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Research Article | Open Access

Remote sensing of subtropical tree diversity: The underappreciated roles of the practical definition of forest canopy and phenological variation

Yongchao Liua, Ruyun Zhanga, Chen-Feng Linb, Zhaochen Zhanga, Ran Zhanga, Kankan Shangc, Mingshui Zhaod, Jingyue Huanga, Xiaoning Wanga, You Lia, Yulin Zenga, Yun-Peng Zhaob, Jian Zhanga, Dingliang Xinga( )
Zhoushan Archipelago Observation and Research Station, Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
Systematic & Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity Group, MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
Tianmushan National Nature Reserve Management Bureau, Hangzhou, 311311, China
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Abstract

Tree species diversity is vital for maintaining ecosystem functions, yet our ability to map the distribution of tree diversity is limited due to difficulties in traditional field-based approaches. Recent developments in spaceborne remote sensing provide unprecedented opportunities to map and monitor tree diversity more efficiently. Here we built partial least squares regression models using the multispectral surface reflectance acquired by Sentinel-2 satellites and the inventory data from 74 subtropical forest plots to predict canopy tree diversity in a national natural reserve in eastern China. In particular, we evaluated the underappreciated roles of the practical definition of forest canopy and phenological variation in predicting tree diversity by testing three different definitions of canopy trees and comparing models built using satellite imagery of different seasons. Our best models explained 42%–63% variations in observed diversities in cross-validation tests, with higher explanation power for diversity indices that are more sensitive to abundant species. The models built using imageries from early spring and late autumn showed consistently better fits than those built using data from other seasons, highlighting the significant role of transitional phenology in remotely sensing plant diversity. Our results suggested that the cumulative diameter (60%–80%) of the biggest trees is a better way to define the canopy layer than using the subjective fixed-diameter-threshold (5–12 ​cm) or the cumulative basal area (90%–95%) of the biggest trees. Remarkably, these approaches resulted in contrasting diversity maps that call attention to canopy structure in remote sensing of tree diversity. This study demonstrates the potential of mapping and monitoring tree diversity using the Sentinal-2 data in species-rich forests.

Keywords

Tree species diversitySubtropical forestCanopy structureMultispectral remote sensingSeasonal phenology

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Forest Ecosystems
Volume 10 Issue 3,
June 2023
Article number: 100122
DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2023.100122
Cite this article:
Liu Y, Zhang R, Lin C-F, et al. Remote sensing of subtropical tree diversity: The underappreciated roles of the practical definition of forest canopy and phenological variation. Forest Ecosystems, 2023, 10(3): 100122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fecs.2023.100122

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Received: 07 February 2023
Revised: 17 May 2023
Accepted: 01 June 2023
Published: 10 June 2023
© 2023 The Authors.

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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