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Research paper | Open Access

Elevated temperature intensity, timing, and duration of exposure affect soybean internode elongation, mainstem node number, and pod number per plant

U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
Department of Agronomy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA

Peer review under responsibility of Crop Science Society of China and Institute of Crop Science, CAAS.

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Abstract

A study was conducted in four compartments of a polycarbonate greenhouse at Gainesville, FL, USA to investigate how a soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) cultivar, Maverick (maturity group III, indeterminate), responded to three elevated temperatures, ELT, (day/night of 34/26 °C, 38/30 °C, and 42/34 °C) in comparison to a control growth temperature (30/22 °C). Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration was maintained at 700 μmol mol−1 in each compartment by a processor controlled air-sampling and CO2-injection system. Three sequential experiments were conducted at different times of year (summer, autumn, and early spring) to investigate the effect of intensity, timing, and duration of ELT on soybean node number, internode elongation, mainstem length, and number of pods set per plant. At the control temperature, the soybean plants grown in the polycarbonate greenhouse were taller than field-grown plants. When plants were grown under continuous ELT applied soon after sowing or at initial flowering, the number of nodes increased with increasing ELT intensity, whereas the length of individual internodes decreased. When ELT treatment was applied during the beginning of flowering stage (R1–R2) or earlier, more nodes were produced and the length of affected internodes was decreased. When the ELT was imposed later at reproductive stage R5+ just before the beginning of seed filling, effects on node numbers and internode lengths were negligible. Short-term (10-day) duration of ELT applied at four stages from V3 to R5+ did not significantly affect final mean numbers of nodes or mean mainstem lengths. Possible mechanisms of elevated temperature effects on soybean internode elongation and node number (internode number) are discussed. Total pod numbers per plant increased linearly with mainstem node numbers and mainstem length. Furthermore, total pod numbers per plant were greatest at 34/26 °C rather than at the control temperature of 30/22 °C (and remained high at 38/30 °C). Mild increases in temperature might not threaten, but actually increase, yields of soybean in northerly zones where this crop is currently grown at slightly suboptimal temperatures. However, a sustained increase in ambient temperature would likely threaten soybean yields.

Keywords

Elevated temperatureInternode elongationNode numberPod yieldSoybean phenology

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The Crop Journal
Volume 6 Issue 2,
April 2018
Pages 148-161
DOI: 10.1016/j.cj.2017.10.005
Cite this article:
Allen Jr. LH, Zhang L, Boote KJ, et al. Elevated temperature intensity, timing, and duration of exposure affect soybean internode elongation, mainstem node number, and pod number per plant. The Crop Journal, 2018, 6(2): 148-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2017.10.005

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Received: 24 April 2017
Revised: 22 September 2017
Accepted: 11 October 2017
Published: 10 January 2018
© 2018 “Crop Science Society of China and Institute of Crop Science, CAAS”.
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