| Martindale et al. [32] | UK | 1924 | Vitamin C, E | 2.0 | Wheeze, eczema | Sex, maternal age, paternal social class, maternal atopy, maternal smoking, other children in the home, and antibiotic use | 7 |
| Devereux et al. [33] | UK | 1861 | Vitamin E, zinc | 5.0 | Asthma, wheeze, eczema | Maternal age, maternal atopy, maternal smoking, maternal vitamin C intake, maternal vitamin E intake, father’s social class, maternalage of leaving full-time education, deprivation index, birth weight, birth head circumference, birth crown-heel length, child’s sex, birth order, breast feeding, use of antibiotics by child in first year of life | 8 |
| Litonjua et al. [34] | US | 1290 | Vitamin C, E, zinc, β-carotene, folic acid | 2.0 | Wheeze | Sex, maternal age, maternal asthma, paternal asthma, family income, passive smoke exposure, breast feeding, and other children12 years old in the home | 8 |
| Camargo Jr. et al. [35] | US | 1194 | Vitamin D | 3.0 | Wheeze, eczema | Sex, birth weight, income, maternal age, maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), passive smoking exposure, breastfeeding duration at 1 year, number of children> 12 year of age in household, maternal history of asthma, and paternal history of asthma | 8 |
| Devereux et al. [36] | UK | 1751 | Vitamin D | 5.0 | Wheeze | Maternal atopy, maternal age, maternal smoking, maternal age at termination of full-time education, paternal social class, deprivation index based on area of residence, breastfeeding, infant sex, infant antibiotic use in first year, birth weight, birth order, season of last menstrual period, and maternal intakes of vitamin E, zinc, and calcium | 8 |
| Willers et al. [37] | UK | 1253 | Apple, fish | 5.0 | Wheeze, asthma, eczema | Maternal age of leaving full time education, paternal social class, maternal age, maternal smoking during pregnancy, smoking in the home during childhood, energy intake, maternal asthma, maternal atopy, birth weight, presence of older siblings, sex of child and breastfeeding | 8 |
| Fitzsimon et al. [38] | UK | 631 | Fruit and vegetables | 3.0 | Asthma | Birth weight, sex, smoke exposure, fat, GMS | 7 |
| Chatzi et al. [39] | Spain | 460 | Mediterranean diet | 6.5 | Wheeze | Gender, maternal and paternal asthma, maternal social class and education, BMI and total energy intake at age 6.5 years | 7 |
| Willers et al. [40] (PIAMA) | The Netherlands | 4146 | Vegetables, fruit, fish, egg, dairy, nuts | 8.0 | Wheeze, asthma | Sex, maternal educational level, parental atopy, maternal smoking during pregnancy, smoking in the house at age 8 years, breast feeding, presence of older siblings, birth weight, overweight mother, maternal supplement use during pregnancy without folic acid and iron, region, and study arm | 7 |
| Erkkola et al. [41] (DIPP) | Finland | 1669 | Vitamins D, A, C, E, zinc, selenium, magnesium, folic acid, fish, meat, milk, vegetable, fruits, cereals | 5.0 | Asthma, Rhinitis, Eczema, food allergy | Sex, area of birth, duration of gestation, maternal age, maternal basic education, maternal smoking during pregnancy, number of siblings, parental asthma, parental allergic rhinitis, atopic eczema before the age of 6 months, and pets inside the house before the age of 1 year, energy-adjusted maternal intake of fruits and vegetables, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and zinc | 8 |
| Shaheen et al. [42] (ALSPAC) | UK | 14541 | Fruit and vegetables | 7.0-9.0 | Eczema, wheeze, Asthma | Energy intake, maximum smoked, infections, antibiotics and paracetamol use during pregnancy; maternal educational level, housing tenure, financial difficulties, pre-pregnancy BMI, ethnicity, age, parity, history of asthma, eczema,rhinoconjunctivitis, migraine; sex of child, gestational age, breast fed in first 6 months, day care at 8 months, multiple pregnancy, pets in infancy, damp/condensation/mould, child exposed to environmental tobacco smoke at weekends, season of birth, season of food frequency questionnaire completion, birth weight, head circumference, birth length | 6 |
| Miyake et al. [43] (OMCHS) | Japan | 763 | Dairy products, milk, vitamin D, C, E, vegetable, fruit, apple, β-carotene, zinc, folic acid | 1.4-2.0 | Eczema, wheeze | Maternal age, gestation at baseline, residential municipality at baseline, family income, maternal and paternal education, maternal and paternal history of asthma, atopic eczema and allergic rhinitis, changes in maternal diet in the previous 1 month, season when data at baseline were collected, maternal smoking during pregnancy, older siblings, sex, birth weight, household smoking in same room, breastfeeding duration and age at third survey | 7 |
