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Research Article | Open Access

Phylogenetic definitions for 25 higher-level clade names of birds

Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, PO Box 9517, 2300, RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32607, USA
Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE–104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Ornithological Section, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TU, UK
Show Author Information

Abstract

Knowledge of the higher-level phylogenetic relationships of birds has grown substantially during the past two decades due to the application of genomic data. However, the nomenclature of higher-level taxa has not become more stable, due to the lack of regulation of taxon names above the level of superfamily by the ICZN, and the usage of rank-based nomenclature, which is not tied to clades in a phylogeny. Lack of regulation and the instability of rank-based nomenclature impede effective communication among systematists. We review support for higher-level avian clades using a set of 10 phylogenomic data sets, and identify clades that are supported by congruency of at least four of these. We provide formal definitions of the names of these clades based on the rules of the recently published PhyloCode. The names of 25 clades are here defined using minimum-crown-clade (n ​= ​23), minimum-clade (n ​= ​1) and maximum-crown-clade (n ​= ​1) definitions. Five new names are introduced here: Dinocrypturi, Pteroclimesites, Musophagotides, Phaethoquornithes and Pelecanes. We also review diagnostic apomorphies of the relevant clades, and identify known synonyms and homonyms. By establishing a formal link between higher-level taxon names and well-supported phylogenetic hypotheses, our phylogenetic definitions will provide a solid basis for the stabilization of avian higher-level nomenclature.

Keywords

PhylogenomicsAvesCongruencePhyloCodePhylogenetic nomenclatureRankless taxonomy

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Avian Research
Volume 13 Issue 2,
June 2022
Article number: 100027
DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2022.100027
Cite this article:
Sangster G, Braun EL, Johansson US, et al. Phylogenetic definitions for 25 higher-level clade names of birds. Avian Research, 2022, 13(2): 100027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avrs.2022.100027

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Published: 05 April 2022
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