{{lang === 'zh_CN' ? '文章概述' : 'Summary'}}
{{lang === 'en_US' ? '中' : 'Eng'}}
Chat more with AI
Powered by AMiner. Clicking this button will take you away from SciOpen.
Home Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise Article
Article Link
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Show Outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Original Article

The Effects of Short-Term Resistance Training and Subsequent Detraining on Neuromuscular Function, Muscle Cross-Sectional Area, and Lean Mass

Pablo B. Costa1( ), Trent J. Herda2, Ashley A. Herda2, Joel T. Cramer3
Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, 800 N. State College Blvd., Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
College of Health Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
Show Author Information

Abstract

Purpose

To examine and compare the effects of three days of dynamic constant external resistance (DCER) and isokinetic (ISOK) training and subsequent detraining on thigh muscle cross-sectional area (TMCSA) and thigh lean mass (TLM), ISOK peak torque (PT), DCER strength, isometric force, muscle activation, and percent voluntary activation (%VA).

Methods

Thirty-one apparently-healthy untrained men (mean±SD age=22.2±4.2 years; body mass=77.9±12.9 kg; height=173.9±5.4 cm) were randomly assigned to a DCER training group (n=11), ISOK training group (n=10) or control (CONT) group (n=10). Subjects visited the laboratory eight times. The first visit was a familiarization session, the second visit was a pre-training assessment, the subsequent three visits were for unilateral training of the quadriceps (if assigned to a training group), and the last three visits were the post-training assessments conducted at three days, one week, and two weeks after training ended.

Results

DCER strength increased from pre- to post-training assessment 1 in both limbs for the DCER group only, and remained elevated during post-training assessments 2 and 3 (P<0.05). In addition, surface EMG for the biceps femoris was higher at post-training assessment 3 than at the pre-training assessment, and post-training assessments 1 and 2 (P<0.05). No other training-related changes were found.

Conclusion

The primary finding of this study was that DCER strength of the trained and untrained limbs can be increased with three days of training. This has important implications for injury rehabilitation, where in the initial period post-injury strength gains on an injured limb can possibly be obtained with short-term contralateral resistance training.

Keywords

Twitch interpolationElectromyographyMuscle activationStrength trainingInjury rehabilitation

References

1

Akima H, Takahashi H, Kuno S Y, Masuda K, Masuda T, Shimojo H, Anno I, Itai Y, Katsuta S. Early phase adaptations of muscle use and strength to isokinetic training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31(4):588–94. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199904000-00016.
Crossref Google Scholar
2

Allen GM, Gandevia SC, McKenzie DK. Reliability of measurements of muscle strength and voluntary activation using twitch interpolation. Muscle Nerve. 1995;18(6):593–600. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.880180605.
Crossref Google Scholar
3

Beck TW, Housh TJ, Johnson GO, Weir JP, Cramer JT, Coburn JW, Malek MH, Mielke M. Effects of two days of isokinetic training on strength and electromyographic amplitude in the agonist and antagonist muscles. J Strength Cond Res. 2007;21(3):757–62. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-20536.1.
Crossref Google Scholar
4

Brown AB, McCartney N, Sale DG. Positive adaptations to weight-lifting training in the elderly. J Appl Physiol. 1990;69(5):1725–33. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.69.5.1725.
Crossref Google Scholar
5

Brown LE, Whitehurst M. The effect of short-term isokinetic training on force and rate of velocity development. J Strength Cond Res. 2003;17(1):88–94. 2.0.co;2">https://doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287(2003)017<0088:teosti>2.0.co;2.
Crossref Google Scholar
6

Brown N, Bubeck D, Haeufle DFB, Weickenmeier J, Kuhl E, Alt W, Schmitt S. Weekly time course of neuro-muscular adaptation to intensive strength training. Front Physiol. 2017;8:329. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00329.
Crossref Google Scholar
7

Cannon J, Kay D, Tarpenning KM, Marino FE. Comparative effects of resistance training on peak isometric torque, muscle hypertrophy, voluntary activation and surface EMG between young and elderly women. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2007;27(2):91–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-097X.2007.00719.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
8

Carolan B, Cafarelli E. Adaptations in coactivation after isometric resistance training. J Appl Physiol. 1992;73(3):911–7. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.73.3.911.
Crossref Google Scholar
9

Carroll TJ, Herbert RD, Munn J, Lee M, Gandevia SC. Contralateral effects of unilateral strength training: evidence and possible mechanisms. J Appl Physiol. 2006;101(5):1514–22. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00531.2006.
Crossref Google Scholar
10

Christie A, Kamen G. Short-term training adaptations in maximal motor unit firing rates and afterhyperpolarization duration. Muscle Nerve. 2010;41(5):651–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.21539.
Crossref Google Scholar
11

