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Research Article | Open Access

Scaly-sided Merganser (Mergus squamatus) equalizes foraging costs with depth by switching foraging tactics

Peizhong Liua,b, Meihan Liuc, Dongyang Xiaod, Ying Hea,b, Rong Fana,b, Cai Lua,b, Li Wene,f, Qing Zenga,b( ), Guangchun Leia,b( )
Centre for East Asian-Australasian Flyway Studies, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
The People’s Government of Shangqing Town, Yingtan, 335004, China
NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment, Science, Economics and Insights Division, Sydney, 2150, Australia
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
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Abstract

Throughout evolutionary history, animals are finely tuned to adjust their behaviors corresponding to environmental variations. Behavioral flexibility represents an important component of a species' adaptive capacity in the face of rapid anthropogenetic environmental change, and knowledge of animal behaviors is increasingly recognized in conservation biology. In aquatic ecosystem, variation of water depth is a key factor affecting the availability of food; thus, the foraging behaviors of many waterbirds, especially piscivores. In this study, we compared the foraging behaviors of the Scaly-sided Merganser (Mergus squamatus), an endangered migratory diving duck endemic to East Asia, in habitats with different water depths (Shallow waters: 0–40 ​cm; Deep waters: 40–300 ​cm), using video camera records obtained from the known wintering sites during three winters from 2018 to 2020. Further, the energy expenditure of foraging behavior profile and energy intake based on fish sizes were calculated to study the foraging energetics. In total, 200 effective video footages that contained 1086 ​min with 17,995 behaviors and 163 events of catching fish were recorded. Results showed that: 1) time length for fishing (including eye-submerging, head-dipping, diving and food handling) of M. squamatus in shallow waters was significantly more than in deep waters; 2) M. squamatuss spent significantly more time for preparing (including vigilance, preening and swimming) in deep waters than in shallow waters; 3) the mean catch rate was 0.28 fish/min in shallow waters, which is significantly higher than the value of 0.13 fish/min in deep waters; 4) despite the distinct foraging behavior profiles and energy intakes, M. squamatus showed similar energetics in shallow and deep waters. We concluded that M. squamatus is a good example of behavioral flexibility that aligns with expectations of optimal foraging theory, in that it behaves in accordance to resource availability in different environments, resulting in high foraging efficiency.

Keywords

Foraging behavior adaptionForaging energeticsIn-stream habitatsMigratory waterbird

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Avian Research
Volume 14 Issue 4,
December 2023
Article number: 100129
DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2023.100129
Cite this article:
Liu P, Liu M, Xiao D, et al. Scaly-sided Merganser (Mergus squamatus) equalizes foraging costs with depth by switching foraging tactics. Avian Research, 2023, 14(4): 100129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avrs.2023.100129

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Received: 06 April 2023
Revised: 11 August 2023
Accepted: 14 August 2023
Published: 26 August 2023
© 2023 The Authors.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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