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Research Article | Open Access

Metabolic enzyme inhibitory abilities, in vivo hypoglycemic ability of palmleaf raspberry fruits extracts and identification of hypoglycemic compounds

Jun Tan, Danshu Wang, Yu Lu, Yehan Wang, Zongcai Tu, Tao Yuan(), Lu Zhang()
National R&D Center for Freshwater Fish Processing, Engineering Research Center of Freshwater Fish High-Value Utilization of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
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Abstract

The unripe palmleaf raspberry, namely Fupenzi (FPZ), is an important medicinal and edible food. This study aims to evaluate the potential of FPZ extracts prepared with different approaches in attenuating hyperglycemia, gout, Alzheimer's disease, and pigmentation, to obtain the enriching fraction and to identify the major active compounds. Results indicated that FPZ extracts showed weak activity against acetylcholinesterase, considerable ability against tyrosinase and xanthine oxidase, but excellent inhibition on α-glucosidase. Ultrasound-assisted 40 % ethanol extract (40EUS) gave the highest phenolics content, and the best α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 = 0.08 μg/mL), which is 877-fold higher than that of positive control acarbose. The 40 % ethanol eluting fraction of 40EUS showed the strongest a-glucosidase inhibition with the IC50 value of 37.79 ng/mL, it could also effectively attenuate the fasting blood glucose level and oral glucose tolerance of C57BL/6 mice. Twenty-six compounds were identified from 40 % ethanol fraction by using HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS, hydrolysable tannins (including 11 ellagitannins and 4 gallotannins) were the major compounds, phenolic acids came to the second. Above results could provide important technical supporting for the further application and research of FPZ in health foods and drugs against diabetes.

Keywords

Palmleaf raspberryExtraction and identificationEnzyme inhibitionHPLC-QTOF-MS/MSHypoglycemic activity

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Food Science and Human Wellness
Volume 12 Issue 4,
July 2023
Pages 1232-1240
DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.10.005
Cite this article:
Tan J, Wang D, Lu Y, et al. Metabolic enzyme inhibitory abilities, in vivo hypoglycemic ability of palmleaf raspberry fruits extracts and identification of hypoglycemic compounds. Food Science and Human Wellness, 2023, 12(4): 1232-1240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2022.10.005
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Influence of solvent polarity on extraction yield and the extraction efficacy of phenolics and flavonoids from palmleaf raspberry fruits.

Ratio (%)SolventYield (%)Total phenolics (mg GAE/g)Total flavonoids (mg Que/g)
MacerationUltrasoundMacerationUltrasoundMacerationUltrasound
Note: a-g Different letters in the same column indicate significant difference among samples prepared with the sample method (P < 0.05). * indicates significant difference between the results from ultrasound extract and maceration (P < 0.05, the extraction solvent is the same).
20 %Methanol19.23 ± 1.03f16.33 ± 0.18d,*38.08 ± 0.85a115.01 ± 0.79c,*7.68 ± 0.23a11.94 ± 0.39ab,*
Ethanol18.30 ± 0.29ef23.00 ± 0.36f,*96.59 ± 1.70c103.46 ± 1.60b,*11.44 ± 0.82b10.97 ± 0.56a
40 %Methanol18.63 ± 0.53ef16.98 ± 0.53d,*113.34 ± 0.23d120.99 ± 0.88d,*13.09 ± 0.43b17.11 ± 1.25c,*
Ethanol19.75 ± 0.21f22.60 ± 0.64f,*116.71 ± 0.79de146.57 ± 0.50g,*13.36 ± 0.36b12.36 ± 0.35ab
60 %Methanol17.23 ± 0.11e19.43 ± 0.18e,*99.95 ± 0.33c123.78 ± 0.38d,*13.60 ± 0.81b15.86 ± 1.92c
Ethanol13.83 ± 2.65cd19.38 ± 0.39e,*135.42 ± 0.31f139.77 ± 0.97f,*17.20 ± 1.94c15.94 ± 1.60c
80 %Methanol9.50 ± 0.43ab14.45 ± 2.27c,*144.88 ± 2.84g134.72 ± 2.44e,*17.15 ± 0.11c20.96 ± 1.13d,*
Ethanol12.08 ± 0.39c13.58 ± 0.46bc,*115.63 ± 1.42d113.58 ± 1.80c18.14 ± 1.07c16.24 ± 0.67c,*
100 %Methanol10.73 ± 0.39bc12.23 ± 1.10b,*120.21 ± 2.96e124.59 ± 3.47d24.63 ± 1.67d19.34 ± 0.48d,*
Ethanol8.10 ± 0.07a9.00 ± 1.13a71.80 ± 0.96b40.30 ±1.49a,*26.95 ± 0.08e25.72 ± 0.10e