Coburn JW, Housh TJ, Malek MH, Weir JP, Cramer JT, Beck TW, Johnson GO. Neuromuscular responses to three days of velocity-specific isokinetic training. J Strength Cond Res. 2006;20(4):892–8. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-18745.1.
Crossref Google Scholar
12

Coleman AE. Effect of unilateral isometric and isotonic contractions on the strength of the contralateral limb. Res Q. 1969;40(3):490–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1992.tb09263.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
13

Colliander EB, Tesch PA. Effects of detraining following short term resistance training on eccentric and concentric muscle strength. Acta Physiol Scand. 1992;144(1):23–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1992.tb09263.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
14

Coratella G, Milanese C, Schena F. Unilateral eccentric resistance training: A direct comparison between isokinetic and dynamic constant external resistance modalities. Eur J Sport Sci. 2015;15(3):720–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2015.1060264.
Crossref Google Scholar
15

Cramer JT, Stout JR, Culbertson JY, Egan AD. Effects of creatine supplementation and three days of resistance training on muscle strength, power output, and neuromuscular function. J Strength Cond Res. 2007;21(3):668–77. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-20005.1.
Crossref Google Scholar
16

Davies J, Parker DF, Rutherford OM, Jones DA. Changes in strength and cross sectional area of the elbow flexors as a result of isometric strength training. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1988;57(6):667–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01075986.
Crossref Google Scholar
17

Day ML, McGuigan MR, Brice G, Foster C. Monitoring exercise intensity during resistance training using the session RPE scale. J Strength Cond Res. 2004;18(2):353–8. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-13113.1.
Crossref Google Scholar
18

de Boer MD, Morse CI, Thom JM, de Haan A, Narici MV. Changes in antagonist muscles’ coactivation in response to strength training in older women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007;62(9):1022–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/62.9.1022.
Crossref Google Scholar
19

DeFreitas JM, Beck TW, Stock MS, Dillon MA, Sherk VD, Stout JR, Cramer JT. A comparison of techniques for estimating training-induced changes in muscle cross-sectional area. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(9):2383–9. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181ec86f3.
Crossref Google Scholar
20

Desbrosses K, Babault N, Scaglioni G, Meyer JP, Pousson M. Neural activation after maximal isometric contractions at different muscle lengths. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(5):937–44. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000218136.58899.46.
Crossref Google Scholar
21

Douris PC. The effect of isokinetic exercise on the relationship between blood lactate and muscle fatigue. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1993;17(1):31–5. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1993.17.1.31.
Crossref Google Scholar
22

Egan A, Winchester J, Foster C, McGuigan M. Using session RPE to monitor different methods of resistance exercise. J Sports Sci Med. 2006;5(2):289–95.
Google Scholar
23

Enoka RM. Muscle strength and its development. New perspectives. Sports Med. 1988;6(3):146–68. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-198806030-00003.
Crossref Google Scholar
24

Farthing JP, Chilibeck PD. The effects of eccentric and concentric training at different velocities on muscle hypertrophy. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003;89(6):578–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-003-0842-2.
Crossref Google Scholar
25

Farthing JP, Zehr EP, Hendy AM, Andrushko JW, Manca A, Deriu F, Loenneke J, Minetto MA, Hortobágyi T. Cross-education: Is it a viable method for rehabilitation? Braz J Mot Behav. 2020;15(1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v15i1.215.
Crossref Google Scholar
26

Foster C, Florhaug JA, Franklin J, Gottschall L, Hrovatin LA, Parker S, Doleshal P, Dodge C. A new approach to monitoring exercise training. J Strength Cond Res. 2001;15(1):109–15. https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200102000-00019.
Crossref Google Scholar
27

Garfinkel S, Cafarelli E. Relative changes in maximal force, EMG, and muscle cross-sectional area after isometric training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992;24(11):1220–7. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199211000-00005.
Crossref Google Scholar
28

Hakkinen K, Alen M, Komi PV. Changes in isometric force- and relaxation-time, electromyographic and muscle fibre characteristics of human skeletal muscle during strength training and detraining. Acta Physiol Scand. 1985;125(4):573–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1985.tb07760.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
29

Hakkinen K, Komi PV, Tesch PA. Effects of combined concentric and eccentric strength training and detraining on force-time, muscle fiber and metabolic characteristics of leg extensor muscles. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1981;3:50–8.
Google Scholar
30

Harridge SD, Kryger A, Stensgaard A. Knee extensor strength, activation, and size in very elderly people following strength training. Muscle Nerve. 1999;22(7):831–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199907)22:7%3c831::AID-MUS4%3e3.0.CO;2-3.
Crossref Google Scholar
31