| Sausenthaler et al. [44] (LISAplus) | Germany | 2252 | Margarine, fish | 2.0 | Eczema | Study center, parental atopy, child’s sex, parental education, birth weight, and breastfeeding type | 6 |
| West et al. [45] | Australia | 420 | Vitamin C, E, β-carotene, zinc | 1.0 | Eczema, wheeze, food allergy | Maternal education, paternal history of allergic disease, birth weight and exposure to furred pets at home | 6 |
| Pelé et al. [46] (PELAGIE) | France | 1500 | Fish | 2.0 | Eczema, wheeze, food allergy | Mother’s age, maternal education, folic acid supplementation, familial history of asthma/allergy, child’s sex, small-for-gestational age, infant’s method of feeding, day care attendance, post-natal exposure to tobacco and, child’s age at follow-up | 6 |
| Maslova et al. [47] (DNBC) | Denmark | 44825 | Vitamin D, A, E | 7.0 | Asthma, Rhinitis, | Maternal age, socio-economic status, parity, prepregnancy BMI, smoking during pregnancy, partner’s smoking during pregnancy, solarium use during pregnancy, breastfeeding duration, child sex, maternal history of asthma, maternal history of allergies, paternal history of asthma, paternal history of allergies, season of last menstrual period, energy, fruit and vegetable intake, alcohol consumption, and intake of total EPA + DPA + DHA, vitamins A, C, and E, folate, calcium, selenium, and zinc | 7 |
| Miyake et al. [48] | Japan | 1354 | Fish and meat | 1.9-2.5 | Eczema, wheeze | Maternal age, gestation at baseline, region of residence at baseline, number of children at baseline, maternal and paternal education, family income, maternal and paternal history of asthma, atopic eczema, and allergic rhinitis, baby’s birth weight, baby’s sex, maternal smoking during pregnancy, household smoking during the first year of life, and breastfeeding duration | 7 |
| Chatzi et al. [49] | Spain and Greece | 2516 | Mediterranean diet, vegetable, fruit, meat, fish, cereals, dairy | 1.0 | Eczema, wheeze | Maternal age, education, history of asthma, smoking during pregnancy, parity, duration of breast-feeding, child’s age at assessment and child’s sex | 6 |
| Leermakers et al. [50] | The Netherlands | 2976 | Fish | 4.0 | Eczema, wheeze | Maternal age, parity, highest completed education level, household income, history of asthma or atopy, use of periconceptional folic acid supplements, prepregnancy BMI, pet keeping, smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy, total daily energy intake, vegetable intake, distress during pregnancy, gestational age at enrollment and child’s birth weight, gestational age at birth, sex, breastfeeding, timing of introduction of complementary feeding, daycareattendance in the first year, lower respiratory tract infections in the first year | 7 |
| Anderson et al. [51] | Canada | 2478 | Vitamin D | 6.0 | Asthma, wheeze | Child sex, family income, smoker in household, maternal ethnicity, child in licensed daycare, age in months, z-BMI, birth weight, hours of outdoor free play, breastfeeding duration and family history of asthma | 7 |
| Parr et al. [52] | Norway | 39846 | Folic acid | 7.0 | Asthma | Maternal age at delivery, parity, maternal education, prepregnancy BMI, maternal history of atopy, maternal smoking in pregnancy, and use of cod liver oil, other dietary supplements, and maternal energy intake in pregnancy | 6 |
| Viljoen et al. [53] | Ireland | 897 | Vitamin D, vegetable | 10.0 | Asthma | Gestational age, socioeconomic status, smoking at delivery, breast feeding, season of birth and supplement use | 7 |
| Ogawa et al. [54] | Japan | 80270 | Vitamin A | 1.0 | Eczema, wheeze, Asthma, food allergy | Maternal age, place of recruitment, maternal height, pre-pregnant BMI, maternal weight gain during pregnancy, parity, conception method, pre-existing maternal hypertension, pre-existing maternal diabetes, parental allergic history, parental smoking, maternal education, maternal household income, infant gender, maternal folic acid supplementation during pregnancy, breastfeeding at one month after delivery, estimated maternal total energy intake during pregnancy, and delivery mode | 8 |
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