The retention time (RT), precursor ion, formula, fragment ions, proposed name and references of major compounds in the 40 % fraction of 40EUS obtained via HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS under negative mode.

NO.RT (min)Found at m/zFormulaMS/MS m/zProposed compoundsReferences
Ellagitannins
17.59783.0434C34H24O22300.9964Pedunculagin/Casuariin isomer[31]
29.88633.0607C27H22O18300.9983, 331.0620Galloyl-HHDP-glucose[30]
310.55783.0447C34H24O22300.9964, 275.0179Pedunculagin/Casuariin isomer[31]
411.40633.0532C27H22O18463.0422, 300.9955, 275.0189Galloyl-HHDP-glucose[30]
512.25633.0516C27H22O18300.9960Galloyl-HHDP-glucose[30]
715.04633.0480C27H22O18463.0466, 300.9967, 275.0170Galloyl-HHDP-glucose[30]
815.27783.0421C34H24O22631.0480, 300.9985Pedunculagin/casuariin isomer[31]
1017.91935.0437C41H28O26633.0543, 300.9938Casuarinin[3, 31]
1118.03935.0429C41H28O26633.0666, 300.9935Casuarictin[3, 31]
1218.28783.0420C34H24O22631.0460, 300.9968Pedunculagin/Casuariin isomer[31]
1318.92467.0302C22H12O12391.0275, 300.9960, 275.0174, 169.0140, 125.0246Ellagic acid derivative[30]
1420.85551.0203C25H12O15469.0004, 457.0178, 300.9962, 229.0143, 169.0152, 123.0059Ellagic acid derivative[30]
2328.46477.0134C20H14O14300.9982 (176)Ellagic acid glucuronide[32]
2532.22433.0408C19H14O12300.9951 (132)Ellagic acid-pentoside[32]
2633.91300.9888C14H6O8283.9933, 257.0079, 229.0131Ellagic acid[32]
Flavonoids
613.03577.1123C30H26O12451.0986, 425.0837, 407.0725, 289.0717, 245.0814, 175.0419Procyanidin dimmer[33]
916.95289.0619C15H14O6245.0817, 203.0712, 187.0433, 161.0595, 151.0393, 123.0438Epicatechin/catechin[33]
1622.53449.0931C21H22O11287.0526, 269.0439, 259.0598, 125.0240Aromadendrin-O-hexoside[39]
1924.74461.1485C22H22O11415.1585[M-H]-, 269.1019, 161.0442, 101.0271Apigenin-rhamnoside[30]
Phenolics
1522.32491.1219C26H20O10445.1244, 293.0859, 151.0412, 149.0436Salvianolic acid C[33]
1723.48297.0519C13H14O8179.0367, 135.0307, 117.0255Caffeoylthreonic acid[32]
1823.75291.0054C13H8O8247.0232, 219.0297, 191.0341, 173.0238Brevifolin carboxylic acid[36]
2025.65197.0395C9H10O5169.0143, 125.0245, 124.0168Ethyl gallate[27]
2127.18247.0172C12H8O6219.0293, 191.0395, 173.0241, 145.0297Rubusin A[33]
2227.79281.0569C13H14O7163.0392, 135.0297, 119.0506Coumaroylthreonic acid[32]
2429.35475.1650C21H32O12429.1721, 339.0484, 325.1217, 265.0951, 235.0754, 205.0751, 163.0588Darendoside B[33]