Herbert RD, Dean C, Gandevia SC. Effects of real and imagined training on voluntary muscle activation during maximal isometric contractions. Acta Physiol Scand. 1998;163(4):361–8. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-201X.1998.t01-1-00358.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
32
Hermens HJ, Freriks B, Merletti R, Stegeman D, Blok J, Rau G, Disselhorst-Klug C, Hägg G. SENIAM - European Recommendations for Surface Electromyography. In: Results of the SENIAM project. Roessingh Research and Development, Enschede, Netherlands. 1999.
33

Holtermann A, Roeleveld K, Vereijken B, Ettema G. Changes in agonist EMG activation level during MVC cannot explain early strength improvement. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005;94(5–6):593–601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-005-1365-9.
Crossref Google Scholar
34

Hortobagyi T, Houmard JA, Stevenson JR, Fraser DD, Johns RA, Israel RG. The effects of detraining on power athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25(8):929–35. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199308000-00008.
Crossref Google Scholar
35

Houston ME, Froese EA, Valeriote SP, Green HJ, Ranney DA. Muscle performance, morphology and metabolic capacity during strength training and detraining: a one leg model. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1983;51(1):25–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00952534.
Crossref Google Scholar
36

Ikai M, Fukunaga T. A study on training effect on strength per unit cross-sectional area of muscle by means of ultrasonic measurement. Int Z Angew Physiol. 1970;28(3):173–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00696025.
Crossref Google Scholar
37

Jones DA, Rutherford OM. Human muscle strength training: the effects of three different regimens and the nature of the resultant changes. J Physiol. 1987;391(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1987.sp016721.
Crossref Google Scholar
38

Kanehisa H, Miyashita M. Specificity of velocity in strength training. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1983;52(1):104–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00429034.
Crossref Google Scholar
39

Kidgell DJ, Frazer AK, Daly RM, Rantalainen T, Ruotsalainen I, Ahtiainen J, Avela J, Howatson G. Increased cross-education of muscle strength and reduced corticospinal inhibition following eccentric strength training. Neuroscience. 2015;300:566–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.057.
Crossref Google Scholar
40

Knight CA, Kamen G. Adaptations in muscular activation of the knee extensor muscles with strength training in young and older adults. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2001;11(6):405–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1050-6411(01)00023-2.
Crossref Google Scholar
41

Knight K, Ingersoll C, Bartholomew J. Isotonic contractions might be more effective than isokinetic contractions in developing muscle strength. J Sport Rehabil. 2001;10(2):124–31. https://doi.org/10.1123/JSR.10.2.124.
Crossref Google Scholar
42

Kraemer WJ, Fleck SJ, Evans WJ. Strength and power training: physiological mechanisms of adaptation. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1996;24(1):363–97. https://doi.org/10.1249/00003677-199600240-00014.
Crossref Google Scholar
43

Manca A, Dragone D, Dvir Z, Deriu F. Cross-education of muscular strength following unilateral resistance training: a meta-analysis. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017;117(11):2335–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-017-3720-z.
Crossref Google Scholar
44

Matuszak ME, Fry AC, Weiss LW, Ireland TR, McKnight MM. Effect of rest interval length on repeated 1 repetition maximum back squats. J Strength Cond Res. 2003;17(4):634–7. 2.0.CO;2">https://doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287(2003)017<0634:EORILO>2.0.CO;2.
Crossref Google Scholar
45

Merton PA. Interaction between muscle fibres in a twitch. J Physiol. 1954;124(2):311–24. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1954.sp005110.
Crossref Google Scholar
46

Moritani T, deVries HA. Neural factors versus hypertrophy in the time course of muscle strength gain. Am J Phys Med. 1979;58(3):115–30.
Google Scholar
47

Moritani T, deVries HA. Potential for gross muscle hypertrophy in older men. J Gerontol. 1980;35(5):672–82. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/35.5.672.
Crossref Google Scholar
48

Mujika I, Padilla S. Detraining: loss of training-induced physiological and performance adaptations Part I: short term insufficient training stimulus. Sports Med. 2000;30(2):79–87. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200030020-00002.
Crossref Google Scholar
49

Munn J, Herbert RD, Gandevia SC. Contralateral effects of unilateral resistance training: a meta-analysis. J Appl Physiol. 2004;96(5):1861–6. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00541.2003.
Crossref Google Scholar
50

Narici MV, Roi GS, Landoni L, Minetti AE, Cerretelli P. Changes in force, cross-sectional area and neural activation during strength training and detraining of the human quadriceps. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1989;59(4):310–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02388334.
Crossref Google Scholar
51

Ogasawara R, Yasuda T, Sakamaki M, Ozaki H, Abe T. Effects of periodic and continued resistance training on muscle CSA and strength in previously untrained men. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2011;31(5):399–404. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-097X.2011.01031.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
52

