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Research Article | Open Access

Reevaluation of dialect boundaries in the Yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella) based on citizen science data: Should we split or lump?

Lucie Diblíkováa, Pavel Pipeka,b, Stanislav Vosolsoběc, Adam Petruseka, Tereza Petruskováa( )
Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Viničná 7, Prague, CZ-12800, Czech Republic
Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, Zámek 1, Průhonice, CZ-25243, Czech Republic
Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, Prague, CZ-12800, Czech Republic
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Abstract

Dialects are a specific form of geographic variation of birdsong with relatively sharp boundaries between distinct song characteristics, which provide opportunities for focused studies of processes underlying the emergence of spatial patterns in vocalization. Several songbird species that exhibit dialects became models for such research, and for some of them large-scale datasets were assembled that included recordings provided by the public. Among them, the Yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella, Emberizidae) is particularly prominent, as it has been recently a subject of dedicated citizen science projects focusing on its dialect distribution. The most successful, in terms of public participation as well as the number and density of obtained recordings, was the Dialects of Czech Yellowhammers (DCY) project, which assembled detailed data at the whole-country level. A mosaic of almost all common song variants known across Europe was observed in Czechia, but the results indicated that some of the traditionally recognized Yellowhammer dialects may not represent geographically clustered song variants, at least not in Central Europe. We quantitatively analysed variation (frequency and temporal characteristics and modulation) of the terminal song element in three dialects defined by arbitrary frequency thresholds in DCY. Multivariate analyses indicated that pooling these to two distinct groups reflects the variation in the songs, as well as their spatial distribution, better than retaining the current classification to three dialects or their finer splitting to even more categories. We provide simple measures that may be used for classification of these Yellowhammer song variants in Central Europe. However, we warn from indiscriminate transposing of results from one region to another, as that may lead to substantial biases. Future studies of birdsong variation will benefit from big data assembled by citizen scientists, but to maximise their usefulness for further dialect research, careful delineation of dialect boundaries is essential.

Keywords

BirdsongBioacousticsGeographic variationDialectsPublic participation

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Avian Research
Volume 14 Issue 3,
September 2023
Article number: 100115
DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2023.100115
Cite this article:
Diblíková L, Pipek P, Vosolsobě S, et al. Reevaluation of dialect boundaries in the Yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella) based on citizen science data: Should we split or lump?. Avian Research, 2023, 14(3): 100115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avrs.2023.100115

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Received: 31 January 2023
Revised: 12 May 2023
Accepted: 19 June 2023
Published: 03 July 2023
© 2023 The Authors.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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