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Review Article | Open Access

Multifaceted signaling regulators of chondrogenesis: Implications in cartilage regeneration and tissue engineering

Jordan D. Greena,b,, Viktor Tollemara,b, Mark Doughertya,b, Zhengjian Yanb,c, Liangjun Yinb,c, Jixing Yeb,d, Zachary Colliera,b, Maryam K. Mohammeda,b, Rex C. Haydonb, Hue H. Luub, Richard Kangb, Michael J. Leeb, Sherwin H. Hob, Tong-Chuan Heb, Lewis L. Shib( ), Aravind Athivirahamb
The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
School of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China

Peer review under responsibility of Chongqing Medical University.

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Abstract

Defects of articular cartilage present a unique clinical challenge due to its poor self-healing capacity and avascular nature. Current surgical treatment options do not ensure consistent regeneration of hyaline cartilage in favor of fibrous tissue. Here, we review the current understanding of the most important biological regulators of chondrogenesis and their interactions, to provide insight into potential applications for cartilage tissue engineering. These include various signaling pathways, including fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), Wnt/β-catenin, Hedgehog, Notch, hypoxia, and angiogenic signaling pathways. Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of chondrogenesis will also be discussed. Advances in our understanding of these signaling pathways have led to promising advances in cartilage regeneration and tissue engineering.

Keywords

Regenerative medicineChondrogenesisCartilageSox9BMPsCell signalingFGFTGFβ

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Genes & Diseases
Volume 2 Issue 4,
December 2015
Pages 307-327
DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2015.09.003
Cite this article:
Green JD, Tollemar V, Dougherty M, et al. Multifaceted signaling regulators of chondrogenesis: Implications in cartilage regeneration and tissue engineering. Genes & Diseases, 2015, 2(4): 307-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2015.09.003

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Received: 14 July 2015
Accepted: 16 September 2015
Published: 06 November 2015
© 2015, Chongqing Medical University.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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