Parcell AC, Sawyer RD, Tricoli VA, Chinevere TD. Minimum rest period for strength recovery during a common isokinetic testing protocol. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34(6):1018–22. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200206000-00018.
Crossref Google Scholar
53

Pearce AJ, Hendy A, Bowen WA, Kidgell DJ. Corticospinal adaptations and strength maintenance in the immobilized arm following 3 weeks unilateral strength training. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2013;23(6):740–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01453.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
54

Pelet DCS, Orsatti FL. Effects of resistance training at different intensities of load on cross-education of muscle strength. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2021;46(10):1279–89. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2021-0088.
Crossref Google Scholar
55

Prevost MC, Nelson AG, Maraj BKV. The effect of two days of velocity-specific isokinetic training on torque production. J Strength Cond Res. 1999;13(1):35–9. 2.0.CO;2">https://doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287(1999)013<0035:TEOTDO>2.0.CO;2.
Crossref Google Scholar
56

Rutherford OM, Jones DA. The role of learning and coordination in strength training. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1986;55(1):100–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00422902.
Crossref Google Scholar
57

Sale DG. Influence of exercise and training on motor unit activation. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1987;15:95–151. https://doi.org/10.1249/00003677-198700150-00008.
Crossref Google Scholar
58

Sale DG. Neural adaptation to resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1988;20(5 Suppl):S135–45. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198810001-00009.
Crossref Google Scholar
59

Sale DG, Martin JE, Moroz DE. Hypertrophy without increased isometric strength after weight training. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1992;64(1):51–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00376440.
Crossref Google Scholar
60

Selvanayagam VS, Riek S, Carroll TJ. Early neural responses to strength training. J Appl Physiol. 2011;111(2):367–75. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00064.2011.
Crossref Google Scholar
61

Shaver LG. Cross transfer effects of conditioning and deconditioning on muscular strength. Ergonomics. 1975;18(1):9–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140137508931435.
Crossref Google Scholar
62

Shield A, Zhou S. Assessing voluntary muscle activation with the twitch interpolation technique. Sports Med. 2004;34(4):253–67. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200434040-00005.
Crossref Google Scholar
63

Simoneau E, Martin A, Porter MM, Van Hoecke J. Strength training in old age: adaptation of antagonist muscles at the ankle joint. Muscle Nerve. 2006;33(4):546–55. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.20492.
Crossref Google Scholar
64

Staron RS, Karapondo DL, Kraemer WJ, Fry AC, Gordon SE, Falkel JE, Hagerman FC, Hikida RS. Skeletal muscle adaptations during early phase of heavy-resistance training in men and women. J Appl Physiol. 1994;76(3):1247–55. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.76.3.1247.
Crossref Google Scholar
65

Sweet TW, Foster C, McGuigan MR, Brice G. Quantitation of resistance training using the session rating of perceived exertion method. J Strength Cond Res. 2004;18(4):796–802. https://doi.org/10.1519/14153.1.
Crossref Google Scholar
66

Thorstensson A. Observations on strength training and detraining. Acta Physiol Scand. 1977;100(4):491–3. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1977.tb05975.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
67

Tillin NA, Pain MT, Folland JP. Short-term unilateral resistance training affects the agonist-antagonist but not the force-agonist activation relationship. Muscle Nerve. 2011;43(3):375–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.21885.
Crossref Google Scholar
68

Weir JP, Wagner LL, Housh TJ. The effect of rest interval length on repeated maximal bench presses. J Strength Cond Res. 1994;8(1):58–60. 2.3.CO;2">https://doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287(1994)008<0058:TEORIL>2.3.CO;2.
Crossref Google Scholar
69
Whaley MH, Brubaker PH, Otto RM. ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.
70

Young JL, Snodgrass SJ, Cleland JA, Rhon DI. Timing of physical therapy for individuals with patellofemoral pain and the influence on healthcare use, costs and recurrence rates: an observational study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021;21(1):751. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06768-8.
Crossref Google Scholar
Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise
Volume 4 Issue 3,
August 2022
Pages 237-254
DOI: 10.1007/s42978-021-00148-8
Cite this article:
Costa PB, Herda TJ, Herda AA, et al. The Effects of Short-Term Resistance Training and Subsequent Detraining on Neuromuscular Function, Muscle Cross-Sectional Area, and Lean Mass. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise, 2022, 4(3): 237-254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42978-021-00148-8

439

Views

0

Crossref

0

Web of Science

0

Scopus

0

CSCD

Altmetrics
Received: 30 January 2021
Accepted: 11 October 2021
Published: 09 January 2022
© Beijing Sport University 2021
Return