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Review Article | Open Access

Recent progress and hurdles in cathode recycling for Li-ion batteries

Ponraj Jenisa, Ting Zhanga,b,d, Brindha Ramasubramaniana, Sen Linb,d, Prasada Rao Rayavarapua( ), Jianguo Yub,c, Seeram Ramakrishnaa( )
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
National Engineering Research Center for Integrated Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
Engineering Research Center of Salt Lake Resources Process Engineering, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Abstract

This review focuses on standard Li recycling approaches for LiFePO4 (LFP) and nickel−cobalt−manganese (NCM) cathodes. The study discusses about advances in leaching agents, including organic acid, alkaline solutions, natural organic acid, and electrochemical treatments. Emphasis is placed on the significance of selective Li leaching strategies to optimize the recycling of waste batteries. The review also outlines potential future research directions for enhancing selective recycling, providing valuable insights into the recycling of LFP and NCM batteries. Simultaneously, the article addresses the challenges associated with the transition from conventional lithium-ion batteries to all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) in the pursuit of sustainable energy storage technologies. It highlights key points, including the challenges in developing ASSBs, the role of employing various material combinations and its preparation techniques, adopting scalable solution-based processes for commercialization, and strategies for sustainable ASSB recycling. The proposition of a fully recyclable ASSB model underscores the commitment to lower recycling costs using safer and simpler methods, positioning nanotechnology as an enabling tool for achieving advancements in materials and cell-level performance.

Keywords

Solid-state electrolyteLiFePO4PyrometallurgyLeaching

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Circular Economy
Volume 3 Issue 2,
June 2024
DOI: 10.1016/j.cec.2024.100087
Cite this article:
Jenis P, Zhang T, Ramasubramanian B, et al. Recent progress and hurdles in cathode recycling for Li-ion batteries. Circular Economy, 2024, 3(2): 100087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cec.2024.100087

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Received: 17 November 2023
Revised: 03 January 2024
Accepted: 22 January 2024
Published: 29 May 2024
© 2024 The Author(s).

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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