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Research Article | Open Access

Inbreeding and genetic load in a pair of sibling grouse species: Tetrastes sewersowi and T. bonasia

Kai Songa,b,1, Tom van der Valkc,1, Bin Gaoa, Peter Halvarssond, Yun Fanga, Wendong Xiea, Siegfried Klause, Zhiming Hanf, Yue-Hua Suna( ), Jacob Höglundb
Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala, 75236, Sweden
Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala, 75273, Sweden
Unit of Parasitology, Department of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7036, Uppsala, 75007, Sweden
Lindenhöhe 5, Jena, D-07749, Germany
The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China

1 These two authors contributed equally to this work.

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Abstract

Genetic load and inbreeding are recognized as important factors to be considered in conservation programs. Elevated levels of both can increase the risk of population extinction by negatively impacting fitness-related characters in many species of plants and animals, including humans (inbreeding depression). Genomic techniques are increasingly used in measuring and understanding genetic load and inbreeding and their importance in evolution and conservation. We used whole genome resequencing data from two sibling grouse species in subarctic Eurasia to quantify both. We found a large range of inbreeding measured as FROH (fraction of runs of homozygosity) in individuals from different populations of Chinese Grouse (Tetrastes sewerzowi) and Hazel Grouse (T. bonasia). FROH estimated from genome-wide runs of homozygosity (ROH) ranged from 0.02 to 0.24 among Chinese Grouse populations and from 0.01 to 0.44 in Hazel Grouse. Individuals from a population of Chinese Grouse residing in the Qilian mountains and from the European populations of Hazel Grouse (including samples from Sweden, Germany and Northeast Poland) were the most inbred (FROH ranged from 0.10 to 0.23 and 0.11 to 0.44, respectively). These levels are comparable to other highly inbred populations of birds. Hazel Grouse from northern China and Chinese Grouse residing in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau showed relatively lower inbreeding levels. Comparisons of the ratio between deleterious missense mutations and synonymous mutations revealed higher levels in Chinese Grouse as compared to Hazel Grouse. These results are possibly explained by higher fixation rates, mutational melt down, in the range-restricted Chinese Grouse compared to the wide-ranging Hazel Grouse. However, when we compared the relatively more severe class of loss-of-function mutations, Hazel Grouse had slightly higher levels than Chinese Grouse, a result which may indicate that purifying selection (purging) has been more efficient in Chinese Grouse on this class of mutations.

Keywords

InbreedingGenetic loadPurifying selectionQinghai-Tibetan PlateauROHTetrastes

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Avian Research
Volume 15 Issue 2,
June 2024
Article number: 100184
DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100184
Cite this article:
Song K, van der Valk T, Gao B, et al. Inbreeding and genetic load in a pair of sibling grouse species: Tetrastes sewersowi and T. bonasia. Avian Research, 2024, 15(2): 100184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100184

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Received: 18 December 2023
Revised: 15 May 2024
Accepted: 28 May 2024
Published: 29 May 2024
© 2024 The Authors.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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